Materials for the Hydrogen Economy (2009) Part 1 doc

[...]... in the Bellevue office, working in mechanics and materials practice; and GT-Engineering from May 2006 to the present xxiii 5024.indb 23 11 /18 /07 5:44 :18 PM 5024.indb 24 11 /18 /07 5:44 :18 PM 1 Issues in Hydrogen Production Using Gasification James P Bennett Contents 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 1. 9 1. 10 1. 11 Introduction 1 Carbon Feedstock for Gasification 4 Gasification Products... natural oil supply is the dependence of many nations, including the U.S., on imported oil for the bulk of their energy requirements and the impact this has on their national security Historically, in terms of national policies, energy security has typically translated into short-term military security, xi 5024.indb 11 11 /18 /07 5:44 :11 PM xii Materials for the Hydrogen Economy rather than the long-term approach... industry around 18 00, but the hightemperature, high-pressure units currently used by the chemical, petrochemical, and  5024.indb 1 11/ 18/07 5:44 :19 PM  Materials for the Hydrogen Economy power industries were first developed and put into commercial service in the 19 50s and 19 60s, and are greatly improved technologically over those of the past .1 They are widely used in industries such as the petrochemical... routes for reducing the susceptibility of gas pipeline steels to H2 effects Considerable effort is needed to verify that these changes can be done effectively and that they provide the needed operational safety 5024.indb 14 11 /18 /07 5:44 :13 PM Introduction xv Hydrogen Storage A key technical impediment to the deployment of hydrogen as a transportation fuel is the relatively low energy density for on-board... non-Pt cathode catalysts that are being evaluated include TaO0.92, N1.05   rOx, pyrolyzed metal porphyrins such as Fe- or Co-Nx/C and Z 5024.indb 15 11 /18 /07 5:44 :14 PM xvi Materials for the Hydrogen Economy Co–polypyrrole–carbon However, none of these have matched the catalytic performance of Pt The electrolyte membrane presents critical materials issues such as high protonic conductivity over a wide... energy density and consistent performance The challenge, then, for alternative fuels is to supply equivalent, or nearly equivalent, vehicle performance, vehicle cost, and operating costs 5024.indb 12 11 /18 /07 5:44 :12 PM Introduction xiii Furthermore, these requirements must be met on a scale sustainable at the levels expected for global automotive use For example, the transportation share of U.S petroleum... Advantages 7 Hydrogen Generation by Gasification 7 Types of Commercial Gasifiers 9 Gasifier/Feedstock Effect on Syngas Composition 13 Commercial Gasification 15 Gasification for H2 Production 16 Syngas for Chemical Processing 22 Materials of Construction 23 1. 11. 1 Liners for Gas or Liquid Feedstock 25 1. 11. 2 Liners for Solid Feedstock... are the kinetics of the system that is controlled by reaction and diffusion rates Catalysts such as platinum, IrO2, and RuO2 are used to improve the reaction kinetics, but they also contribute to the cost of the system, which is also an issue Steam electrolysis is also a possibility at a temperature of about 1, 000°C using ceramic membranes 5024.indb 13 11 /18 /07 5:44 :13 PM xiv Materials for the Hydrogen. .. production units They are not being considered for transportation, although that is conceivable with some difficulties SOFC electrolytes are ceramic and operate at temperatures of up to 1, 000°C, while PEM fuel xxi 5024.indb 21 11/ 18/07 5:44 :17 PM xxii Materials for the Hydrogen Economy cells operate at around 10 0°C or lower A key to power production with SOFCs, as with PEM fuel cells, is the ability to... population centers, the higher the risk and the more conservative the design Hydrogen storage and transport in steel pipelines have been done successfully in the industrial gas and petroleum industries A key difference will be the gas pressures needed for commercial distribution of H2 for the hydrogen economy Materials are more susceptible to hydrogen effects with increasing pressure Hence, there will be .