114 2. We have decided to plant the flowers in pots. 3. They intend to change the plan for the farm. 4. The farmer remembers being taught the technique to improve unhealthy soils. 5. They should take advantages of wild energy to make electricity. B. Combine the following pairs to make a sentence expressing purpose. 1. Please, shut the gate. I don‟t want the horses get out of the field. 2. Artificial fertilizers need to be soluble compounds. Plants can absorb the nutrients. 3. You should plant a diverse range of species. No one pest can attack all the trees. 4. He tries to design a good ecosystem for his gaeden. He wants the new species of plants to grow well there. 5. The government has forbidden purchasing or using products from wild animals. They wanted the wild animals to be fully protected. C. Combine the following pairs to make a new complex sentence, using the conjunctions you have learnt before. 1. The water table rises towards the surface. Naturally occurring salts are dissolved and concentrated in the upper soil layer. 2. Mulches are made from organic materials, such as hay, grass clippings, straw… . They will gradually add to the soil organic matter and nutrient bank. The mulches break down. 3. The light was absorbed. It is radiated back into the atmosphere as heat energy or turned into chemical energy by green plants. They photosynthesis. 4. The green manure crop can be slashed two or three times. It is growing and then chopped into the soil. It flowers and seeds. 5. You may feel it is not ethical to eat red meat because of the environmental cost of feeding most of the world's grain to beef and pigs. Many people are starving; or you may be concerned about land degradation occurring through removal of forests of grazing land. 6. The people live in simple houses, built with mudbricks or recycled timbers and use solar and wind-powered electricity. The forests here are being conserved very well. 7. The community is largely self-supporting in term of water, power and food. The people do not need large incomes and can effort not to turn the land into a full-scale farm. 8. Plants and crops die. They are unable to tolerate the high salt levels. 9. Many desert regions and arid zones have been sensitively managed by people who travelled around their lands. They hunted or tended their animals. 10. The community was allowed to have a multiple occupancy title to their land. The local government office declared that the land was useless for conventional agriculture. 115 I. New vocabulary: abort (v) : sỏứy thai abortion (n) : sổỷ sỏứy thai absorb (v) : hỏỳp thu acceptability (n) : khaớ nng chỏỳp nhỏỷn account for (v) : chióỳm tố lóỷ, giaới trờ achieve (v) : õaỷt õổồỹc thaỡnh quaớ acidity (n) : a-xờt adapt (v) : thờch nghi aerate (v) : laỡm thọng khờ affect (v) : aớnh hổồớng alkali (adj.) : kióửm alley (n) : ngoợ heợm, lọỳi õi coù trọửng cỏy allocation (n) : sổỷ chố õởnh amenable (adj.) : chởu õổồỹc anchorage (n) : baùm chỷt, giổợ chỷt annual (adj.) : haỡng nm, bỗnh quỏn nm aphids (n) : róỷp vổỡng aquaculture (n) : nuọi trọửng thuyớ saớn arid (adj.) : khọ cũn, vọ vở arthropods (n) : õọỹng vỏỷt chỏn õọỳt aspect (n) : mỷt, bỗnh dióỷn attempt (n) : dổỷ õởnh, yù õọử auger (n) : caùi khoan backbone (n) : xổồng sọỳng balance (n) (v) : sổỷ cỏn bũng, cỏn õọỳi beetle (n) : boỹ caùnh cổùng benefit (n) : lồỹi nhuỏỷn beyond (pre.) : vổồỹt landscape (n) : caớnh quan, phong caớnh larva (n) : ỏỳu truỡng laterite (n) : õaù ong layer (n) : tỏửng, lồùp leach (v) (n) : loỹc qua levee (n) : con õó lime (n) : vọi limestone (n) : õaù vọi livestock (n) : chn nuọi living organism (n) : sinh vỏỷt sọỳng loose (n) : õỏỳt xọỳp, móửm, khọng chỷt maintain (v) : duy trỗ mammal (n) : õọỹng vỏỷt coù vuù marginal land (n) : õỏỳt ven bồỡ mature (adj.) : trổồớng thaỡnh maturity (n) : trổồớng thaỡnh measure (n) (v) : giồùi haỷn, tióu chuỏứn ; õo mechanization (n) : cồ giồùi hoaù merger (n) : sổỷ hồỹp nhỏỳt metamorphosis (n) : sổỷ bióỳn hỗnh methodology (n) : hóỷ phổồng phaùp microscopic (adj.) : rỏỳt nhoớ miracle (n) : õióửu thaỡnh dióỷu model (n) : mỏựu, mọ hỗnh moderate (v) : õióửu hoaỡ 116 quạ, phêa bãn kia biocide (n) : thúc trỉì sáu blood sample (n) : máùu mạu boundary (n) : ranh giåïi breakdown (n) : rỉû tan r, tháút bải brucellosis(n) :bãûnh sáøy thai truưn nhiãùm calves (n) : bã con carry out (v) : tiãún hnh, âang thỉûc hiãûn cash crop (n) : näng sn hng hoạ catalyst (n) : cháút xục tạc catchmen (n) : lỉu vỉûc säng, sỉû dáùn nỉåïc cease (v) : dỉìng, ngỉìng (hoảt âäüng) characteristic (n) : tênh cháút âàûc trỉng claim (v) : cäng bäú, cho ràòng cleans (v) : lm sảch cleanse (v) : lm trong sảch clipping (n) : càõt ra coarse (adj.) : thä, låïn colapse (v) : sủp âäù colostrum (n) : sỉỵa non combine (v) : kãút håüp, näúi lải våïi nhau compact (adj.) : âàûc, dy, ràõn chàõc components (n) : håüp cháút, thnh pháưn compound (n) : håüp cháút, phán tỉí concentration (n) : sỉû táûp trung concept (n) : khại niãûm confirm (v) : khàóng âënh lải conglomerates (n) : khäúi liãn kãút coniferous (adj.) : loi tng bạch modify (v) : lm thay âäøi, biãún âäøi moisture (n) : håi nỉåïc, håi áøm monoculture (n) : âäüc canh monsoon (n) : giọ ma moonscape (n) : cnh cung tràng mulch (n) : âäư che ph mulch (v) : ph bäøi, che âáûy muscle (muscule) (n) :cå bàõp mussels (n) : con vẻm, s nitrate (n) : nitårat nitrogen supply (n) : sỉû cung cáúp âảm nutrient (n) : cháút dinh dỉåỵng nymph (n) : con nhäüng occupancy (n) : sỉû cỉ ngủ, chiãúm hỉỵu oral dosing (n) : cho úng thúc organic matter (n) : cháút hỉíu cå organism (n) : sinh váût, cå thãø outset (n) : ngay tỉì âáưu overproduction (n) : sn xút thỉìa paddy (n) : rüng lụa palatable (adj.) : ngon, lm dãù chëu particle (n) : hảt nh, máùu peat soil (n) : âáút than bn penetrate (v) : tháúm qua, xun qua percolation (n) : sỉû tháúm qua (nỉåïc) perennial (n)(adj) : cáy láu nàm, vénh viãùn period (n) : khong thåìi 117 conservation forest(n) : rổỡng baớo tọửn conservely (adv.) : ngổồỹc laỷi consult (v) : xin lồỡi khuyón cuớa ai consumer (n) : ngổồỡi tióu duỡng consumerism (n) : baớo vóỷ quyóửn lồỹi n.t.duỡng contamination (n) : sổỷ nhióựm bóỷnh contract (v) : cỏỳp giỏỳy pheùp, chổùng nhỏỷn conventional (adj.) : tỏỷp tuỷc, lóỷ thoùi cotton boll (n) : quaớ bọng, quaớ nang crayfish (n) : con tọm create (v) : taỷo ra, sing ra creek (n) : laỷch nổồùc, sọng con criticism (n) : sổỷ phó bỗnh, chố trờch crop rotation (n) : luỏn canh cỏy trọửng crust (n) : cuỷc, taớng cultivate (v) : caỡy cỏỳy, nuọi trọửng cure (v) : chổợa trở bóỷnh cycle (n) : quay voỡng, laỡm chuyóứn bióỳn cyclone(n) : vung gioù xoaùy, vuỡng aùp thỏỳp dairy cattle (n) : boỡ sổợa decay (n) (v) : sổỷ suy taỡn, phỏn huyớ, muỷc deciduous beech : cỏy sọửi ruỷng laù sồùm decomposition (n): sổỷ phỏn huyớ, thọỳi rổợa decrease (v) : giaớm xuọỳng depletion (n) : haỷn chóỳ vóử sọỳ lổồỹng deposite (v) : lừng õọỹng gian, thồỡi kyỡ peripheral species (n): giọỳng ngoaỡi vuỡng pest (n) : sỏu haỷi pesticides (n) : thuọỳc trổỡ sỏu pierce (v) : choỹc thuớng, khoeùt lọự placenta (placentae) : nhau thai plain (adj.) : thuỏửn plain (n) : õọửng bũng plough (v) : caỡy, xồùi policy (n) : chờnh saùch polyculture (n) : õa can pond (n) : ao, họử pore (n) : lọự khờ ồớ laù cỏy predominant (adj.) : chióỳm ổu thóỳ preferable (adj.) : thờch nhỏỳt pregnant (n) : õang mang thai presence (n) : sổỷ hióỷn dióỷn, coù mỷt preserve (v) : duy trỗ, õóứ daỡnh, õỷt trổồùc pressure (n) : aùp suỏỳt, aùp lổỷc prevent (v) : phoỡng traùnh, ngn caớn price (n) : giaù caớ process (n) : quaù trỗnh produce (v) : saớn xuỏỳt product (n) : saớn phỏứm pronounced (adj.) : rỏỳt hióứn nhión, roợ raỡng protect (v) : baớo vóỷ provide (v) : cung cỏỳp pupa (n) : con nhọỹng purview (n) : nhaớn quan, 118 deserts (n) : hoang mảc desirable(adj) :ao ỉåïc, triãøn vng desolate (adj.) : hoang vu lảnh lo destroy (v) : tn phạ determine (v) : xạc âënh dig (v) : âo, xåïi discern (v) : nháûn thỉïc r, phán biãût diver (n) : thåü làûn domestic(adj.) :thüc näüi âëa, trong nỉåïc drainage (n) : sỉû rụt nỉåïc, sỉû tiãu nỉåïc due to (adv) : do, vç dust (v) : lm sảch bủi dwelling (n) : sỉû åí, chäù åí, nh åí ecofarm (n) : näng tang sinh thại ecologist (n) : nh sinh thại hc ecosystem (n) : hãû sinh thại efficiency (n) : hiãûu qu emphasis (n) : táưm quan trng, nháún ging employ (v) : lao âäüng, lm viãûc empower (v) : trao quưn, cho phẹp enclose (v) : ro quanh, gỉỵi km endemic (n) : bãûnh truưn nhiãùm equity (n) : tênh cäng bàòng erode (v) : xọi mn estuary (n) : cỉía säng ethic (adj.) : thüc täüc ngỉåìi, vä tháưn caring (adj.) : chu âạo ethical (adj.) : thüc vãư táưm hiãøu biãút quotas (n) : chè tiãu raise (v) : lm tàng lãn, ni träưng reasonable (adj.) : håüp l rectify (v) : sỉía lải cho âụng recycle (v) : tại chãú, lm ln chuøn redistribution (n) : phán phäúi refine (v) : gản lc regain (v) : häưi phủc, thu lải âỉåüc regenerate (v) : tại sinh, phủc häưi regular (adj.) : thỉåìng xun release (v) : thi ra, thoạt ra removal (n) : thanh toạn hãút, dn sảch renowned (adj.) : näøi tiãúng reptile (n) : loi b sạt respiration (n) : hä háúp, thåí retain (v) : chỉïa, giỉỵ retard (v) : lm cháûm lải roots (n) : gäúc, rãù rootstock (n) : bäü rãù rotten (adj.) : thäúi rỉỵa, mủc nạt, hẹo tn sanctuary (n) : nåi trụ áøn, khu bo täưn sawdust (n) : mn cỉa scheme (n) : phỉång sạch, âäư, âãư ạn scraps (n) : loải thi seabed (n) : âạy biãøn seed (n) : hảt giäúng sequence (n) : sỉû liãn tủc, liãn tiãúp shade (n) : hçnh, hçnh dảng 119 âảo âỉïc, tám linh evaporation (n) : sỉû bäúc håi evolution (n) : sỉû tiãún hoạ exceed (v) : vỉåüt quạ giåïi hản excessive (adj.) : dỉ, thỉìa exoskeleton (n) : bäü xỉång ngoi (b) expose (v) : phåi ra, läü ra extend (v) : måí räüng fabric (n) : cäng trçnh xd,cå cáúu, vi vọc factor (n) : úu täú flat area (n) : vng âáút bàòng phàóng flavour (adj.) : hỉång vë fluid (n) : lng, dãù chy force of gravity (n) : trng lỉûc, sỉïc hụt forfeit (v) : tr giạ formulate (v) : cäng thỉïc hoạ fraction (n) : phán säú, thnh pháưn fragments (n) : mnh, khục, âoản free of (adj.) : khäng bë láy nhiãùm bãûnh friable (adj) : dãù våỵ fungal (adj.) : náúm (gáy bãûnh) future generation (n) : thãú hãû tỉång lai gestation (n) : thåìi k thai nghẹn glare (adj.) : ạnh nàõng chọi chang graft (n) : ghẹp cáy grant (n)(v) : tråü cáúp, ban, cho gravel (n) : hảt si shelf life (n) : thåìi hản sỉí dủng shelter (n) : chäù áøn nạu, nỉång tỉûa shelterbelt tree (n) : cáy lm nåi trụ ngủ shrink (v) : co lải site (n) : chäù, vë trê, âëa âiãùm slope (n) : âáút triãưn däúc solar energy (n) : nàng lỉåüng màût tråìi soluble (adj.) : ho tan soluble nutrient : cháút dinh dỉåỵng ho tan solution (n) : dung dëch, sỉû ho tan sow (v) : gieo hảt stable (adj.) : vỉỵng chàõc stalk borer(n) : âủc thán (sáu) standard (n) : chøn mỉûc, tiãu chøn standpoint (n) : quan âiãùm stem (n) : thán cáy stewardship (n) : cỉång vë qun l storage (n) : sỉû bo qun, sỉû cáút giỉỵ store (v) : lỉu giỉỵ, cáút giỉỵ straw (n) : råm rả stress (n) : sỉïc ẹp; sỉû càng thàóng strive (v) : cäú gàõng, pháún âáúu structure (n) : cáúu trục subsidies (n) : tiãưn tråü giạ, phủ cáúp subsistence (n) : sỉû täưn tải, sinh kãú subsoil (n) : táưng âáút cại (dỉåïi âáút màût) substitution (n) : sỉû thay thãú suck (v) : hụt sulphur (n) : lỉu hunh supplement (n) : sỉû cung cáúp, bäø sung 120 gritty (adj.) : cọ sản gully (n) : rnh nỉåïc, mỉång, mạng habitat (n) : mäi trỉåìng sọng, chäø åí, nh hardy : cọ sỉïc säúng täút harmonious (adj.) : hi ho, ho thûn harvest (n)(v) : ma vủ, thu hoảch hatch (n)(v) : sỉû áúp trỉïng, trỉïng nåí hay (n) : c khä herd (n) : báưy ân (gia sục) hone (n)(v) : củc âạ mi, mi dủng củ hone (v) : mi bàòng âạ mi hoof (n) : mọng, vọ humus (n) : âáút mn hunt (v) : sàn bàõn hybrid strain (n) : giäưng lai immunity (n) : sỉû miãùn nhiãùm implement (v) : thỉûc thi impose (n) : âạnh thú improvement (n) : ci thiãûn, lm täút hån incorporate (v) : sạt nháûp, håüp thnh increase (n) (v) : sỉû tàng lãn, phạt triãøn indigenous forest(n) : rỉìng bn âëa inequality (n) : khäng bàòng nhau infect (v) : tiãm thúc infertility (n) : càòn cäøi, injection (n) : sỉû tiãm thúc inoculate (v) : tiãm chng insecticide (n) : thúc supply (v) : cung cáúp sustainability (n) : tênh bãưn vỉỵng sustainable (adj.) : bãưn vỉỵng swale (n) : chäù trng láúp âáưy bn swell (v) : phçnh ra symbiotic (n) : sỉû cäüng sinh synergistic (n) : sỉû hiãûp lỉûc, âiãưu phäúi synergy (n) : tênh hiãûp lỉûc, âiãưu phäúi tariff (n) : biãøu thú quan tend (v) : träng nom, chàm sọc, giỉỵ gçn texture (n) : kãút cáúu, cáúu trục threshold (adj.) : chùn mỉûc tissues (n) : tãú bo title (n) : tỉ cạch, danh nghéa toxic (adj.) : âäüc hải translocation (n) : di chuøn âẹn nåi khạc treatment (n) : viãûc chỉỵa trë bãûnh trellis (n)(v) : lỉåïi màõt cạo, leo gin m/c. tribal (adj.) : thüc bäü lảc tropical (adj) : thüc nhiãût âåïi tuberculosis (n) : bãûnh lao uncontaminated :khäng bë nhiãùm bãûnh underneath (adv.) : bãn dỉåïi, màût dỉåïi undernourished: khäng âỉåüc cho àn âáưy â undertake (v) : cam kãút thỉûc hiãûn undisturbed : n ténh, khäng bë xạo träün validate (v) : phã chøn, thäng qua valley (n) : thung lng variety (n) : biãún 121 trổỡ cọn truỡng integral (adj.) : phọỳi hồỹp, lión kóỳt integration (n) : sổỷ phọỳi hồỹp intensification (n) : thỏm canh intensity (n) : kyợ thuỏỷt thỏm canh interact (v) : tổồng taùc, phaớn ổùng interrelationship (n) : mọỳi tổồng quan intramuscular (adj.) : bón trong cồ bừp intravenous (adj.) : bón trong ven (tióm) involve (v) : coù lión quan, lọi cuọỳn vaỡo irrigation (n) : thuyớ lồỹi jute bag (n) : bao gai lack of (n) : thióỳu lactating cow (n) : boỡ sổợa thóứ, sổỷ õa daỷng verge (n) : bồỡ,ven (õổồỡng, rổỡng) veterinary surgeon (n): baùc sộ thuù y viable (adj.) : coù thóứ sọng õổồỹc virgin soil (n) : õỏỳt hoang waste (n) : õọử phóỳ thaới waterlogge(v) : uùng nổồùc weather (n) : sổỷ phong hoùa wilderness (n) : sổỷ hoang hoaù windbreak (n) : sổỷ chừn gioù yield(v)(n) : õem laỷi lồỹi ờch, nng suỏỳt REFERENCE BOOKS 1. L. Sue Baugh. 1995- ''Essentials of English Grammar'' - Passport Books. 2. Rosemary Morrow. 1993- ''Earth User's Guide to Permaculture'' - Kangaroo Press. 3. Stephen Danny - Lewis Kerr. - Martin Phillips - Clarence Shettlesworth 1985. ''Agriculture'' - Longman. 4. Williem Steenkamp. 1999 - ''Dairy farming. A Practical Manual '' - J.L van Schaik Publishers. 122 CONTENT UNIT Text Page Unit 1 Text A Text B - Soil - Agriculture Policy 2 Unit 2 Text A Text B - Tropical Soil - Agriculture of India 8 Unit 3 Text A Text B - Soils - A living organism - Agriculture of Australia 14 Unit 4 Text A Text B - Unhealthy Soil - Agriculture of The United States 20 Unit 5 Text A Text B - Repairing and improving damaged soil - Soil Components 27 Test 1 From unit 1 to unit 5 33 Unit 6 Text A Text B - Climate - Tropical Climate 37 Unit 7 Text A Text B - Microclimate - Monsoon 45 Unit 8 Text A Text B - Fertilizers - Potassium in plants 50 123 Unit 9 Text A Text B - The functions of plants - Feeding the orchard 58 Unit 10 Text A Text B - Tree selection and planting - Planting fruit trees 63 Test 2 From unit 6 to unit 10 68 Unit 11 Text A Text B - Trees - Trees, Forests and Animals 73 Unit 12 Text A Text B - What is land-use planning - Permaculture 78 Unit 13 Text A Text B - Insects - Pest management 84 Unit 14 Text A Text B - Dairy farming - Health Care 89 Unit 15 Text A Text B - Natural forests - Sustainable growing and living in different Regions 94 Test 3 From unit 11 to unit 15 98 Unit 16 Text A Text B - Aquaculture - The water polyculture - New sustainable cultures 103 Test 4 Final Test 109 New Vocabulary 115 Reference Books 119 Table of contents 120 . improving damaged soil - Soil Components 27 Test 1 From unit 1 to unit 5 33 Unit 6 Text A Text B - Climate - Tropical Climate 37 Unit 7 Text A Text B - Microclimate - Monsoon. hồỹp, lión kóỳt integration (n) : sổỷ phọỳi hồỹp intensification (n) : thỏm canh intensity (n) : kyợ thuỏỷt thỏm canh interact (v) : tổồng taùc, phaớn ổùng interrelationship (n) : mọỳi tổồng. 11 Text A Text B - Trees - Trees, Forests and Animals 73 Unit 12 Text A Text B - What is land-use planning - Permaculture 78 Unit 13 Text A Text B - Insects - Pest management 84