4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—Back Matter —12/10/2006—11:52—CRCPAG—XML MODEL C–pp. 1–3 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—Back Matter —12/10/2006—11:54—CRCPAG—XML MODEL C–pp. 1–3 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—Back Matter —12/10/2006—11:54—CRCPAG—XML MODEL C–pp. 1–3 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Contributors Mindy Yeager Armstead Potesta &Associates, Inc. Charleston, West Virginia Cristi D. Bishop EA Engineering, Science, and Technology Sparks,Maryland Donald S. Cherry Biology Department VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, Virginia W. Gregory Cope Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Heidi L. Dunn Ecological Specialists, Inc. St. Peters, Missouri Jerry L. Farris ArkansasStateUniversity Jonesboro, Arkanas Timothy S. Gross University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Robert Hudson Presbyterian College Clinton, South Carolina Christopher G. Ingersoll Columbia Environmental Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Columbia, Missouri Anne Keller USEPA Sam Nunn Federal Center Atlanta,Georgia NicolaJ.Kernaghan Center for Transnational and Global Studies &Center for European Studies University of Florida Gainesville,Florida Brandon A. Locke Biology Department Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg,Virginia Mike Lydy Department of Zoology Fisheries &Illinois Agriculture Center Southern Illinois University Carbondale,Illinois Richard J. Neves Department of Fisheries &Wildlife Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg,Virginia Teresa J. Newton U.S. GeologicalSurvey Biological Resources Division UpperMidwest Environmental Sciences Center LaCrosse, Wisconsin Andy Roberts U.S. Fish and WildlifeService Ecological Services Columbia, Missouri D. Shane Ruessler U.S. GeologicalSurvey Gainesville,Florida Michael H. Salazar Applied Biomonitoring Kirkland, Washington Sandra M. Salazar Applied Biomonitoring Kirkland, Washington 4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) John J. Schmerfeld U.S. Fish &Wildlife Service VirginiaField Office Gloucester, Virginia DamianShea Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina David J. Soucek Illinois Natural History Survey Centerfor Economic Entomology Champaign, Illinois Waverly A. Thorsen Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina Theodore W. Valenti Biology Department VirginiaPolytechnic Institute and StateUniversity Blacksburg, Virginia John H. Van Hassel Environmental Services Division American Electric Power Columbus, Ohio Ning Wang ColumbiaEnvironmental Research Center U.S. Geological Survey Columbia, Missouri G. Thomas Watters Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio Jessica L. Yeager Potesta &Associates, Inc. Charleston, West Virginia 4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Table of Contents Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Editors xix Contributors xxi Chapter 1 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology 1 John H. Van Hassel and JerryL.Farris Scope of Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology 1 Need for aFreshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology Book 7 ImportanceofResearch on Freshwater Bivalves 10 Roots of Bivalve Ecotoxicology 10 ANeed for Fresh Paradigms 11 Freshwater Bivalves as Ideal Biomonitors 11 Freshwater Bivalves as the Most SensitiveSpecies 12 Biomarkers as Surrogates for TraditionalResponseMeasures 13 Unionids as Drivers of Bivalve Research 13 References 14 Chapter 2 AReviewofthe Use of UnionidMussels as Biological Indicators of Ecosystem Health 19 John H. Van Hassel and JerryL.Farris Introduction 19 Review of UnionidMussel Biomonitoring Literature 20 MonitoringofMussel Populations 20 Collection Techniques 20 Structural/Functional Indices 23 Contaminant Body Burdens 25 LaboratoryTesting of Freshwater Mussels 29 EffectivenessofMussel Biomonitoring 32 Mussels as Sentinels of Environmental Perturbations 32 Mussels as Indicators of Ecological Integrity 35 References 37 Chapter 3 ABriefLook at Freshwater Mussel (Unionacea) Biology 51 G. Thomas Watters ABriefHistory 51 Ecology 52 Reproduction 53 Reproductive Strategies 56 Reproductive Patterns 58 4284X—PRELIMS —1/11/2006—20:35—TRGANESH—15034—XML MODEL C–pp. 22 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) [...]... 11 0 Review of Methods 11 0 Issues Regarding the Use of the Methods 11 0 Methods for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Mussels .11 3 Review of Methods 11 3 Issues Regarding Use of Methods 11 6 Methods for Conducting Host Fish Exposure Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Mussels 11 7 Review of Methods 11 7 Issues Regarding... on the higher-level system of which it is an integral part © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X CHAPTER 1 17 /10 /2006—09:34—JEBA—XML MODEL C – pp 1 17 10 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology Overall, unified protocol and concept regarding assessment of freshwater bivalves lags behind that being applied to marine bivalves (DeFur et al 19 99) or other taxon-directed ecotoxicological... 1 17 /10 /2006—09:34—JEBA—XML MODEL C – pp 1 17 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology 11 on the effects of natural and manmade substances were directed at a broad array of species, including bivalves (e.g., Bedford, Roelofs, and Zabik 19 68; Imlay 19 71, 19 73) Early work on freshwater bivalves was summarized by Wurtz (19 56) and later, in more thorough fashion, by Fuller (19 74) However, as research on easily obtained... Nonunionid Bivalves .14 4 Freshwater Clams .14 5 Nonnative Taxa 14 6 Conclusions .14 6 References .14 7 Chapter 7 Unionid Mussel Sensitivity to Environmental Contaminants 15 1 Anne Keller, Mike Lydy, and D Shane Ruessler Introduction .15 1 Metal Toxicity 15 2 Acute Toxicity of Metals 15 2 Sublethal... Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—PRELIMS 1/ 11/ 2006—20:35—TRGANESH 15 034—XML MODEL C – pp 22 1 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology John H Van Hassel and Jerry L Farris SCOPE OF FRESHWATER BIVALVE ECOTOXICOLOGY All too often, freshwater mussel populations are referred to as objects of study for their noticeable decline (Williams et al 19 93; Biggins, Neves, and Dohner 19 95; Neves 19 97) A description of this rationale... Stressors in Ecological Risk and Impact Assessment, 13 18 September 19 97, Pellston, Michigan, SETAC, Pensacola, FL, p 10 0, 19 99 With permission of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry [SETAC] © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X CHAPTER 1 17 /10 /2006—09:34—JEBA—XML MODEL C – pp 1 17 6 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology and their habitats throughout... FIGURE 1. 2 Scale of relative certainty integrated among exposure conditions and measured mussel responses © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X CHAPTER 1 17 /10 /2006—09:34—JEBA—XML MODEL C – pp 1 17 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology 7 NEED FOR A FRESHWATER BIVALVE ECOTOXICOLOGY BOOK Many of the current researchers conducting ecotoxicology studies upon freshwater bivalves... .13 7 In Situ Testing with Freshwater Mussels .13 8 Adult Unionid Mussel in Situ Testing .13 9 Juvenile Unionid in Situ Testing 14 1 Kentucky Lake Study 14 1 Clinch River Study 14 2 St Croix Riverway Study .14 4 © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X—PRELIMS 1/ 11/ 2006—20:35—TRGANESH 15 034—XML MODEL C – pp... . 311 Methods 312 Sampling Locations 312 Water Chemistry 314 Sediment Chemistry 314 Faunal Surveys . 315 Tissue Measurements 315 Toxicity Testing 315 Data Analysis . 316 Results . 316 Sampling Locations 316 Water Chemistry 317 Sediment Chemistry... make them useful biomonitors (see Chapter 2) Conversely, there are many freshwater habitats that contain no or only limited bivalve populations © 2007 by the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) 4284X CHAPTER 1 17 /10 /2006—09:34—JEBA—XML MODEL C – pp 1 17 12 Freshwater Bivalve Ecotoxicology And, there are certainly exposure conditions under which many bivalves fail to provide reliable . 7 ImportanceofResearch on Freshwater Bivalves 10 Roots of Bivalve Ecotoxicology 10 ANeed for Fresh Paradigms 11 Freshwater Bivalves as Ideal Biomonitors 11 Freshwater Bivalves as the Most SensitiveSpecies 12 Biomarkers. Adult Freshwater Mussels 11 0 Review of Methods 11 0 Issues Regarding the Use of the Methods 11 0 Methods for Conducting SedimentToxicity Tests with Freshwater Mussels 11 3 Review of Methods 11 3 Issues Regarding. U.S.A 311 John H. Van Hassel Introduction 311 Methods 312 Sampling Locations 312 Water Chemistry 314 SedimentChemistry 314 Faunal Surveys 315 Tissue Measurements 315 Toxicity Testing 315 Data