Structure Steel Design''''s Handbook 2009 part 2 pptx

Index terms Links AASHTO 11.1 11.2 11.78 Abutments 11.72 Acceleration 3.10 Aging 1.33 Aging, strain 1.18 1.22 Allowable stress design (see ASD) Allowable stresses: bearing: on concrete 5.60 11.64 11.168 on masonry 5.60 11.64 11.168 on steel 6.48 11.25 11.166 (See also Bolts; Pins; Rockers; Rollers) bending: bridge loading combinations 11.13 11.162 in bridges 11.25 11.164 11.165 12.159 in buildings 6.31 6.47 6.48 compression with 6.49 6.50 13.27 14.61 14.64 shear with 14.57 tension with 6.50 6.51 13.28 block shear 6.41 compression: in bridges 11.25 11.164 13.26 13.45 in buildings 6.31 6.43 6.62 9.29 fatigue 6.51 11.30 11.68 seismic 6.51 shear: in beam webs 6.34 6.35 11.25 11.166 in bolts 6.28 11.26 1.166 in rivets 6.28 11.166 in threaded parts 6.28 tension 6.30 11.25 11.164 welds 6.38 11.24 11.164 11.167 wind 6.51 (See also ASD; Plastic design; and specific materials) Aluminum 1.33 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 11.1 11.2 11.78 13.2 American Institute of Steel Construction 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30 American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association 11.153 Anchors, government 5.62 Angles: maximum width-thickness ratios for 9.30 net width of 6.64 11.45 11.172 11.173 strut 6.63 7.8 Annealing 1.19 1.32 Arches: applications of 8.31 bridge: bending in 14.8 buckling of 14.46 14.47 constant-depth versus tapered ribs 14.10 Index terms Links Arches: bridge: (Cont.) cost comparisons for 14.6 14.10 curved versus segmental axis 14.9 14.10 dead-load / total-load ratios for 14.9 deck 14.2 deflection of 14.8 depth / span ratios for 14.7 design example for 14.47 erection of 14.6 1 4.7 esthetics of 14.5 14.7 14.8 hanger design example for 14.63 14.64 Hell-Gate type 14.2 history of 14.1 inclined rib 14.1 lateral bracing for 14.47 14.64 (See also Bracing, bridge) preliminary design procedure for 14.44 rise / span ratios for 14.7 spans for 14.4 14.5 steels for 14.9 through 14.2 weight estimating for 14.44 weight / total-load ratios for 14.9 14.44 (See also Bridge, arch) defined 4. 1 fixed 4.5 14.2 14.4 14.7 flange thickness limits for 10.46 forms of 14.2 14.3 foundations for 8.32 14.2 14.3 half-through 14.2 rigid-frame 14.3 roof 8.30 8.31 solid-rib: depths for 14.7 14.8 esthetics of 14.5 hinges for 14.4 panel lengths for 14.7 rib design example 14.59 sections for 14.2 14.8 stiffeners for 11.47 stress in 4.7 4.8 14.2 14.3 temperature effects on 14.8 three-hinged 4 .1 14.2 14.4 14.7 tied 14.2 14.7 14.8 14.44 ties 14.3 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.10 14.62 true 14.2 14.44 truss-rib 14.2 14.4 14.8 two-hinged 4.3 14.2 14.4 14.7 Vierendeel-truss-rib 14.8 wind forces on 14.8 AREMA 11.153 Areas 3.30 3.31 Index terms Links ASD: allowable stress in (see Allowable stresses) for bridges: load combinations in 11.13 11.14 specificiations for 11.1 11.2 for buildings: load combinations in 6.23 specifications for 6.1 6.2 6.29 6.30 principles of 6.29 6.30 versus LRFD 8.25 11.13 11.17 (See also Beams; Cold-formed members; Columns; Composite beams; Trusses) ASTM 1.1 6.1 6.2 Austenite 1.30 Bainite 1.31 Bars 15.36 15.37 15.41 Beam-columns: ASD interaction equations for 6.49 6.50 defined 3.23 3.61 design example for 7.34 LRFD interaction equations for 6.48 6.49 6.84 7.32 7.33 plastic capacity of 3.106 3.107 Beams: allowable bending stresses for 6.31 6.47 6.48 12.159 alternative to plate girders 10.54 anchorage to walls 5.61 5.62 bearing plates for 5.60 10.63 bearing pressure on 5.60 5.61 6.48 bearings for (see bearing plates for) (See also Rockers; Rollers) bending and compression (see Beam-columns) bending axis of 3.47 3.49 bending slope of 3.37 (See also design example for: end rotations of below) bending strength of: in bridges 11.15 in buildings 6.31 6.45 6.46 6.82 7.10 7.18 bending stresses in 3.27 11.48 11.49 bridge: floorbeam (see Floorbeams) girder (see Plate girders) stringer (see Stringers) buckling of (see Buckling) camber of 2.8 2.9 8.9 8.17 cantilever (see Cantilevers) castellated 8.21 8.23 8.24 combined forces on 3.47 3.50 compact 6.45 6.62 6.63 6.78 6.80 6.81 composite (see Composite beams) Index terms Links Beams: (Cont.) concentrated loads on 6.43 6.44 concrete encased 6.72 6.73 8.9 8.10 conjugate 3.69 continuous: advantages of 12.153 analysis of (see Structural analysis) carry-over factors for 3.84 3.85 defined 3.63 maximum moments in 12.153 12.154 span defined for 11.48 spans for 12.154 costs of 1.8 cover-plated 2.13 6.63 6.65 11.49 curvature of 3.36 3.37 curved, rolled 12 .55 (See also Curved girders) defined 3.21 3.25 7.1 deflections of: bending moment 3.36 conjugate-beam method for 3.69 limits on 3.42 6.74 8.25 moment-area method for 3.69 3.72 3.73 shear 3.46 3.47 unit-load method for 3.69 3.72 3.73 design example for: building beam with overhang 7.16 simple-span building floorbeam 7.11 unbraced building floorbeam 7.14 (See also Composite beams; Floorbeams) design section for 6.65 eccentric loads on 3.46 5.96 elastic curve of 3.36 end connections for (see Connections) end rotations of 3.73 3.75 fixed-end: elastic curves for 3.38 end moments in 3.38 3.78 moment diagrams for 3.38 shear diagrams for 3.38 slope diagrams for 3.38 flanges of: effective area of 6.65 11.176 hole deductions for 6.65 11.25 11.176 width-thickness limits for 6.63 6.81 9.23 11.38 11.65 11.174 flexural formula for 3.28 11.48 11.49 hollow structural section 6.82 6.83 lateral support for 5.95 5.96 6.64 8.7 8.9 11.55 11.175 limit states for 11.14 11.15 link 9.12 9.23 9.31 minimum depth for 6.75 11.49 moment diagrams for 3.37 Index terms Links Beams: (Cont.) neutral axis in 3.28 noncompact 6.62 6.63 6.80 6.81 openings in 8.15 8.16 plastic-range bending in 3.29 3.32 propped 3.42 3.43 reactions of 3.38 residual stresses in 1.26 resisting moments in 3.28 rigid-frame 3.60 3.62 roof, ponding on 6.75 shear capacity of 6.34 6.35 6.65 6.66 7.10 shear center of 3.48 3.49 shear diagrams for 3.38 simple: concentrated loads on 3.38 end moments on 3.38 3.39 influence lines for 3.89 shear deflection of 3.45 3.46 triangular loads on 3.40 uniformly loaded 3.25 3.37 3.39 3.43 3.45 slender-element 6.62 span of 6.64 11.48 12.1 spandrel 8.14 statically determinate 3.68 stiffeners for 6.34 6.35 6.65 strains in 3.25 stress distribution in 3.25 torsion of (see twisting below) twisting of 3.48 (See also Buckling, beam) unsymmetrical bending of 3.48 web crippling in 5.61 6.44 web yielding in 5.61 6.43 6.44 (See also Cold-formed members; Floorbeams; Framing: Girders; Joists; Moments; Purlins; Sections; Shear; Stringers; Structures) Bearing bar 12.100 12.101 Bearings: anchor bolts required for 11.66 beam 5.60 11.63 11.178 12.3 12.4 elastomeric: advantages of 11.55 composition of 11.65 design of 11.65 pedestals for 11.66 (See also shoes below) pot 11.65 11.66 PTFE 11.65 requirements for 11.63 shoes: design basis for 11.66 design examples for 12.97 Index terms Links Bearing: shoes: (Cont.) materials for 11.66 seismic evaluation of 12.102 thicknesses for 11.66 sliding plate 11.64 (See also Rockers; Rollers) Bendability 1.32 Bending: of beams (see Beam-columns; Beams; Moments) strain energy of 3.56 (See also Allowable stresses, bending Strength design, bending) Bents 3.62 Betti’s theorem 3.59 Blooms 1.37 Bolts: A307 (see ordinary below) allowable shear in 6.35 11.26 11.166 allowable tension in 5.42 5.43 6.27 anchor 5.55 11.12 11.66 bracket connections with 5.67 common (see ordinary below) design area of 6.36 11.26 design strength of 6.35 diameters of: commonly used 5.10 5.11 11.26 11.168 maximum 5.11 minimum 5.10 fatigue of 11.29 for hangers 5.40 high-strength: application of 6.36 6.37 6.76 11.26 11.168 costs of 5.3 5.5 length required for 5.4 minimum pretension for 6.36 6.37 permissible types of 5.1 5.2 thread lengths for 5.4 tightening of 2.5 5.1 5.17 6.36 hole for: diameters of 5.11 6.64 11.26 11.45 11.168 11.173 fabrication of 2.4 2.5 2.14 5.11 5.12 reaming of 2.9 5.11 5.12 machine (see ordinary below) ordinary: application of 6.36 6.37 11.26 tightening of 2.5 prevention of loosening 5.5 prying forces from 5.43 5.103 5.105 5.106 11.28 sealing 5.13 5.14 6.77 shear and tension on 5.72 6.40 6.41 11.28 specifications for 2.5 5.1 5.5 5 .18 standard-size 5.3 stitch 5.13 11.46 11.48 Index terms Links Bolts: (Cont.) tension on 6.33 6.34 11.27 11.28 twist-off 5.5 5.18 5.19 (See also Connections; Joints; Splices) Boron 1.33 Box girders: advantages of 11.56 12.114 12.115 13.19 allowable stresses in 11.56 bracing of 11.56 bridge cross sections with 12.115 continuous 12.115 corner welds for 11.67 11.68 13.19 13.20 curved 12.49 (See also Curved girders) design example for: composite concrete 12.117 orthotropic-plate 12.130 drainage of 11.56 flange to web welds for 11.60 flanges of 11.38 11.56 12.116 load distribution to: from concrete 11.22 12.115 12.119 1 2.120 from steel plate 12.130 12.132 12.134 sealing of 11.76 shapes of 12.115 12.116 shipping limitations for 12.116 single versus multiple 11.56 spacing of 11.56 12.118 spans for 12.114 stiffeners for 11 .56 (See also Stiffeners) webs of 11.38 11.57 width of 11.56 12.115 12.118 width / thickness limits for 11.38 (See also Orthotropic plates) Bracing: angle 5.39 beam 5.95 5.96 bridge: arch 11.42 11.43 14.64 box girder 11.57 cross-frame 11.43 11.44 11.175 11.176 12.22 diaphragm 11.43 11.175 11.176 knee 12.113 12.114 lateral 11.42 11.43 11.175 12.22 12.93 location of 11.42 1.43 11.175 11.176 methods of 11.42 11.175 objectives of 11.42 11.175 for plate-girders 11.55 12.22 12.45 12.46 portal 11.42 11.44 slenderness limitations on 11.37 sway 11.42 11.44 through-girder 5.96 Index terms Links Bracing: bridge: (Cont.) truss (see Trusses, bridge, lateral bracing; portal bracing; sway bracing) wind loads on 11.43 11.161 11.162 building: chevron 9.22 9.29 cross-frame 5.96 cross sections for 9.30 diagonal 9.29 diaphragm 5.89 K 9.22 9.29 slenderness limitations on 9.30 X 9.22 9.29 connections for 5.98 erection 2.20 maximum allowable compression in 9.29 rigid-connection (see Rigid frames) shear wall (see Walls, shear) (See also Frames, concentric braced and eccentric braced) Brackets 5.67 12.81 12.82 Bridge: arch: Bayonne 14.14 14.15 Burro Creek 14.32 14.33 Cold Spring Canyon 14.30 14.31 Colorado River 14.34 14.35 Fort Pitt 14.26 14.27 Fremont 14.16 14.17 Glenfield 14.28 14.29 14.47 Leavenworth Centennial 14.38 14.39 Lewiston-Queenston 14.20 14.21 New River Gorge 14.12 14.13 North Fork Stillaguamish River 14.40 14.41 Port Mann 14.11 Roosevelt Lake 14.18 14.19 Sherman Minton 14.22 14.23 Smith Avenue High 14.36 14.37 South Street over I-84 14.42 14.43 West End-North Side 14.24 14.25 box girder: Abstrasse 12.117 Chester 12.117 Frankfurt 12.117 Fremont River 12.116 King County 12.116 Kirchweyhe 12.117 Klamath River 12.116 Stillaguamish River 12.116 cable-stayed: Batman 15.17 15.2 0 Bonn 15.21 Bratislava 15.20 Index terms Links Bridge: cable-swayed: (Cont.) Büchenauer 15.18 chain 15.2 15.3 Cologne 15.20 Dryburgh Abbey 15.2 15.3 Duisburg 15.21 15.31 Düsseldorf-North 15.21 Düsseldorf-Oberkassel 15.20 Ebro River 15.17 15.19 Ganga 15.22 Gischlard-Arnodin 15.2 15.4 Hatley chain 15.2 15.4 Jülicherstrasse 15.18 Karlsruhe 15.20 King’s Meadow 15.2 15.3 Kniebrucke 15.18 15.20 Leverkusen 15.18 15.21 Loscher type 15.2 15.4 Lower Yarra 15.18 Ludwigshafen 15.20 Luling 15.17 15.51 Manheim 15.20 Maracaibo 15.22 Maxau 15.18 Meridian 15.17 Nienburg 15.2 15.3 Norderelbe 1 5.21 15.22 Normandy 15.25 15.30 15.31 Onomichi 15.21 Papineau 15.21 Pasco-Kennewick 15.26 15.51 Poyet type 15.2 15.4 Schillerstrasse 15.51 Strömsund 15.2 15.21 15.99 Sunshine Skyway 15.17 Talmadge 15.17 Tatara 15.25 15.31 Yang Pu 15.25 15.30 15.31 Zarate-Brazo Largo 15.26 15.32 (See also Cable-stayed bridges, major, details of) orthotropic plate: Fremont 12.129 Poplar Street 12.129 San Diego-Coronado 12.129 San Mateo-Heyward 12.129 Severin River 12.129 Wye River 12.129 (See also Orthotropic plates) suspension: Akashi Kaikyo 15.13 15.30 Bidwell Bar 15.14 15.45 15.46 15.50 Bosporus 15.10 15.13 15.50 bridal-chord 15.9 Index terms Links Bridge: suspension: (Cont.) Brighton Chain Pier 15.86 Bronx-Whitestone 15.50 15.69 15.86 Brooklyn 15.1 15.14 15.45 15.47 15.48 15.50 Chesapeake Bay (second) 15.46 Cincinnati 15.2 Cologne-Mulheim 15.9 Deer Isle 15.14 15.86 Delaware Memorial I 15.13 15.69 Dryburgh Abbey 15.2 15.86 First Tacoma Narrows 15.12 Forth Road 15.13 15.69 15.88 Fykesesund 15.86 Galashiels 15.1 General U. S. Grant 15.15 15.45 15.46 15.50 George Washington 15.8 15.13 15.50 15.69 15.91 Gilbraltar Straits 15.30 15.31 Golden Gate 15.12 15.13 15.30 15.31 15.48 15.69 15.86 15.91 Hennepin Avenue 15.47 15.50 Humber 15.13 15.31 15.50 Jacob’s Creek 15.1 Klamath River 11.118 Long’s Creek 15.86 Mackinac 15.10 15.50 15.69 15.88 Manhattan 15.14 15.31 15.32 15.48 15.50 Menai Straits 15.1 15.86 Messina Straits 15.30 15.31 Montrose 15.86 Nassau 15.86 Newport 15.14 15.45 15.46 15.50 Niagara Falls 15.2 15.5 15.14 Niagara-Clifton 15.86 Niagara-Lewiston 15.86 Oder River 15.1 Ohio River 15.1 15.14 15.15 Old St. Clair 15.5 Paseo 15.9 Roche-Bernard 15.86 Ruhrort-Hamburg 15.9 Salazar Bridge 15.7 15.69 San Francsico–Oakland Bay 15.8 15.9 15.12 15.13 15.69 Schuylkill River 15.1 Severn 15.10 15.18 15.88 15.97 Storebelt 15.13 15.30 15.31 Tacoma Narrows I 15.13 15.86 15.91 Tacoma Narrows II 15.13 15.69 15.88 Thousand Island 15.15 15.86 Throgs Neck 15.13 15.50 Triborough 15.10 15.11 15.14 Union 15.86 Verrazano Narrows 1 5.10 15.11 15.13 15.31 15.44 15.50 15.69 15.91 Walt Whitman 15.12 15.13 15.50 15.69 [...]... 5.19 2. 2 6.38 5.34 5 .20 6.30 6.65 11.67 5.34 5.5 5.31 5 .2 6.51 6. 32 11.67 6.33 5.6 5 .22 1.34 15.45 1.5 1 .2 1 .2 2.17 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.10 1.6 1.11 11.50 11.51 12. 7 12. 11 1 .22 1 .23 1. 32 1.34 5.96 12. 127 12. 128 12. 138 12. 27 1.35 12. 48 12. 49 12. 52 12. 49 12. 49 12. 49 12. 49 12. 56 2. 24 2. 14 12. 54 12. 55 12. 48 12. 49 12. 54 12. 55 12. 52 12. 55 12. 55 12. 49 12. 53 1.40 1.40 2. 4 1.39 2. 3 2. 4 3. 12 3.117 3.69 2. 4 2. 4 1.33... Cutting) drawings for Links 2. 2 2. 1 2. 1 1.39 1.16 1 .24 3.56 2. 2 2. 2 2. 3 1.18 1 .25 3.57 2. 25 5.11 1 .22 1.33 3.73 5. 12 1. 32 1.38 1.38 1.13 1.15 3.10 3.10 6.51 9.14 9.10 9.1 9.9 6 .21 9.10 6 .22 6 .25 9.11 4.5 11.55 1.3 11.63 1.4 1. 12 3.118 3.55 3. 52 3.55 3.55 3.6 3.7 2. 23 2. 20 2. 2 2. 17 11.77 2. 21 2. 25 3.94 1.4 6.33 14.6 2. 23 2. 25 14.7 2. 23 2. 26 2. 27 11.46 2. 12 2.10 2. 4 2. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 9 1.16 Index terms Fabrication:... of Links 12. 153 11.51 12. 19 11. 52 12. 154 12. 20 12. 5 12. 23 7 .28 12. 154 12. 56 12. 34 11.78 12. 169 7 .2 6.54 11.50 12. 10 12. 11 8.17 8 .2 8.16 11.51 7.19 11.50 7 .21 7.19 11.50 6.67 6.71 6.67 12. 4 6.67 6.69 7 .26 11.51 8.17 8.18 3 .23 3.99 3 .23 3 .22 7.18 6. 72 8.4 12. 5 6.68 11.51 12. 26 12. 27 8.17 11. 52 8.6 8.17 7 .25 11.50 6.63 6.80 11.50 11.7 12. 7 12. 11 8 .25 8.18 8.19 6. 62 6.81 6. 42 7.5 11.46 11.48 13 .21 6.69 7.38... stud Links 2. 11 1.37 6. 62 13.16 2. 11 8.14 2. 12 1.38 13.17 8 .21 3.45 3.38 3.34 3.37 3.36 3.34 3.34 3 .29 8.7 3.89 3.46 12. 9 12. 120 12. 59 12. 86 12. 75 11.16 3.18 3.34 3.19 3.55 3.17 3.17 3 .24 12. 25 3.48 3.49 11. 52 11. 52 11. 52 11. 52 11. 52 6.67 11. 52 6.69 6.70 11.50 6.69 6.69 11.53 3.43 3.38 3.45 3.45 3.33 8.8 12. 26 12. 60 12. 87 12. 1 32 12. 77 12. 150 3 .20 3.18 11.53 11.53 11.54 6.71 11. 52 11. 52 11. 52 11.54 11.53... Building codes Links 11. 72 11.76 11 .2 11.8 2. 22 13.5 15 .23 11.63 11.48 11.77 11.9 13.49 13.50 15 .24 11.30 11 .29 11.8 11.9 11.1 1.6 11.9 11.35 11 .2 11 .29 1.6 1.7 11.36 11.1 62 11.30 11.74 12. 69 12. 104 12. 105 11.48 12. 104 2. 24 2. 25 11.75 11. 12 1.17 11.76 1 .23 1 .23 1 .23 1 .25 1 .25 1 .24 1 .26 1 .26 3.96 11.36 9 .29 3.93 1 .26 3.98 3.99 3.99 6.1 9.30 6.34 1 .27 3.99 3.100 3.100 6 .2 11. 42 11.36 6.49 5.98 6.85 10.7... 6. 52 11.55 11.56 12. 21 11.55 11.55 11.56 6.50 12. 75 11.55 11.55 1.9 14.54 11.54 11.60 11.60 11.55 5.96 12. 105 12. 110 11.54 6.63 6.65 11.40 6.41 6.34 11.40 11.55 6.65 4.48 11. 72 5.54 5.60 3.99 5.51 5.53 12. 13 6.63 2. 13 11.46 6.63 5.16 4. 42 5.40 12. 21 12. 22 11.56 12. 21 12. 22 11.37 11.38 12. 28 11.65 12. 21 11.60 11.55 12. 20 11.61 12. 69 12. 104 6.65 6.66 11.41 11.40 6.35 11.55 11.60 11.67 11.177 7.37 12. 97... distributed Links 6.95 6.93 8.11 6.86 6.86 6.86 6.93 3.76 3 .24 6.96 6.95 6.100 6.96 6.88 6.93 6.97 12. 75 12. 105 12. 106 12. 81 12. 82 11.3 11.4 11.3 11. 42 13.5 4.48 4.51 12. 15 3.60 11.3 11.4 14.54 8.8 8 .2 6.68 8 .2 8.7 8.8 8.1 8 .2 8 .2 11.69 6.75 6.88 6.97 13.5 8.17 7.18 8 .2 8.16 11.71 8 .28 11. 72 8 .29 12. 3 4. 42 3.76 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 3 .2 11. 42 3.5 Index terms Forces: (Cont.) in equilibrium frictional... Links 15.86 15.10 15.9 15.34 15.48 3.60 13.5 11.69 11.1 62 11.163 13.8 13.9 12. 3 11.3 11.63 11 .2 11 .2 11 .2 11.5 11.5 11.5 11 .2 11.4 11.3 11. 72 11. 72 15.14 15.31 11.73 11.63 2. 25 2. 26 11.77 2. 24 12. 154 12. 169 2. 24 12. 69 12. 104 12. 70 11 .20 11.3 11.9 11 .20 11.63 2. 23 11. 72 11.77 11 .21 11.64 11.76 11.13 11.13 11.13 11.30 11.153 11.30 11. 32 11.78 15.50 Index terms Bridges: (Cont.) jointless maintenance of orthotropic... 3. 12 1.6 2. 2 1.34 1.31 3 .28 1.7 10.3 10.34 10 .21 10.41 10.37 10.30 10.1 10.30 10. 42 10.5 10.11 10.4 10.7 10.3 10 .2 10.1 10.3 10.41 10.3 10.16 10 .25 10 .20 10.16 10 .21 10.7 10.1 10.41 1.18 1.34 7.8 3.46 1.35 1.5 1.35 3.57 3.30 1 .24 3.31 1 .26 5 .2 10.45 10.46 1.35 10 .23 10 .27 10 .2 10.6 10. 42 10.9 10.4 10.4 10 .2 10.4 10. 42 10.4 10.10 10.6 10 .23 10.30 10 .21 10.30 10.8 10 .2 10. 42 1.19 10. 42 10.6 10.5 11 .29 ... 1.39 7.1 1.16 12. 98 12. 100 12. 1 02 12. 103 5.64 6.64 1 .20 11.66 2. 3 10.19 5.11 4.1 3.38 4 .24 3.89 11.16 3.63 4.11 3.64 4.19 3.65 11.9 3.64 11 .26 1.39 3.59 8 .28 11.50 2. 8 5. 12 5. 12 8 .29 14.3 7.33 3.60 6.33 6.35 6.48 11 .24 12. 99 12. 103 1.17 3 .21 3 .23 6.48 11 .24 8.33 8.9 6.75 8.13 8 .29 8.15 11 .26 11.64 11.167 11 .26 11.64 11.167 12. 97 Index terms Roofs: (Cont.) ponding on precase concrete steel deck: attachment . 12. 49 12. 55 box 12. 49 12. 52 bracing for 12. 49 design example for 12. 56 erection of 2. 24 fabrication of 2. 14 12. 55 loads on 12. 54 12. 55 sizing of 12. 55 structural behavior of 12. 48 12. 49 supports. to 1 .2 1.4 1.5 1.10 1.11 1.33 weathering -steel resistance to 1 .2 1.4 1.5 1.6 Cranes 2. 17 Creep: of concrete 11.50 11.51 12. 7 12. 11 12. 27 of steel 1 .22 1 .23 1. 32 1.34 . 5.96 12. 127 12. 128 12. 138 Curved girders: advantages of 12. 48 analysis of: approximate methods for 12. 49 closed-framing 12. 52 12. 54 limitations on 12. 49 open-framing 12. 49 12. 55 box