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conflict 70 conscious into conflict with someone to start to disagree strongly with someone ć They soon came into conflict over who should be in charge. conflict conflict 2 /kən  flkt/ verb to disagree with someone or something ć His ver- sion of events conflicts with that of his partner. confuse confuse /kən  fjuz/ verb 1. to make someone feel that they cannot under- stand something ć She was confused by all the journalists’ questions. 2. to mix things or people up ć The twins are so alike I am always confusing them. ć I always confuse him with his brother – they are very alike. confused confused /kən  fjuzd/ adjective unable to understand or to think clearly ć I’m a bit confused – did we say 8 p.m. or 8.30? ć Grandmother used to get rather con- fused in her old age. confusing confusing /kən  fjuzŋ/ adjective diffi- cult to understand ć They found the in- structions on the computer very confus- ing. confusion confusion /kən  fju(ə)n/ noun 1. a state of not knowing what to do or how to decide something ć Her reply just created more confusion over who was responsible. ˽ in confusion not able to decide what is happening or what to do ć He was looking at the letter in great confusion. 2. a state in which things are not organised in the correct way or are not clear ć There were scenes of confu- sion at the airport when the snow stopped all flights. congratulate congratulate /kən  rtʃυlet/ verb 1. to tell someone that you are very pleased that they have been successful ć I want to congratulate you on your pro- motion. 2. to give someone your best wishes on a special occasion ć He con- gratulated them on their silver wedding anniversary. (NOTE: You congratulate someone on something.) congratulation congratulation /kən  rtʃυ  leʃ(ə)n/ noun praise for someone who has done well ć His grandparents sent him a let- ter of congratulation on passing his de- gree. í plural noun congratulations an expression of good wishes to some- one who has done well or who is cele- brating a special occasion ć a congrat- ulations card ć Congratulations – you’re our millionth customer! ć Con- gratulations on passing your exam! ć The office sent him their congratula- tions on his wedding. conjunction conjunction /kən  dŋkʃən/ noun 1. a word which connects different sections of a sentence. ‘and’ and ‘but’ are con- junctions. 2. ˽ in conjunction with someone or something together with someone or something ć The icy road in conjunction with fog made driving very difficult. connect connect /kə  nekt/ verb 1. to join one thing to another ć The computer should have been connected to the printer. ć Connect the two red wires together. 2. to make it possible for a telephone or a computer to be used for communicating with others ć Has the telephone been connected yet? connection connection /kə  nekʃən/ noun 1. a rela- tionship between things ć There is a definite connection between smoking and lung cancer. 2. a bus, train or plane which you catch after getting off anoth- er means of transport ć My train was late and I missed my connection to Bir- mingham. 3. a particular way of com- municating remotely ć a low connec- tion charge ć Is there a reliable phone connection? 4. a point at which two dif- ferent pieces of equipment join ć There is a loose connection somewhere. í plu- ral noun connections people you know ć He has business connections in Argentina, ȣ in connection with relat- ing to ć I’m writing in connection with your visit. conquer conquer /kɒŋkə/ verb 1. to defeat peo- ple by force ć The Romans had con- quered most of Europe. 2. to change a negative emotion or type of behaviour successfully ć I eventually conquered my fear of flying. conscience conscience /kɒnʃəns/ noun a feeling that you have done right or wrong conscientious conscientious /kɒnʃi  enʃəs/ adjec- tive working carefully and well ć She’s a very conscientious worker. conscious conscious /kɒnʃəs/ adjective awake and able to know what is happening Basic.fm Page 70 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com consciously 71 construction around you ć She was conscious during the minor operation on her toe. ˽ a con- scious decision a decision which you have thought carefully about ć Refusing the offer was a conscious decision on his part. ć He made a conscious deci- sion to try to avoid her in future. consciously consciously /kɒnʃəsli/ adverb in a de- liberate or active way ć I wasn’t con- sciously ignoring her – I just didn’t no- tice her. ć He doesn’t consciously re- member locking the door. consciousness consciousness /kɒnʃəsnəs/ noun the fact of being conscious ˽ to lose consciousness to become unconscious consecutive consecutive /kən  sekjυtv/ adjective following one after the other consequence consequence /kɒnskwəns/ noun 1. something which happens because of something else ć If we lose this order, the consequences for the firm will be disastrous. ć Smoking has serious health consequences. 2. importance ( formal ) ˽ of no consequence not im- portant ć What he thinks about the situ- ation is of no consequence. ȣ as a con- sequence as a result ć We queued for two hours in the rain, and as a conse- quence all of us got colds. conservation conservation /kɒnsə  veʃ(ə)n/ noun the careful use of things such as energy or natural resources ć The company is spending more money on energy conser- vation. conservative conservative /kən  svətv/ adjective not wanting to change ć He has very conservative views. consider consider /kən  sdə/ verb 1. to think carefully about something ć Please consider seriously the offer which we are making. ć We have to consider the position of the children. 2. to think ć Do you consider him the right man for the job? ć She is considered (to be) one of the best lawyers in town. 3. ˽ all things considered used for saying that you have thought about all aspects of a situ- ation, including the bad ones ć All things considered, the party went off quite well. considerable considerable /kən  sd(ə)rəb(ə)l/ ad- jective fairly large ć He lost a consider- able amount of money at the horse race. considerably considerably /kən  sd(ə)rəbli/ adverb to a fairly large extent consideration consideration /kən  sdə  reʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. careful thought ć We are giving serious consideration to the possibility of moving the head office to Scotland. ˽ to take something into consideration to think about something when making a decision ć The age of the children has to be taken into consideration. ˽ under consideration being thought about ć The matter is under consideration. 2. something which has an effect on a de- cision ć The safety of the children is more important than all other consider- ations. considering considering /kən  sd(ə)rŋ/ conjunc- tion , preposition used to say that one thing affects another ć He plays the vi- olin extremely well, considering he’s only five. ć He ought to be more grate- ful, considering the amount of help you have given him. consonant consonant /kɒnsənənt/ noun a letter representing a sound which is produced by partly stopping the air going out of the mouth constable constable /knstəb(ə)l/ noun a police officer of the lowest rank constant constant /kɒnstənt/ adjective not changing or stopping ć The constant noise of music from the bar next door drives me mad. í noun a number or thing which does not change ć Death and taxes are the only constants in life. ć The speed of light is a scientific con- stant. constantly constantly /kɒnstəntli/ adverb all the time construct construct /kən  strkt/ verb to build something ć The wings are constructed of aluminium. ć The airport was con- structed in 1995. construction construction /kən  strkʃən/ noun 1. the act of building ć The construction of the new stadium took three years. ˽ un- der construction being built ć The new airport is still under construction. 2. something which has been built Basic.fm Page 71 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com consult 72 contestant consult consult /kən  slt/ verb 1. to ask some- one for advice ć He consulted his bank about transferring his account. 2. to look at something to get information ć After consulting the map they decided to go north. consultant consultant /kən  sltənt/ noun 1. an expert who gives advice ć His tax con- sultant advised him to sell the shares. 2. a senior hospital doctor who is an expert in a particular medical condition or ill- ness ć We’ll make an appointment for you to see a consultant. consume consume /kən  sjum/ verb 1. to eat or drink something ć The guests consumed over a hundred hamburgers. 2. to use something up ć The world’s natural re- sources are being consumed at an alarming rate. ć The new car consumes about half the amount of petrol of an or- dinary car. consumer consumer /kən  sjumə/ noun a person or company that buys goods or services ć Consumers are buying more from su- permarkets and less from small shops. ć Gas consumers are protesting at the in- crease in prices. contact contact /kɒntkt/ noun 1. an act of touching ć Avoid any contact between the acid and the skin. ć Anyone who has been in physical contact with the patient must consult their doctor immediately. 2. the act of communicating with some- one ć We don’t have much contact with our old friends in Australia. ˽ to get in contact with someone to write to some- one or talk to them on the telephone í verb to write to someone or talk to them on the telephone ć He tried to contact his office by phone. ć Can you contact the ticket office immediately? contain contain /kən  ten/ verb 1. to hold an amount, or to have an amount inside ć The bottle contains acid. ć The enve- lope contained a cheque for £1,000. ć A barrel contains 250 litres. ć I have lost a briefcase containing important docu- ments. 2. to limit or prevent something harmful or unpleasant ć The army tried to contain the advance of the enemy forces. ć The party is attempting to con- tain the revolt among its members. container container /kən  tenə/ noun an object such as a box or bottle which holds something else ć We need a container for all this rubbish. ć The gas is shipped in strong metal containers. contemporary contemporary /kən  temp(ə)rəri/ ad- jective of the present time ć contempo- rary art í noun a person who lives at the same time as someone ć Shake- speare and his contemporaries ć He is one of my contemporaries from school. contender contender /kən  tendə/ noun a person who takes part in a competition, espe- cially someone who is likely to win ć He’s a definite contender for the world title. content content 1 /kɒntent/ noun the amount of something which is contained in a sub- stance ć Dried fruit has a higher sugar content than fresh fruit. í plural noun contents 1. things which are inside something ć The contents of the bottle spilled onto the carpet. 2. the list of chapters in a book, usually printed at the beginning content content 2 /kən  tent/ adjective happy with what is happening in your life ˽ content to happy to ć She was content to sit in the sun and wait. ˽ content with satisfied with ć If you are not con- tent with the way the car runs, bring it back and we will look at it again. í noun a feeling of satisfaction ˽ to your heart’s content as much as you want ć You can play the piano to your heart’s content. ć Living by the sea, they can go sailing to their heart’s content. contented contented /kən  tentd/ adjective satis- fied and happy contest contest 1 /kɒntest/ noun any event or situation in which people compete with each other ć an international sports contest ć Only two people entered the leadership contest. contest contest 2 /kən  test/ verb 1. to compete with other people to achieve a position ć There are four candidates contesting the championship. 2. to say that you dis- agree with what is written in a legal doc- ument contestant contestant /kən  testənt/ noun a per- son who takes part in a competition ć Basic.fm Page 72 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com context 73 contribution The two contestants shook hands before the match. context context /kɒntekst/ noun the other words which surround a particular word in a piece of writing and which help to show its meaning ć Even if you don’t know what a word means, you can sometimes guess its meaning from the context. ˽ taken out of context show- ing only part of what someone said or wrote, so that the meaning is changed ć My words have been taken out of context – I said the book was ‘one of the best’ not ‘the best’ I’d read. continent continent /kɒntnənt/ noun one of the seven large land areas in the world, e.g. Africa or Europe Continent Continent /kɒntnənt/ noun the main land area of Europe, as compared with the islands of the United Kingdom ć They go to the Continent on holiday each year, sometimes to France, some- times to Switzerland. ˽ on the Conti- nent in the main part of Europe continental continental /kɒnt  nent(ə)l/ adjective 1. referring to a continent 2. referring to or typical of Europe excluding the Unit- ed Kingdom continual continual /kən  tnjuəl/ adjective 1. happening many times in a period of time ć We have experienced a period of continual change. 2. happening fre- quently in a way that is annoying ć The computer has given us continual prob- lems ever since we bought it. continue continue /kən  tnju/ verb to go on do- ing something or happening ć He con- tinued working, even though everyone else had gone home. ć The engine con- tinued to send out clouds of black smoke. ć The meeting started at 10 a.m. and continued until 6 p.m. ć The show continued with some children’s dances. continuous continuous /kən  tnjυəs/ adjective without stopping or without a break ć She has been in continuous pain for three days. ć A continuous white line on the road means that you are not allowed to overtake. continuously continuously /kən  tnjυəsli/ adverb without a break contract contract 1 /kɒntrkt/ noun a legal agreement ć I don’t agree with some of the conditions of the contract. ˽ under contract bound by the conditions of a contract ć The company is under con- tract to a French supermarket. contract contract 2 /kən  trkt/ verb 1. to be- come smaller ć Metal contracts when it gets cold, and expands when it is hot. 2. to make an official agreement to do some work ć to contract to supply spare parts or to contract for the supply of spare parts contradict contradict /kɒntrə  dkt/ verb 1. to say that what someone else says is not true ć They didn’t dare contradict their mother. 2. to be different from what has been said before ć What you have just said contradicts what you said yester- day. contrast contrast 1 /kɒntrɑst/ noun a differ- ence between two things ć the contrast in weather between the north and the south of the country ć The two cities are in sharp contrast. ˽ in contrast to as opposed to ć He is quite short, in con- trast to his sister who is very tall. ć The north of the country is green and wood- ed in contrast to the south which is dry and sandy. contrast contrast 2 /kən  trɑst/ verb to be obvi- ously different from ć His formal letter contrasted with his friendly conversa- tion on the telephone. contribute contribute /kən  trbjut/ verb 1. to help something to happen ć The gov- ernment’s policies have contributed to a feeling of anxiety among teachers. 2. to give money to help to pay for some- thing, especially when other people are also giving ć We were asked to contrib- ute to a charity. ć Everyone was asked to contribute to the receptionist’s leav- ing present. contribution contribution /kɒntr  bjuʃ(ə)n/ some- thing that someone does to help some- thing to happen ć I want to thank you for your enormous contribution to the success of the project. í noun some- thing, usually money, given to help to pay for something ć She makes monthly contributions to the Red Cross. Basic.fm Page 73 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com contributor 74 copper contributor contributor /kən  trbjυtə/ noun a per- son or organisation that contributes to something control control /kən  trəυl/ noun 1. the fact of keeping someone or something in order or being able to direct them ć He lost control of his business and resigned. ć The club is under the control of three people. 2. the ability to get people to do what you want ć The teacher has no control over the class. í verb 1. to keep something in order, to direct or limit something ć The police couldn’t control the crowds. ć There was nobody there to control the traffic. ć We must try to control the sales of foreign cars. ć The government controls the price of meat. 2. ˽ to control a business to have the power to direct the way a business is run ć The business is controlled by a com- pany based in Luxembourg. (NOTE: controls – controlling – controlled) controlled controlled /kən  trəυld/ adjective kept under control convenient convenient /kən  viniənt/ adjective not causing any practical problems ć Six o’clock in the morning is not a very convenient time for a meeting. ć A bank draft is a convenient way of sending money abroad. conveniently conveniently /kən  viniəntli/ adverb in a convenient way conventional conventional /kən  venʃ(ə)n(ə)l/ ad- jective ordinary or usual ć For your i n- terview it’s best to wear a conventional suit. conversation conversation /kɒnvə  seʃ(ə)n/ noun an occasion on which two or more peo- ple talk to each other about something ć We had a long conversation with the bank manager. ć Why did he suddenly change the subject of the conversation? convict convict 1 /kɒnvkt/ noun a criminal who has been sent to prison ć The po- lice are searching for two escaped con- victs. convict convict 2 /kən  vkt/ verb to prove in court that someone is guilty ć She was convicted of theft. convinced convinced /kən  vnst/ adjective very certain ć She’s convinced that she’s right. cook cook /kυk/ noun a person who gets food ready ć He worked as a cook in a pub during the summer. í verb to get food ready for eating, especially by heating it ć It’s my turn to cook the dinner tonight. ć How do you cook cabbage? cooker cooker /kυkə/ noun a large piece of kitchen equipment, used for cooking food cookie cookie /kυki/ noun 1. usually US a small, flat hard sweet cake ć She bought a packet of cookies. (NOTE: The British English term is biscuit.) 2. a computer file sent to your computer by a website when you visit it. It stores information about you which can be used when you next visit the website. cool cool /kul/ adjective 1. cold in a pleasant way, or colder than you would like or than you expect ć It was hot on deck but cool down below. ć Wines should be stored in a cool cellar. ć It gets cool in the evenings in September. 2. not friend- ly or not enthusiastic ć I got a cool re- ception when I arrived half an hour late. ć Their proposal got a cool response. ˽ to be cool towards someone to be un- friendly to someone or unenthusiastic about something ć She was rather cool towards me last time we met. ć My col- leagues were cool towards the plan un- fortunately. 3. calm ć The nurses re- mained cool and professional. 4. fash- ionable ( informal ) ć They thought it was cool to wear white trainers. 5. good ( informal ) ć a cool party ć a really cool idea (NOTE: cooler – coolest) í verb to make something cool; to become cool ć She boiled the jam for several hours and then put it aside to cool. í noun 1. a colder area which is pleasant ć After the heat of the town centre, it is nice to sit in the cool of the garden. 2. the state of being calm ć As soon as the reporters started to ask her questions she lost her cool. ȣ to be cool with something to be satisfied with something ( informal ) ć We can go tomorrow – I’m cool with that. copper copper /kɒpə/ noun a reddish metal which turns green when exposed to air ć Copper is a good conductor of elec- Basic.fm Page 74 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com copy 75 costume tricity. ć The end of the copper wire should be attached to the terminal. copy copy /kɒp/ noun 1. something made to look the same as something else ć This is an exact copy of the painting by Pi- casso. 2. a particular book or newspaper ć Where’s my copy of today’s ‘Times’? ć I lent my old copy of the play to my brother and he never gave it back. (NOTE: [all noun senses] The plural is copies.) í verb 1. to make something which looks like something else ć He stole a credit card and copied the signa- ture 2. to do what someone else does (NOTE: copies – copying – copied) cord cord /kɔd/ noun a strong thin rope ć Pull the cord to open the parachute. ć In an emergency, pull the cord to stop the train. core core /kɔ/ noun the central part of an ob- ject ˽ the core of an apple, an apple core the hard part in the middle of an apple, containing the seeds í the most basic or essential part of something ć Lack of resources is the core of the prob- lem. í adjective most important ć These are the core points of the report. ˽ core values the things that a group of people think are most important ć Hon- esty and reliability are among our core values. cork cork /kɔk/ noun 1. a small solid tube, used for closing wine bottles 2. the very light bark of a type of tree, used for making corks and other things ć She placed little cork mats on the table to stop the wine glasses marking it. í verb to put a cork into a bottle corn corn /kɔn/ noun 1. cereal plants such as wheat or barley ć a field of corn 2. maize, a cereal crop which is grown in many parts of the world ˽ corn on the cob the part of maize that has the seeds, boiled and served hot, with butter and salt corner corner /kɔnə/ noun a place where two walls, streets or sides meet ć The bank is on the corner of London Road and New Street. ć Put the plant in the corner of the room nearest the window. ć The number is in the top right-hand corner of the page. ć The motorbike went round the corner at top speed. ȣ to turn the corner 1. to go from one street into another by turning left or right ć She turned the corner into the main street. 2. to get better after being ill or in a diffi- cult situation ć Our business affairs seem to have turned the corner. corporate corporate /kɔp(ə)rət/ adjective relat- ing to a company ć Corporate responsi- bility rests with the whole management. ć Corporate profits are down this year. corporation corporation /kɔpə  reʃ(ə)n/ noun a large company ć Working for a big cor- poration can be rather impersonal. correct correct /kə  rekt/ adjective 1. without any mistakes ć You have to give correct answers to all the questions if you want to win first prize. ć If the information you gave us is correct, we can finish the work by Thursday. 2. right according to rules or standards í verb to take away mistakes in something ć You must try to correct your driving mistakes, or you will never pass the test. ć The computer keeps switching itself off – can you cor- rect this fault? correction correction /kə  rekʃən/ noun 1. an ac- tion that makes something correct ć He made a few small corrections to the let- ter. 2. the process of correcting some- thing ć We drew up a timetable for the correction of minor faults. correctly correctly /kə  rektli/ adverb without making any mistakes corridor corridor /kɒrdɔ/ noun a long narrow passage ć The ladies’ toilet is straight ahead at the end of the corridor. cost cost /kɒst/ noun a price which you have to pay for something ć What is the cost of a return ticket to London? ć Compu- ter costs are falling each year. í verb to have as a price ć Potatoes cost 20p a ki- lo. ć Petrol seems to cost more all the time. (NOTE: costs – costing – cost – has cost) ȣ at all costs no matter what happens ć At all costs, we have to be in Trafalgar Square by 12 o’clock. ȣ to cost an arm and a leg to be very expensive ć The repairs to his car cost him an arm and a leg. costume costume /kɒstjum/ noun a set of clothes worn by an actor or actress ć Basic.fm Page 75 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com cosy 76 country The costumes for the film are magnifi- cent. cosy cosy /kəυzi/ adjective comfortable and warm ć An open log fire always makes a room feel cosy. ć She wrapped herself up in a blanket and made herself cosy on the sofa. (NOTE: cosier – cosiest) cottage cottage /kɒtd/ noun a little house in the country ć We have a weekend cot- tage in the mountains. ć My mother lives in the little cottage next to the post office. cotton cotton /kɒtən/ noun 1. fibres made into thread from the soft seed heads of a tropical plant 2. cloth made of cotton ć I bought some blue cotton to make a skirt. ć He was wearing a pair of cotton trousers. cough cough /kɒf/ noun the act of making a noise by sending the air out of your lungs suddenly, e.g. when you are ill ć Take some medicine if your cough is bad. ć He gave a little cough to attract the waitress’s attention. í verb to make a noise by sending air out of your lungs suddenly, e.g. because you are ill ć The smoke from the fire made everyone cough. ć People with colds usually cough and sneeze. could could /kəd, kυd/ modal verb 1. was or would be able to ć The old lady fell down and couldn’t get up. ć You could still catch the train if you ran. 2. was al- lowed to ć The policeman said he could go into the house. 3. used in asking someone to do something ć Could you pass me the salt, please? ć Could you shut the window? 4. might ć The new shopping centre could be finished by Christmas. 5. used in making a sugges- tion ć You could always try borrowing money from the bank. (NOTE: The nega- tive is could not, or in speaking, usu- ally couldn’t. Note also that could is the past of can; could is only used in front of other verbs and is not followed by the word to.) council council /kaυnsəl/ noun 1. an elected committee 2. an official group chosen to work on or advise about a specific sub- ject ć a council set up to promote the arts in the eastern region count count /kaυnt/ verb 1. to say numbers in order, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 ć She’s only two and she can count up to ten. ć Count to five and then start running. 2. to find out a total ć Did you count how many books there are in the library? 3. to include when finding out a total ć There were sixty people on the boat if you count the children. ć Did you count my trip to New York as part of my expenses? ˽ not counting not including ć There are three of us, not counting the baby. ć We have three computers, not counting the old ones that don’t work any more. 4. to be important ć Your appearance counts for a lot in an interview. í noun 1. the action of counting or of adding 2. a large amount of something, calculated scien- tifically ć Today there is a high pollen count. ȣ to lose count to no longer have any idea of a particular number ć I tried to add up all the sales figures but lost count and had to start again. ć I’ve lost count of the number of times he’s left his umbrella on the train. count on phrasal verb to be sure that someone will do something counter counter /kaυntə/ noun 1. a long flat surface in a shop for showing goods for sale, or in a bank for passing over mon- ey ć She put her bag down on the coun- ter and took out her cheque book. ć The cheese counter is over there. 2. a small round disc used in games ć You’ve thrown a six – you can move your coun- ter six places. ć She placed a pile of counters on the board. í verb to act or reply in an opposing way ć The adverts are designed to counter familiar opin- ions about of home and family. í to re- ply in a way that opposes what has been said ć He accused her of laziness and she countered with a list of complaints about his own behaviour. country country /kntri/ noun 1. an area of land which is has borders and governs itself ć the countries of the EU ć Some Afri- can countries voted against the plan. (NOTE: The plural in this sense is countries.) 2. land which is not in a town ć He lives in the country. ć We went walking in the country. ć Road travel is difficult in country areas. (NOTE: no plural in this sense) Basic.fm Page 76 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com countryside 77 crack countryside countryside /kntrisad/ noun land which is not in a town ć the beautiful English countryside in spring ć The countryside is in danger of being cov- ered in new houses. (NOTE: no plural) county county /kaυnti/ noun a district that has some powers of government over local matters (NOTE: The plural is counties.) couple couple /kp(ə)l/ noun 1. two things to- gether 2. two people together ć They are a charming couple. ć Several cou- ples strolled past hand in hand. í verb 1. to connect two different things ć High tides coupled with strong winds caused flooding along the coast. 2. to join two machines together ć Couple the trailer to the back of the truck. ȣ a couple of 1. two ć They’ve got a cou- ple of children. 2. a few ć The film last- ed a couple of hours. coupon coupon /kupɒn/ noun a piece of paper which is used in place of money or in place of a ticket courage courage /krd/ noun the ability to deal with a dangerous or unpleasant sit- uation ć She showed great courage in attacking the burglar. ć I didn’t have the courage to disagree with him. (NOTE: no plural) course course /kɔs/ noun 1. a series of lessons ć I’m taking a maths course. ć She’s going on a painting course. ć The hotel offers weekend courses in a variety of subjects. 2. a series of medical treat- ments ć He’s taking a course of antibi- otics. 3. a separate part of a meal ć a five-course meal ć The first course is soup, and then you can have either fish or roast lamb. 4. the direction in which someone or something, especially a ve- hicle, is moving in, or will move in ȣ in due course after a certain amount of time ć If you study for several years at college, in due course you will get a de- gree. ć Put a coin in the slot and in due course the machine will produce a tick- et. ȣ in the course of during a period of time ć He’s got much richer in the course of the last few years. court court /kɔt/ noun 1. a room with a judge who tries criminals, sometimes with a jury ć The court was packed for the opening of the murder trial. ć Please tell the court what you saw when you opened the door. ˽ to take someone to court to arrange for someone to come to a court to end an argument 2. an area where sports such as tennis or basket- ball are played ć The tennis courts are behind the hotel. ˽ to be on court to be playing tennis 3. a group of people liv- ing round a king or queen court case court case /kɔt kes/ noun a legal ac- tion or trial courtyard courtyard /kɔtjɑd/ noun a small square area surrounded by buildings cousin cousin /kz(ə)n/ noun the son or daughter of your uncle or aunt cover cover /kvə/ noun 1. something that you put over something else to protect it or keep it clean ć Keep a cover over your computer when you are not using it. ć Put a cover over the meat to keep the flies off. 2. the front and back of a book or magazine ć She read the book from cover to cover. 3. a place where you can hide or shelter ć They ran for cover when it started to rain. ˽ under cover under a roof, not in the open air ć If it rains the meal will be served under cover. ˽ to take cover to find a place to shelter from something such as rain ć It started to rain and they took cover un- der a tree. ć When the robbers started shooting, the policeman took cover be- hind a wall. í verb 1. to put something over something else to keep it clean ć You should cover the furniture with sheets before you start painting the ceil- ing. 2. to hide something ć He covered the hole in the ground with branches. ć She covered her face with her hands. 3. to travel a certain distance ć They made good progress, covering twenty miles a day. cow cow /kaυ/ noun a large female farm ani- mal, kept to give milk ć a field of cows ć The farmer was milking a cow. coward coward /kaυəd/ noun a person who is not brave crack crack /krk/ noun 1. a sharp sound ć the crack of a whip ć The crack of a twig behind her made her turn round. 2. a long thin break in a surface ć A crack appeared in the ceiling. ć Her ring fell down a crack in the floorboards. ć The Basic.fm Page 77 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com crafty 78 credit field is so dry it is full of cracks. í verb 1. to make a sharp sound ć A twig cracked as he stepped on it. 2. to make a long thin break in something ć The stone cracked the glass. crafty crafty /krɑfti/ adjective good at getting the things you want, often in a way that is not completely honest (NOTE: craftier – craftiest) cramped cramped /krmpt/ adjective too small or too close together ć On some planes, the seats are very cramped. crane crane /kren/ noun a tall metal piece of equipment for lifting heavy things ć The container slipped as the crane was lifting it onto the ship. crash crash /krʃ/ noun 1. an accident where vehicles are damaged ć He was killed in a train crash. ć None of the passengers was hurt in the coach crash. ć His car was badly damaged in the crash. 2. a loud noise when something falls over ć The ladder fell down with a crash. ć There was a loud crash in the kitchen. í verb 1. ( of vehicles ) to hit something and be damaged ć The bus crashed into a wall. ć The plane crashed six kilome- tres from the airport. 2. to fall, making a loud noise ć The wall came crashing down. ć The ladder crashed onto the floor. crate crate /kret/ noun 1. a large wooden box ć The dinner set arrived safely, careful- ly packed in a wooden crate. 2. a con- tainer for bottles ć a beer crate ć The office orders a crate of milk every day. crawl crawl /krɔl/ verb 1. to move around on your hands and knees ć The baby has just started to crawl. 2. to travel along slowly ć The traffic was crawling along. í noun 1. a very slow speed ć The traffic on the motorway was re- duced to a crawl. 2. a swimming style where each arm goes over your head in turn ć He won the 100m crawl. (NOTE: no plural) crayon crayon /kreɒn/ noun a coloured wax stick, used especially by children for drawing crazy crazy /krezi/ adjective not sensible ć It was a crazy idea to go mountain-climb- ing in sandals. creak creak /krik/ verb to make a squeaky noise í noun a noise like that of wood moving ć She heard a creak on the stairs and sat up in bed. (NOTE: Do not confuse with creek.) cream cream /krim/ noun 1. the thick yellow part of milk, full of fat ć I like strawber- ries and cream. 2. any soft smooth sub- stance used, e.g. for cleaning or for pro- tecting the skin ć face cream ć shaving cream ć shoe cream í adjective of a yellow-white colour ć He was wearing a cream shirt. ć Do you like our new cream carpet? crease crease /kris/ noun 1. a mark made in cloth by ironing ć Trousers should have a crease in front. 2. a mark made by folding accidentally ć She ironed his shirts to remove the creases. í verb to make folds accidentally in something ć After two hours in the car, my skirt was badly creased and had to be pressed. create create /kri  et/ verb to make or invent something ć a government scheme which aims at creating new jobs for young people creation creation /kri  eʃ(ə)n/ noun 1. the act of making or inventing something ć Our aim is the creation of new jobs for young unemployed people. 2. something which has been made, especially some- thing artistic or unusual creature creature /kritʃə/ noun 1. an animal, especially one that you don’t know a name for ć Lift any stone and you’ll find all sorts of little creatures underneath. ć We try not to harm any living crea- ture. ć Some sea creatures live in holes in the sand. 2. an imaginary animal or living being credit credit /kredt/ noun 1. praise for some- thing which is well deserved ć The pro- fessor took all the credit for the inven- tion. ć To his credit, he owned up imme- diately. 2. the length of time given to pay for something ć We give purchasers six months’ credit. 3. the side of an ac- count showing money that you have got or which is owed to you ć We paid in £100 to the credit of Mr Smith. í plural noun credits the list of people who helped to make a film or TV programme ć Her name appears in the credits. í Basic.fm Page 78 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com credit card 79 crop verb to pay money into an account ć to credit an account with £100 or to credit £100 to an account credit card credit card /kredt kɑd/ noun a plas- tic card which allows you to borrow money and to buy goods without paying for them immediately creep creep /krip/ verb 1. to move around qui- etly ć They crept softly down the stairs. 2. to move slowly ć The traffic was creeping along the motorway because of the fog. (NOTE: creeps – creeping – crept) crew crew /kru/ noun the people who work on a vehicle such as boat or aircraft ć The lifeboat rescued the crew of the sinking ship. ć The plane was carrying 125 pas- sengers and a crew of six. cricket cricket /krkt/ noun 1. a game played between two teams of eleven players us- ing bats and a hard ball ć We haven’t played much cricket this year – the weather has been too bad. ć We are go- ing to a cricket match this afternoon. 2. awake and able to know what is happen- ing around you cried cried /krad/ past tense and past partici- ple of cry cries cries /kraz/ 3rd person singular present of cry crime crime /kram/ noun 1. illegal behaviour ć We must try to reduce the levels of crime in the inner cities. ć The govern- ment is trying to deal with the problem of crime on the streets or with the street crime problem. 2. a specific illegal act ć More crimes are committed at night than during the daytime. criminal criminal /krmn(ə)l/ adjective refer- ring to illegal acts ć the criminal justice system ć Stealing is a criminal offence. í noun a person who commits a crime crisis crisis /krass/ noun a serious situation where decisions have to be taken very quickly ć an international crisis ć a banking crisis crisp crisp /krsp/ adjective 1. ( of food ) hard, able to be broken into pieces and mak- ing a noise when you bite it ć These bis- cuits are not crisp any more, they have gone soft. ć Pick an apple off the tree, they’re really very crisp. 2. cold and sunny ć It was a beautiful crisp morn- ing, with frost glinting on the grass. ć She could see her breath in the crisp mountain air. criterion criterion /kra  təriən/ noun the stand- ard by which things are judged ć Does the candidate satisfy all our criteria? critic critic /krtk/ noun 1. a person who ex- amines something and comments on it, especially a person who writes com- ments on new plays and films for a newspaper ć She’s the TV critic of The Times. ć The film was praised by all the critics. 2. a person who says that some- thing is bad or wrong ć The chairman tried to answer his critics at the meet- ing. critical critical /krtk(ə)l/ adjective 1. danger- ous and difficult ć With the enemy at- tacking on all sides, our position was becoming critical. 2. extremely impor- tant ć He made a critical decision to break off the negotiations. 3. very seri- ous ć The pilot of the plane was in a critical condition last night. ć The hos- pital said that her condition was criti- cal. 4. criticising someone or something ć The report was highly critical of the minister. criticise criticise /krtsaz/, criticize verb to say that something or someone is bad or wrong ć She criticised their lack of in- terest and enthusiasm. ć The design of the new car has been criticised. criticism criticism /krtsz(ə)m/ noun an unfa- vourable comment or comments ć There was a lot of criticism of the gov- ernment’s plan. crocodile crocodile /krɒkədal/ noun a large rep- tile which lives in or near rivers and lakes and eats other animals ć Croco- diles lay on the banks of the river wait- ing for the animals to come to drink. crooked crooked /krυkd/ adjective bent, not straight ć That picture is crooked. crop crop /krɒp/ noun plants such as vegeta- bles or cereals grown for food ć The bad weather has set the crops back by three weeks. ć We had a wonderful crop of potatoes or a wonderful potato crop this year. crop up phrasal verb to happen sud- Basic.fm Page 79 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com . construction. 2. something which has been built Basic.fm Page 71 Friday, January 16, 20 04 3:10 PM This is trial version www.adultpdf.com This is trial version www.adultpdf.com consult 72 contestant consult consult. build something ć The wings are constructed of aluminium. ć The airport was con- structed in 199 5. construction construction /kən  strkʃən/ noun 1. the act of building ć The construction. enve- lope contained a cheque for £1,000. ć A barrel contains 25 0 litres. ć I have lost a briefcase containing important docu- ments. 2. to limit or prevent something harmful or unpleasant ć The