Tribology Handbook 2 2010 Part 11 pdf

C29 Lubricant hazards; fire, exdosion and health FIRES AND EXPLOSIONS Mineral lubricating oils, though not highly flammable materials, can be made to burn in air and in certain cir- cumstances can give rise to serious fires and explosions. The risk depends on the spontaneous ignition conditions for mixtures of oil vapour (or mist). Figure 29.1 shows the ignition limits at atmospheric pressure and Figure 29.2 the ignition limits for the most flammable mixture as a function of pressure. Curves showing the equilibrium oil vapour mixtures for typical oils are also included in the illustrations to show the values likely to be experienced. 600 v 400 0; E L + 3 Lower limit of Saturation vapour concentration of typical air compressor oil 0 0 10 20 Weight, % oil Figure 29.1 Spontaneous ignition limits for mineral- oil vapour (mist) air mixtures at atmospheric pressure Explosions can occur in enclosed lubricated mechanisms in which a flammable oil vapour-air mixture can be formed, e.g. crankcases of diesel engines, steam engines and reciprocating compressors, and large gearboxes. Saturation curve for 12% oil vapour mixture for typical air compressor oil 0 400 600 800 Pressure, kN/m2 Normal atmospheric pressure Figure 29.2 Spontaneous ignition limits for 12% mineral-oil vapour (mist) air mixture as a function of pressure Crankcase (gearcase) explosions Cure CommmtJ Action Method Oil mist is formed by oil coming into contact with a hot spot, the vapour condensing to form mist as it is swept away from the hot spot by windage. Figure 29.1 shows that the equilibrium vapour mixture will not ignite spontaneously, and that for temperatures above about 230°C an over- rich (non-flammable) mixture is formed. Explosions occur ifthere is insufficient oil at the hot spot to produce an over-rich mixture and rising temperature brings the mixture at the hot spot into a spontaneous ignition range, or if the mixture at the hot spot is diluted by removing a cover and allowing access of air* Prevention (a) Inert gas Nitrogen or carbon dioxide added to reduce oxygen content in vapour space to 10% blanketing (6) Inert gas Development of oil mist detected and nitrogen or carbon dioxide injected at set level injection Protection (a) Explosion Casing must be strong enough to withstand 800 kN/mZ. Doors and vent covers must be adequately secured containment (b) Explosion relief Relief valve with relief area at least 35 mm2/1 crankcase volume or preferably 70 mm2/1. Flame trap must be fitted * If blue oil smoke is seen emerging from a machine, do not remove doors or covers until sufficient time has elapsed for any hot spot to have cooled down. .Note: Explosion relief is considered to be the best practical solution. Suitable relief valves incorporating flame traps are available commercially. C29.1 ricant hazards; fire, explosion and healt ir compressor fires and explosions Figure 29.2 shows that spontaneous ignition can occur in equilibrium mixtures of air and oil at about 260°C at 200 kN/rnZ, falling to 240°C at 800 kN/mZ. Compressor type Cause offire Cure Comment ~~ Reciprocating Exothermal oxidation of oil Delivery temperature control (a) 140DC max. No deposit formation degradation deposits in the delivery lines of oil-lubri- (use lowest viscosity oil (6) 160°C max. Routine removal ofdeposits to prevent build-up cated compressors, raising compatible with lubri- the temperature to the spon- cation requirements and greater than 3 mm thick taneous ignition limit particularly high vola- tility oils resistant to deposit formation) * ~~ Qil-cooled Exothermal oxidation of the claimer pad, raising the temperature to the spon- taneous ignition limit Use of low volatility, oxidation-resistant lubri- Reduce oil loss and build- up in reclaimer rotary thin oil film on the oil re- cant7 *Oil to DIN 51506 VD-L toil to DIN 5 I506 VC-L Note: The creation of a shock wave on ignition may result in detonative explosions in oil-wetted delivery lines. Lagging fires Oil-wetted lagging can ignite even though the lagging temperature is below the minimum spontaneous ignition temperature given in Figure 29. I. Cause Cures Commeats Thewickingaction ofthe laggingproduces a thin film of oil that oxidises exotherm- ally raising the temperature to the spon- taneous ignition region Use an impermeable material (e.g. foam glass). Where this is not practicable flanges should be left unlagged, pro- vided the resulting heat loss is accept- able Because of the poor access of air to the interior of the lagging it is easy for an over-rich oil-air mixture to be formed that only ignites if the hot lagging is stripped off. This can be a hazard with lagging that is glowing on the outside; stripping it off only exposes more oil and can give rise to a more serious fire Use a fire-resistant phosphate-ester fluid (See Hydraulic Oil Fires section) in- stead of a mineral oil For example, phosphateesters are used in the hydraulic control systems of high- temperature steam turbines C29.2 C29 Lubricant hazards; fire, explosion and health Hydraulic oil fires Hydraulic systems present a fire hazard because a leak of high-pressure oil will produce a finely atomised spray that is liable to ignite if it impinges on a hot surface where the necessary conditions for ignition shown in Figure 29.1 can be realised. Protection against fires can be obtained by the use of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids. These are of two general types; water-containing fluids that prevent ignition by forming a steam blanket at the hot spot, and synthetic lubricants that are less flammable than mineral oils and, in normal circumstances, do not support combustion when the heat source is removed. The following table shows the general characteristics of the principal types of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids and points out some restrictions associated with their use. This information should indicate the most suitable fluid for a, particular application. Detailed design points are not covered and full discussion with the fluid manufacturer is recommended before a fire-resistant fluid is adopted. Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids Water-containing Jluids Synthetic Jluids Solu ble-oil Watcr-in-oil Water-glycol emulsions emulsions bled phosphate esters Phosphate-ster chlorinated (2% oil) (40% water) (45% water) hydrocarbon blends Maximum system 65 65 65 100 100 temperature, "C ~~ Restrictions on materials used in normal oil systems : (i) internal paints None None Special paints Special paints Special paints required required required (ii) rubber seals (iii) materials of construction None None Normally no Special seals Special seals required None None Avoid magne- Avoid alu- Avoid aluminium problem required sium zinc minium rub- rubbing contacts and cadmium bing contacts plating Lubrication : (i) rolling bearings- apply factor to load for design calculations Not suitable 2.0 2.5 1.2 1.2 (ii) gear pumps Not Limit pressure Limit pressure Satisfactory Satisfactory recom- to 3.5 MN/ to 3.5 MN/ mended mi (500 lbf/ mz (500 lbf/ 1n 1 in' ) Should be kept dry Maintenance - Water content Water content Should be must be must be kept dry maintained* maintained Cost relative to mineral oil - 1.5-2 4-5 5-7 7-9 * Some separation of water droplets may occur on standing. The emulsion can, however, be readily restored by agitation. Care must be taken to avoid contamination by water-glycol or phosphate-ester fluids as these will cause permanent breakdown of the emulsion. C29.3 ricant hazards; fire, explosion and heal HEALTH HAZARDS The major risk is from prolonged skin contact; this is predominantly a problem in machine shops where the risk ofcontinued The risks tal health are, however, small if such reasonable hygiene precautions are taken as outlined below. exposure to cutting oils and lubricants is greatest. These should be available in all workshops. Hazard Comment Recommended practice Toxicity Mineral oils are not toxic, though certain additives which (i) Avoid ingestion (zi) Wash hands before eating can be used in them may be Dermatitis Prolonged skin contact with neat or soluble cutting oils is liable to cause dermatitis, though individual suscepti- bility vanes considerably (i) Use solvent-refined oils (ii) Use barrier creams on the hands and forearms and wear protective clothing where there is a risk of wetting by oil Acne Mainly caused by neat cutting and grinding oils (iii) Treat and cover skin-abrasions Cancer Some mineral oil constituents may cause cancer after prolonged exposure of the skin. Certain types of spell of work to free skin from oil refining, of which solvent refining is the best known, lessen the risk by reducinq thr carcinogens in the ail (iv) Wash thoroughly with soap and hot water after each (v) Do not put oil-wetted rags in trouser pockets (vi) Do not wear oil-soaked clothing. Work- and under- (vi;) Do not use solvents for degreasing hands and other clothes should be regularly laundered contaminated parts Note: The water glycol phosphate ester and phosphate ester-chlorinated hydrocarbon fire-resistant hydraulic fluids are more toxic than mineral oils, but should not be a hazard if sensible handling precautions are taken. If the synthetic fluids contact very hot surfaces, copious fumes m.ay be evolved. These fumes are toxic and unpleasant and should not be inhaled. C29.4 C30 Lubrication maintenance planning To achieve efficient planning and scheduling of lubrica- tion a great deal of time and effort can be saved by following a constructive routine. Three basic steps are required : (a) A detailed and accurate survey of the plant to be lubricated including a consistent description of the various items, with the lubricant grade currently used or recommended, and the method of application and frequency (b) A study of the information collected to attempt to rationalise the lubricant grades and methods of application (c) Planning of a methodical system to apply lubrication THE PLANT SURVEY Plant identification A clearly identifiable plant reference number should be fixed to the machinery. The number can incorporate a code of age, value and other facts which can later facilitate information retrieval. A procedure to deal with newly commissioned or existing plant and a typical reference document is illustrated below, Figure 30.1. New plant MANUFACTURERS’ RECOMMENDATIONS Table 30. I A convenient standardised code to describe the method of lubricant application Main method Code Application Representing : Oil can c oc-c -H -B -S -A -W Oil gun t OG-N -M Oil filled c OF-B -L -S -H CUP Hole Bottle (gravity) (wick feed) (drip feed) Surface : slideways hand oiled Air mist Well Nipple Multivalve Bath. Sump. Ring oiler Mechanical lubricator Circulating system Hydraulic (syphon) Grease gun c GG-N Nipple -M Multivalve -S Spring feed-grease cups -C Cups- st auffer Grease hand c GH-H Hand applied Grease filled c GF-S System Old plant m REFERENCE DRAWINGS HAND BOOKS CATALOGUES I TITLE Machine description, Ype or model number and makers’ name ITEM NO. Machine inventory number LOCATION Area 7 DEPT.NO. xr.? PLANNED LUBRICATION MAINTENANCE INVENTORY SHEET NO. ITEM OF PLANT METHOD NO. OF POINTS GRADE QUANTITY FREQUENCY TABLE 1 (Details of part to be lubricated) 1234 Electric Motor Bearing GGN 2 Grease No. 3 2 shots A 3256 Spindle Bearings OGN 2 Oil No. 927 2 shots D 3221 Gear Box OFB 1 Oil No. 41 10 gallon sump U’ Figure 30.1 C30.1 Lu bricat i on ma i nten a nce pl a n n i ng 630 ethold of application Number of application points In the case of new plant the proposed methods of lubrication should be subjected to careful scrutiny bearing in mind subse:quent maintenance requirements. Manu- facturers are !sometimes preoccupied with capital costs when selling their equipment and so designed-out mainten- ance should be: negotiated early on when the tribological conditions are studied. In this context it is possible to econo- mise on the apdication costs of lubrication and problems The number of application points must be carefully noted. (n) By adequate description-group together numbers of identical points wherever possible when individual point description serves no purpose. This simplifies the subsequent planning of daily work schedules. (b) Highlighting of critical points by symbol or code identification as necessary. Factors for lubricant selection of contamination and fire hazards can be forestalled. A standardised code for describing the method of application is given in Table 30.1. Confusion can arise unless a discipline is maintained both on surveying and scheduling. For the purpose of assessing the grade of lubricant, the following table suggests the engineering details required to determine the most suitable lubricant. Table 30.2 Some factors affecting lubricant selection - -~ Element Type Size Operating Operating Material temperature conditions Velocity Remarks Bearings Plain, needle Shaft diameter roller, ball revimin Chain speed Chain drives Links. Number PCD of all and pitch wheels and ft/rnin distance be- tween centres Fluid being Depends on Cocks and Plug, ball etc. properties of the fluid valves controlled Compressors .BHP, manu- Gas Max gas revirnin facturer’s temperature pressure name Couplings Universai or revimin constant velocity Cylinders Bore, Cylinder, Combustion Combustion Crank speed Stroke piston, and exhaust and exhaust revimin gas pressure rings gas temperature Gears Spur, worm, BHP, distance Radiated heat rev/min Method of helical, between and heat lubricant hyperbolic centres generated application Glands and Stuffing box Fluid being Depends on seals sealed design Hydraulic I3HP Hydraulic fluid Lubricant systems Pump type materials ‘0’ type (gear, piston rings and adjusted to vane) cups etc. loss rate Linkages Environmental Relative link heat speeds ft/s, conditions angular vel. rad/s Ropes Steel hawser Diameter Frequency of use and pollution etc. Slideways and guides Surface relative speed ft/min C30.2 C30 Lubrication maintenance planning LUBRICANT RATIONALISATION Recommended grade of lubricant Manufacturers recommended grades may have to be acceded to during the guarantee period for critical applications. However, a compromise must be reached in order to ensure the maintenance of an optimum list of grades which is essential to the economic sorting, handling and application oflubricants. In arriving at this rationalised list of grades, speeds, tolerances, wear of moving parts and seals create conditions where the viscosity and quality of lubricant required may vary. For a balanced and economic rationalisation, all tribological factors have therefore to be assessed. Where a special lubricant has to be retained, if economically viable it may form a compromise solution that will satisfy future development projects, particularly where demands are likely to be more critical than for existing equipment. Generally speaking, in most industries 98% of the bulk of lubrication can be met by six grades of oil and three greases. A considerable range of lubricant grades exists largely blended to meet specific demands of manufacturers. Table 30.3 illustrates a typical selection. There are viscosity ranges, indices, inherent characteristics and additive im- provers to be considered. Generally speaking, the more complex the grade, the more expensive, but often the more comprehensive its application. Advice is readily available from oil companies. Quantity and frequency In the main the quantity oflubricant applied is subjected to so many variable conditions that any general scale of recommendations would be misleading. ‘Little and often’ has an in-built safeguard for most applications (particularly new plant), but as this can be uneconomic in manpower, and certain items can be over-lubricated planning should be flexible to optimise on frequency and work loads. Utilisation of the machinery must also be allowed for. Knowledge of the capacity and quantity required will naturally help when assessing the optimum frequency of application and a rough guide is given in Table 30.4. Table 30.3 Range of lubricant grades commonly available showing factors to be taken into account for economic rationalisation VISCOSITY I BRAND! RANGE I A INHERENT @ ADDITIVE 0 SECONDARY A PRIMARY C30.3 Table 30.4 Some factors affecting lubrication frequency (This is a general guide only - affected by local conditions and environment) 30 Frequency Sh$t Daily Weekly Fortnightly Monthly Bi-annually Biennially Remarks Element High-speed OiI top- Oil top- Oil top- High fxequenci where dia.* .x bearings up UP UP rpm is greater than 6000. Where dia. xrpm is less than 6000 lower frequencies miry be used unless extreme dirt conditions or tempera- tures above 60°C prevail Low speed Apply grease with Grease if very Clean and Weekly and fortmghtly lubri- bearings gun until slight slow speed repack, or cation for relatively high resistance is felt or limited at major speeds(dia.* x rpm)greater movement overhaul than 3000 but less than 6000 Chain drives Clean off and renew lubricant Use high frequency with very dirty conditions Cocks and valves When When used used less than fre- ten times quently per day Where usage less than once per day lubricate just prior to use Compressors T~p-up Oil change after 250h Oil change after 500 h if cylinders if re- if sealing poor sealing good and sumps quired ~ Change more frequently if very adverse conditions prevail Couplings Grease or top-up depending on sealing Grease nipples 2-3 shots until resistance felt Gears-open Clean oliflubricant and apply new Check and top-up if necessary Depending upon environment Gears- enclosed Check and Change oil top-up if necessary Depending upon operation conditions, temperature etc. Glands and seals For soft packed glands Especially those handling fluids which re-act with the lubricant give one or two shots of grease Hydraulic systems Top-up if required Change oil depending on Hydraulic lluid ma) IIC operating conditions, changed more frequently if temperatures etc. the colour indicates con- tamination from dissolving seals etc. Ropes Clean and apply new lubricants Previous experience will de- termine variations depend- ing upon dirt and usage Slideways, Apply lubricants guides and linkages Guides, lifts and hoists only More or less frequently dc- pending on conditions of dirt, swarf and usage * Dia. in inches. C30.4 C30 CENTRAL RECORD (Inventory) PLANNING Lubrication maintenance tdannina - - - - - - - - - Separate cards preferable to give ease of record modifications Sorting the route, work load - - - - - - - - - PLANNING A METHODICAL LUBRICATION SYSTEM When planning a methodical system for plant lubrica- tion, the following techniques for sorting out the work to be done may be helpful : (1) Divide the work in terms of the frequency of lubricant application. (2) Divide the work by method of application and lubricant grade. (3) Consider the optimum route for the lubrication personnel, accounting for walking distances where necessary. By tabulating the data in this way, simple work loads can be established. The following diagram outlines a possible plan. SURVEY Frequency Grades Plant description Types of application Route order Time factors Work load Accessibility Control To assist in the control of the system, the following items have been found to be useful: (1) Central plant records ranging from pages in a loose leaf book to comprehensive filing systems, depending on the size of the plant. (2) A steel-bound book for keeping records in the plant itself. (3) Wall charts to show progress through the lubrication year. (4) Route cards showing weekly and monthly work for each day. (5) Record cards attached to the machines. Additional advantages The personnel carrying out the lubrication should report back machine defects, and the planned lubrication system can be used to initiate repair work. f I Scheduling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Planning chart or board I ___________-__ Long term Frequencies __ Monthly cards more detailed COMPU SYSTEh Figure 30.2 Method of planning for systematic lubrication rERlSED MANAGEMENT S All the above activities can be controlled by a computer based system dedicated to asset and maintenance manage- ment activities. Successful implementation will be en- hanced if the key aspects and items above are already identified or it is intended to augment an existing working manual system. Feedback mechanisms must be ensured and previous maintenance histories input to achieve efi- cient utilisation of the computerised system. C30.5 Hiah oressure and vacuum C31 R ESSU R E Led of presswe Effect Pressures in tens of MPa (thousands of psi) Oil lubricants increase considerably in viscosity and density; they may even go solid Pressures in MPa (hundreds of psi) Gases in contact with lubricants dissolve in them causing property changes and foaming on decompression Effect of iwessure on lubricants Type of lubriaznt Factor Effect Tribological signijcance Gas Pressure Increased density Aerodynamic gas-lubricated bearings Oil Pressure Increased densiry (volume change) Very high pressure hydraulic systems : (Figure 31.3) elastohydrodynamic luhrication 31.2) and raised pour point Increased viscosity (Figures 3 I. 1 and Gas environment Solubility of gas is increased with con- Compressors where lubricant is in contact with gas (e.g. reciprocating piston-ring compressors, sliding vane rotary compressors) sequent fall in viscosity Solid Pressure None PRESSURE, MN/m2 100 200 300 400 500 600 *0° 1000000 10 000 a > 1000 5 8 ‘0- 5 100 i~ 10 I 1 20000 4.0000 60000 80000 100000 120000 PRESSURE, Ibf /inz Figure 31. I Effect of pressure on viscosity of HVI paraffinic oils Viscosity, cS 100°F 210°F vi Oil A 33.1 5.32 102 B 55.3 7.17 96 c 165.3 15.12 99 PRESSURE, MNlrn’ - - - 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 PRESSURE Ibf /in2 Figure 31.2 Effect of pressure on viscosity of LVI naphthenic oils Viscosity, cS 100°F 210°F Vi Oil D 55.1 5.87 23 E 143.1 9.48 8 [...]... Bakery 4 0 4 16 13 0 20 18 21 21 4 21 16 21 24 7 41 10 66 66 46 24 24 38 88 32 27 24 24 7 24 27 Brewery Confectionery Ceramics Coke ovens Distilling Electrical prcducts Engineering Ordnance Pharmaceuticals Plastics Printing Rubber goods Textiles Tobacco Steel 15 35 - 15 25 45 25 50 60 35 90 70 60 70 50 50 65 55 50 85 85 90 C34 .2 27 32 29 32 35 27 21 23 24 24 2s 24 24 27 27 27 21 Industrial plant environmental... undt-7 the majority of conditions 9 11 23 47910 2 3 4 6 7 10 123 4610 457 123 457 23 4710 4 7 10 3 4 10 23 4710 23 410 23 4910 4 7 10 7 10 4 10 2 3 4 9 10 13 23 491 011 2 3 4 9 10 11 9 4 7 10 11 13 6 Aqueous sol 6 Aqueous sol Aqueous sol 3 4 7 10 11 2 3 4 6 10 11 Aqueous sol Aqueous sol With H,SO, 2 3 4 6 10 11 23 4610 3 4 7 9 10 13 6 Aqueous sol Hot 7 10 14 16 Aqueous sol 23 4610 29 29 6 9 Liquid Carbon Tetrachloride... 70 .2 78.3 86.4 94.3 5.1 12. 5 20 .0 27 .5 35.0 42. 5 50.0 57.4 64.9 72. 4 79.9 87.4 94.8 4.8 11. 7 18.6 25 .6 32. 5 39.5 46.5 53.4 60.4 67.4 74.3 81.3 88 .2 95.1 4.5 10.9 17.4 23 .9 30.4 36.9 43.4 50.0 56.5 63.0 69.5 76.0 82. 5 89.0 95.4 4 .2 10 .2 16.3 22 .4 28 .5 34.7 40.8 46.9 53.0 59.1 65 .2 71.4 77.5 83.6 89.7 95.7 3.9 9.6 15.4 21 .1 26 .9 32. 7 38.4 44 .2 50.0 55.7 61.5 67 .2 73.0 78.8 84.5 90.3 96.0 3.7 91 14.5 20 .0... p 12. 9 31.3 50.Q 68.8 87.0 For n 10.9 26 .4 42. 1 57.8 73.5 89.0 > 20 - Calculate approximate values of F ( t ) from l00ii - 0.3’1 n + 0.4 9.4 22 .8 36.4 50.0 63.5 77.1 90.5 8.3 20 .1 32. 0 44.0 55.9 67.9 79.8 91.7 7.4 17.9 28 .6 39.3 50.0 60.6 71.3 82. 0 92. 5 66 16 .2 25.8 35.5 4 1 54.8 64.4 74.1 83.7 93.3 5’ 6.1 14.7 23 .5 32. 3 4 1 50.0 58.8 67.6 76.4 85 .2 93.8 1’ 5.6 13.5 21 .6 29 .7 37.8 45.9 54.0 62. 1... 980 1000 1000- 120 0 1010 1040 930-1090 950-1 23 0 870-1 060 1040 1040 1050 1090 1 120 115 0-1400 120 0 123 0 125 0 1300 1370 1400 1 320 -1480 1430 1300- 1500 1550-1750 1680 1790 1900 -20 00 21 00 ndustrial Dlant environmental data INCH 4 0 1 2 1 6 634 INCH 20 24 28 32 36 4 0 44 I I 1 w - w 0 a w a z w t - 1 20 40 400 600 000 1000 DISTANCE OF BODY FROM HOT SOURCE mm 0 I I I 1 1 I I 50 LOO 150 20 0 25 0 300 350 L DISTANCE... 21 .1 26 .9 32. 7 38.4 44 .2 50.0 55.7 61.5 67 .2 73.0 78.8 84.5 90.3 96.0 3.7 91 14.5 20 .0 25 .4 30.9 36.3 41.8 47 .2 52. 7 58.1 63.6 69.0 74.5 79.9 85.4 90.8 96 .2 3.5 8.8 13.8 189 1 24 .Q 29 .3 34.4 39.6 44.8 50.0 55.1 60.3 65.5 70.6 75.8 81.0 86.1 91.3 96.4 34 8 .2 13.1 1 22 .9 27 .8 32. 7 37.7 42. 6 47.5 52. 4 57.3 62. 2 67 .2 72. 1 77.0 81.9 86.8 91.7 96.5 80 whcre: i is the ith measurement in a sample of n arranged... Aqueous sol Paper Mill Aqueous sol (see Brines) Aqueous sol, Cold Hot Aqueous soli Aqueous sot (see Soda Ash) Aqueous soh 2 3 4 10 14 2 3 4 8 9 10 1 1 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 6 6 2 3 4 7 10 23 491 011 6 1 2 3 4 6 8 1 0 1 1 12 123 4610 23 4910 6 6 4 7 13 6 23 47910 69 9 23 4710 6 6 2 3 4 8 10 11 23 46810 4 7 10 13 Liquid Sodium Chloride Sodium Cyanide Sodium Hydroxide Sodium Hydrosulphite Sodium Hypochlorite Sodium... Sugar) Hot Hot In water 23 4910 6 23 4910 2 3 4 10 6 689 6 6 13 6 23 4791 011 6 6 6 6 26 9 2 6 9 11 2 3 4 9 10 1 1 2 3 4 7 9 10 (see Copper Sulphate) (see Ferrous Sulphate) (see Acid, Sulphuric) Not evaporated 6 Evaporated High purity Condensate 29 I 2 11 9 6 29 69 (see Acid Pyroligneous) Xylol (Xylene Yeast Zinc Chloride Zinc Sulphate Aqueous sol Aqueous sol 23 4610 29 3 4 7 10 3 4 9 10 (Data in table courtesy... Bicarbonate Sodium Bisulphate Sodium Carbonate Sodium Chloraite Aqueous sol In H2S0, In H , S 0 4 Materials suitable under the majority of conditions 23 47910 23 46910 29 7 10 4 7 10 14 4 7 10 14 6 26 2 9 23 47910 4 7 10 I 1 (see Potassium Nitrate) (see Sodium Bisulpha te) Cold Hot 6 6 23 4610 23 4691 011 6 6 23 4691 011 6 6 6 2 3 4 9 10 11 (see Hydrogen Peroxide) 6 (see Acid, Carbolic) Plant liquoir Aqueous sol... 10 (Depending on conc.) Aqueous sol (see Water Distilled) 3 4 7 10 13 14 29 2 3 4 9 10 11 4 7 10 Aqueous sol 23 4610 Aqueous sol 7 10 14 23 410 Aqueous sol 23 471013 6 4 6 10 In water 6 6 6 (see Alcohols) Cold Aqueous sol Aqueous sol Cold aqueous 2 3 4 9 10 11 7 10 14 23 4710 7 10 14 Aqueous sol 3 4 7 1 0 1 1 13 23 4910 2 3 4 9 10 11 23 46910 (see Sodium Sulphate) Hot Aqueous sol Aqueous sol (see Sodium Hydrosulphite) . 1 (Details of part to be lubricated) 123 4 Electric Motor Bearing GGN 2 Grease No. 3 2 shots A 325 6 Spindle Bearings OGN 2 Oil No. 927 2 shots D 322 1 Gear Box OFB 1. 100°F 21 0°F vi Oil A 33.1 5. 32 1 02 B 55.3 7.17 96 c 165.3 15. 12 99 PRESSURE, MNlrn’ - - - 20 000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120 000 PRESSURE Ibf /in2 Figure 31 .2 Effect. -90 Table 32. 6 Boiling point Viscosit at boiling point Fluid K Ns/m 2 Oxygen 90 .2 i.9x lo4 Nitrogen 77.4 i.6x 10-4 Argon 87.3 - Methane 111 .7 - 3 - 196°C to -27 3°C (0