Ken Paterson
Grammar Spectrum | English rules and practice
Trang 2Contents umit † On Oana wn © 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Introduction page 3 Contents 4
Verbs and tenses
Be: Present Simple (1) (Iam, I'm not) 6
Be: Present Simple (2) (Am 1I ? Are you ?) 8 Present Simple (1) (Eknow, I don’t know) 10 Present Simple (2) (Do you drive?) 12
Present Continuous (1) (I'm eating) 14
Present Continuous (2) (Am ] winning?) 16
Present Simple (I work) or Present Continuous (I'm working) 18
Imperative (Go, Don't go) 20 Be: Past Simple (I was, they were) 22 Past Simple (I played, I didn't play) 24 Present Perfect (1) (Ihave gone, I haven't gone) 26 Present Perfect (2) (Has she gone?); ever, never, yet, just 28
Be going to (I'm going to leave) 30
Will and shall (1 will win) 32 Present Continuous for the future (He's working tomorrow) 34
Have and have got 36
Sentences and questions
Nouns, verbs, adjectives etc 38
Subject, verb, object 40
‘Yes/no’ questions (Are you ? Is he ?) 42
Questions (Where, When, Why, How) 44 Questions (Who, What, Which, How many) 46
Whose is this? ~ It's John's 48
Short answers (Yes, 1am Yes, I do.) 50 Modals
Can, can't, could 52 Can I? Could I? May I? Can you? Could you? 54
Must and mustr’t 56
Prepositions :
Prepositions of place (in, on, under etc.) 58 Prepositions of time (in, on, at, from, to) 60
Trang 3unit 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 4o 41 42 43 44 Articles, nouns, pronouns etc A, an or the page 62
Plural nouns (cats, men); one and ones 64
This, that, these, those 66
Countable and uncountable nouns; a, some, the 68
A, some, any, no 70 Land me (subject and object pronouns) 72 My, your; mine, yours 74
Much, many; how much, how many; more 76
Alotof, alittle, afew 78
Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives (big, new etc.) 80 Cardinal and ordinal numbers (three, third) 82
Comparative adjectives (cheaper, more beautiful) 84 Superlative adjectives (the newest, the biggest) 86
Adjectives and adverbs (quick, quickly) 88
Adverbs of frequency (always, never) 90
Building sentences
And, but, so, both and, either or, neither nor 92
Form tables 94
Exit tests 98
Answer key to practice exercises 102 Answer key to exit tests 117 Index 118
Verb tenses table
Trang 41 Be: Present Simple (1) (Iam, ’'m not)
1) Here are some examples of be in the Present Simple:
This is my brother He’s ten years old I
Pata student These are my books
They aren't at home They’re at the theatre
She’s my sister He’s my brother
Pm from Italy 4 Weuse be:
They’re German
» tosay who we are:
I'm Steve and this is my friend Bill We’re 2 We form the Present Simple of be like this: POSITIVE Fuil form Short forn Singular Lam Jm You are You re He/shefitis He’s/she’s/it’s from Scotland,
I'm Janet and these are my sisters This is
Sandra and this is Patricia Sandra and
Patricia are doctors
» to talk about the weather: Is cold today
Plural = Weare We're Tr’s a beautiful day
You are You're : It’s usually hot here! They are They're i It isn’t very warm today
NEGATIVE | » to talk about the time:
Full form Short form iy It’s ten o'clock, Singular Tamnot Tm not It’s half past four
You are not You aren't You're late!
He/she/it isnot He/she/it isn’t » to talk about places:
Plural Wearenot We aren't Milan is in the north of Italy
You are not You aren't John and Mary are in Yorkshire
Theyarenot Theyarenit » to talk about people’s ages:
My sister is six years old Practice
A Maria is from Brazil She is writing about herself and her family Put full forms of bein the gaps 0 0 1 2
1J_am a student from Brazil 4
My parents are not (not) rich 5 My father _ a teacher 6 My mother (not) Brazilian 7 She from America 8 I My little brother My older brothers ~ students, They — _ It twenty years old in the army 3 inspecch, we usually use the short forms; — two ( not)
often very hot in Brazil B_ Now fill these gaps This time, use short forms of be, as in the examples 0 0 1 2 3 4 Im_ adoctor 5
[mnot (not) a bank manager 6
Trang 5C Lookat these pictures These people are saying who they are Write
sentences, choosing the correct jobs from the box, as in the example a pop star -a-peliceman- an artist a farmer a bank manager a teacher a doctor a photographer a dentist a scientist -afootballer a film star ° eR 5 India về ở names: == italy ites Pooto Jobs: nares: jobs: names: jobs: names: jobs: names: jobs: names: 4 FS Rajiv Vikram nationality: nationality:
I'm Paolo and this is Federico We're from Italy
’'m a policeman and Federico is a footballer nationality: nationality: nationality: nationality:
D_ Choose words from the box to put in the gaps
Hes Shes -Theyre It’s (x3)
are is We ist
0 My parents live in Scotland They're teachers
1 New York in England in America
2 Paul from Germany German
3 My sister is a doctor thirty years old
4 six o'clock! are late
5 very cold today Let’s stay at home
6 Lookat the time! Chris and Mary late
Trang 62 Be: Present Simple (2) (Am I ? Are you ?)
1 We use be:
» to talk about how we feel: I’m happy They're sad
They're bored She’s tired
We're hungry Pm thirsty He isn’t afraid They’re cold » to say hello:
Bill: Hello How are you?
Jane: I’m fine thanks How are you? » to apologize:
Mary: I’m sorry I'm late Chris: It doesn’t matter » to describe things:
It isw’t expensive It’s cheap It’s an old film, It isn’t very good These photos are bad!
(For other uses of be, see unit 1.}
We often use there + be (e.g there is, there are) to talk about where things are:
SINGULAR: There’s a supermarket in this street There is a telephone in the | | fla | |
PLURAL: There are some good cafés in the centre of the town
We also use there + be to talk about when things happen:
There is a bus to London at 6 o'clock There are taxis , but there aren’t any buses
on Sunday
There isn’t another train to Manchester today
We form questions with be in the Present Simple like this: QUESTIONS Singular Am I 1 Are you late? Is he/shejt Plural = Are we | Are you + late? Are they J
Here are questions with all the forms of be: Am I late for the film?
Are you twenty years old? Is he at home now? Is she French or ltalian?
Is it time to go home?
Are we ready to leave? Are you both at university?
Are they in London today? Practice
Make sentences about the pictures using the words in tired sad
Trang 7B Use there + beto say what we can and cannot find in the town of Smallwood
0 {acinema: /) _There’s_ acinema 4 (banks:6) ——_ —_ — sixbanks
QO (ariver) Therel2fE ariver 5 (aluxuryhotel:/)_ _._a
0 (restaurants: 10) There are_ ten restaurants luxury hotel
0 (anymuseums) There aren't any museums 6 (atheatre) a theatre,
l1 (acade) _ — _ — acastle, 7 (newsagent:6)_— —_ si 2 (bakersshops:2) = = newsagents
two baker’s shops 8 (manytourists) Ss many 3 (azoovV) — —_ _.azoo tourists
C_ Write questions by putting the words in brackets ( ) in the correct order
{thirsty— you —are) Are you thirsty? _ (a teacher — you — are)
(they ~ bored~ are) (is— afraid — he) (she — tired — is) {are ~ you—how) (cold today — it—is) (she — Spanish — is)
{they ~ from London — are} eN AM AWN O D_ Write questions using the words in brackets () and a form of be QUESTIONS ANSWERS
0 (you/Spanish) AreyouSpanish = = 2 ~ «NO I'm French 1 (youhungy) —-—- - _ ss _s? ~ «No, I’m thirsty
2_ (she/yoursisteT)._——— ——— ——— —————————-† ~ No,shesmymother 3 (Wlate) ——————_——— ———_——‡~ No,yoưreontime 4 (they/romAmerica) — —————_———_——————.† ~ No,theyre from Canada § (hefatennis player) _ _ _ ? ~ No, he’sa footballer
6 (you/happy) —— _? ~ No,Pmsad
7 (she/at home) CO? No,shesatwork
8 (he/twenty) — . . ? ~ No,he’s eighteen years old
E Put forms of bein these conversations
Steve: This ° 16 _ Joan, my sister
Tom: Hello, Joan.!1 ._ _ youa student?
Joan: No,I2_ a dentist I work in Brighton
Mike: How are you, Sally?
Sally: 13 _ fine, thanks Mike: 4 — you hungry?
Sally: Yes 3 — there a good restaurant near bere? Mike: Yes There &_ a restaurant in Wellington Street
The food is good and it 7
very cheap
Trang 8
3 Present Simple (1) (I know, I don’t know)
1 We form the Present Simple like this: ; POSITIVE Singular Iknow You know He/she/it knows i Plural Weknow You know i They know j Iknow the answer
She starts work at 9.30, We add -s after he/she/it:
2 Now look at these examples of the negative: I don’t like that music
He doesn’t listen to his teacher NEGATIVE
Full form Short form : Idonot know I don’t know,
Youdonotknow You don’t know, He/she/it
does notknow He doesn’t know Wedonotknow We don’t know, You donotknow You don’t know They do notknow They don’t know
Istart + he starts Ilive + she lives
Ifa verb ends in -ch, -o, -sh, or -ss, we add
-es after he/she/it:
watch shewatches youdo-hedoes theygo-sitgoes wewashosi go-itgoes wewash- she washes
Ifa verb ends in a consonant (b, c, dete )+y
{a g study), we use -ies after he/she /it: T study + he studies I fly + it flies
(For more examples, see Table B, page 94.)
Note that we say:
He does not know (Not Hedoes-notkuews.)
We use the Present Simple:
» to talk about things that happen regularly:
Monday Tuesday 2, Wednesday,
ee
wie WE AE He plays golf every day
» to talk about facts:
She comes from France, (= She is French.)
Greengrocers sell vegetables I don’t speak Chinese
Add -s or -es to the verbs in the sentences if it is necessary Ifit is not necessary, put a tick () in the gap 0 Heworké inabank They live in France 0 1 Iwatch_ _ TVevery day 2 Shego 3 The film finish at ten o'clock to work by car
4 Weplay tennis every weekend,
5 They go on holiday in August
6 Hespeak_ Italian and French 7 Shedo her homework every night 8 Westart work at 8.30
Now finish these sentences using a verb from the box Use each verb once Remember to add -s or -es if necessary
fly study finish -eat sell smoke drink _ live
Trang 9C Write these sentences, using the negative form of the Present Simple
0 (He /not/live/ in Mexico) _He doeer't livein Mexican — —— — — — — 1 (She/not/work/inabank} "¬- Ẽ 2 (I/not/play/ golf) — — — —— -— ——— -————— — Ea nh na (We/not/speak/Frenh) — —— _— _— —— ——————————_—— _— (You /not/listen/ to me!) ee — 4 5 6 (My car /not/work) TT ee 7 (tMot/drink/tea) Ắ5._ : - 8 (Sheila/not/eat/meath =| Se —— —— — TT —— ——T— — 9 (I not/understand/ you) ee
D Putin the verbs from the box, in the Present Simple Use each verb once
| leave start afFive get: watch wetk — brush
eat have TP = drink gỡ step |
Interviewer: How do you start the day, Jim?
Jim: Well,12 get upat six o’clock I get washed and dressed, and 1! — — _ breakfastatseven oclock ARerbreakfat,]? — _— _ my teeth.[2 — —— — toworkaleight,
Interviewer: When do you get to work?
Jim: lusually4 at my office at about half past eight First,
13 — _—_— acupof(cofee,andthen[S_— work at 8.45 am Interviewer; Where do you work?
jim: 17T —— — inabank.]am a computer operator
18 my job It’s very interesting Interviewer: When do you eat lunch?
Jim: (9 —— _ workandl havelunchatone ơdock, 112 acup of tea at half past three
Interviewer: When do you finish work?
Jim: TT _— _— the office at six o’clack L eat dinner when I get home Then] !? _ _ TV for an hour or two
E Use the table to write facts about Joan A tick () means that something is true A cross (X) means that something is not true Use the verbs in brackets
0 Te
from Scotland“ ina bank xX | ina fat French new films X
| from England X , inashop¥ inahouse X i Tralian X | ald films ¥ |
a \
0 (come) Shecomesfrom Scotland _ — _ Shẹdoesttcomefrom Enaland _ — —_
1 (work) She- —— _— _— — imabank She _ _ _ _— imashop 2 (live) Sh — Shes WL
3 (speak) 2 ee
Trang 104 Present Simple (2) (Do you drive?)
1) We use the Present Simple: » to talk about feelings:
Like pop music I don’t like classical music She loves football!
Philip wants a new car,
I dow't want a cup of tea, thanks He feels sick,
» to talk about thoughts:
I don’t think she likes her new job I don’t know the answer
He doesn’t understand me Practice 2 For other uses of the Present Simple, see unit 3 We form Present Simple questions like this: QUESTIONS Singular Do — I/you 1 2 Does he/she/it J know! Plural Do we | Do you ¿ know? Do they
Note that we put do before I/you/we/they: Do you speak Spanish?
Do you work in the town centre? Do they know the answer? We put does before he/she/it:
Does he walk to work? Does Steve enjay his job? Does she play the piano?
Note that we say:
Does he walk? (Not Dees he-watks?-)
A Write sentences about Peter (¥ =like, W/ =love, X=not like, XX = hate)
0 (tennis X) _He doesn't like tennis
0 (music w/) He loves music 1 (coffee “) He 2 (films X) He 3 (hisjobv) 4 (fñshX#) 5 (holidaysvW) 6 (golfx)
B_ Put the words from the box in the correct form in the gaps Use the Present Simple Use each verb once
like notknow eve feel
think — notlike want notunderstand
0 She thinks that films are fantastic! She _loves films 1 TW —— sick Can I have a glass of water please? 2 Idon’t know the answer because I the question 3 T _ — _ he’s tired He works too hard
4 We CSCS stat new painting We think it’s terrible!
5 I want to telephone Jane, but I her phone number
6 They're thirsty, They — _—- something to drink, 7 1 _+_+++ your new car, It’s very nice Was it expensive?
Trang 11C This isan interview with Mary Woods about herself and her husband, John Write the questions, using the ideas from the box
| like films read books listen to the radio | play-golf watch TV play a musical instrument
smoke go to the theatre drive a car |
like pop music drink coffee dive in Lendor-
| like dogs speak any foreign languages |
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Bo you live in London — ‡ ~ ‘Yes, Hive in north London
Does John play golf ~ No, but he plays tennis
1 ~ Yes, I speak French
~ Yes, | like all the programmes on TV
~ Yes, he listens to the radio in the morning ~ No, but he loves cats
~ No, I don’t like films
~ Yes, he has two cups in the morning ~ No, but Ihave a bicycle,
~ Yes, he plays the piano ~ No, I prefer classical music
~ Yes, Ilove musicals
~ Yes, I read one book every week
———————————— —— -? ~ No,hedoesnilikecigarettes
TD Youare on holiday, and you are in a Tourist Information Centre Ask
questions using the table below
" TB Jc
Do your stop at the railway station?
Does the sports centre finish before eleven p.m.? |
| all the banks start here?
| the number 38 bus | -seltmapsof the city? |
| the restaurants change tourists’ money into pounds?
: | the concert | sell souvenirs?
| the sightseeing tour have a swimming pool?
| the museum _[ serve typical English food? |
Trang 12
5 Present Continuous (1) (I’m eating)
1 We form the Present Continuous like this: 3 But notice these irregular spellings:
ORM win 4 winning get getting
L1 am eating shop + shopping sit + sitting
swim swimming travel + travelling Here are the forms of the Present dance + dancing writes writing
Continuous: shine + shining
POSITIVE - (For more details on the spelling of the -ing
Full for m Short fe 07001 | form, see Table C, page 95.)
lam eating Tm eating
* ñ
You are eating You! Te eating, 4 Weuse the Present Continuous:
He/she/it is eating He's eating » to talk about things that are happening now:
We are eating We're eating You are eating You're eating They are eating, They’re eating | NEGATIVE
Full form Short form 1am not eating Pm not eating You are not eating You aren’t eating
He/she/it isnot eating He isn’t eating
We are not eating We aren’t eating, » to talk about things that are happening
You are not eating You aren’t eating around now, but not exactly at the They arenot eating They aren't eating moment we speak:
[mers They 8 | 2 To make the -ing form, we add -ing to the
verb:
listen listening _ play > playing
work working _read-+ reading Practice
A Write out the sentences below Put the verbs in the positive or negative forms
of the Present Continuous Use short forms (e.g Pt, Pm not)
0 1 (not/work) at the bank now I (study) French at university
1 Look! He (not/work) He (listen) to music