COASTAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT monitoring, modeling, and case studies © 2004 by CRC Press LLC COASTAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT Edited by Alexander H D. Cheng Driss Ouazar LEWIS PUBLISHERS A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. monitoring, modeling, and case studies © 2004 by CRC Press LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microÞlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. 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GB1199.C63 2003 363.739' 4 —dc22 2003060544 L1605 disclaimer.fm Page 1 Wednesday, November 19, 2003 2:48 PM © 2004 by CRC Press LLC v Preface About 70% of the world’s population dwells in coastal zones. With the economic and population growth, the shortage in freshwater supply becomes increasingly acute. With surface water more and more depleted and polluted, coastal communities have turned to groundwater to make up for the shortfall. For domestic supply purposes, the percentage of groundwater use has increased to more than 40% on a worldwide basis. Coastal aquifers are highly sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. Inappropriate management of coastal aquifers can lead to irreversible damages, leading to their destruction as freshwater sources. Being aware of the threat, federal, state, and local water agencies have intensified saltwater intrusion monitoring and prevention projects, and increased coastal aquifer planning and management efforts. In the last two decades, a significant amount of knowledge has been accumulated and new technologies were developed. This book is an effort to assemble these advancements in order to share them with the communities, the technical profession, and the water supply industry, as well as governmental regulators and policy makers. This book may be viewed as a sequel to the first book published on this subject: Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Aquifers—Concepts, Methods and Practices, by Bear, Cheng, Sorek, Ouazar, and Herrera (Kluwer, 1999). The first book presented the basic concepts, theories, and methodologies, which can be used as a textbook for learning this subject. The current book focuses on practical experiences. In the year 2001, the First International Conference on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers—Monitoring, Modeling and Management was convened at the quiet, historical coastal town of Essaouira, in Morocco. From the participants of the conference, a group of international experts who were practitioners in federal and state water agencies, consulting companies, research laboratories, and universities was assembled to contribute to the book. This international panel was further joined by a few participants of the second conference held in Merida, Mexico, in 2003. The 12 chapters collected cover a broad spectrum, ranging from hydrogeology, geochemistry, geophysics, optimization, uncertainty analysis, GIS, monitoring, and computer modeling, to planning and management. Each chapter is based on case studies that provide worldwide experiences © 2004 by CRC Press LLC vi from practices in the Gaza Strip, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, Mexico, and U.S. communities in California, Florida, Massachusetts, and Alaska. In addition to the above, this book contains another innovation. It is among the first to be co-published with a CD. Due to the large amount of data, color graphics, computer programs, documentation, and other materials associated with the field studies reported in the book, a conventionally printed book is no longer adequate. With the CD, the capacity of the book can be augmented. Not only can multimedia materials be presented in color, in animation, etc., these materials can also be easily updated in the future. We hope that through this combination of traditional and modern presentation techniques, we can bring the best of both to the reader. Alexander H D. Cheng Oxford, Mississippi, USA Driss Ouazar Rabat, Morocco August, 2003 © 2004 by CRC Press LLC vii Contributing Authors Mark Bakker University of Georgia, USA Mark Barcelo Southwest Florida Water Management District, USA Giovanni Barrocu University of Cagliari, Italy David Andrew Barry University of Edinburgh, UK Michael Beach Southwest Florida Water Management District, USA Mohammed Karim Benhachmi Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs, Morocco Jenny Chapman Desert Research Institute, Nevada, USA Alexander H D. Cheng University of Mississippi, USA Khalid EL Harrouni Ecole Nationale d’Architecture, LabHAUT, Morocco Hedeff I. Essaid U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California, USA Robert Fitzgerald Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., USA Driss Halhal Water and Electricity Distribution Co., Tangier, Morocco Brendan Harley Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., USA © 2004 by CRC Press LLC viii Ahmed Hassan Desert Research Institute, Nevada, USA Brian Heywood Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., USA Rehad Hossain Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., USA Dong-Sheng Jeng Griffith University, Australia Theodore A. Johnson Water Replenishment of Southern California, USA Walter Jones HydroGeoLogic Inc., USA Jack L. Kindinger U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA Christian D. Langevin U.S. Geological Survey, Miami, Florida, USA Ling Li University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Mark Maimone Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., USA Luis E. Marin Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Henning Moe Camp Dresser & McKee, Inc., USA Laura Muscas Center for Advanced Studies, Research and Development in Sardinia, Cagliari, Italy Ahmed Naji Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Tanger, Morocco Driss Ouazar Ecole Mohammadia d'Ingénieurs, Morocco Gualbert H.P. Oude Essink Netherlands Institute of Applied Geosciences Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands © 2004 by CRC Press LLC ix Frederick L. Paillet University of Maine, USA Sorab Panday HydroGeoLogic Inc., USA Eugene C. Perry Northern Illinois University, USA Karl Pohlmann Desert Research Institute, Nevada, USA Henning Prommer University of Edinburgh, UK Maria Grazia Sciabica University of Cagliari, Italy Birgit Steinich Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México Eric D. Swain U.S. Geological Survey, Miami, Florida, USA Peter W. Swarzenski U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA Daniel W. Urish University of Rhode Island, USA Robb Whitaker Water Replenishment of Southern California, USA © 2004 by CRC Press LLC xi Contents Preface Contributing Authors Chapter 1 Coastal Aquifer Planning Elements M. Maimone, B. Harley, R. Fitzgerald, H. Moe, R. Hossain, B. Heywood Chapter 2 Saltwater Intrusion in the Coastal Aquifers of Los Angeles County, California T.A. Johnson, R. Whitaker Chapter 3 MODFLOW-Based Tools for Simulation of Variable-Density Groundwater Flow C.D. Langevin, G.H.P. Oude Essink, S. Panday, M. Bakker, H. Prommer, E.D. Swain, W. Jones, M. Beach, M. Barcelo Chapter 4 Modeling Three-Dimensional Density Dependent Groundwater Flow at the Island of Texel, The Netherlands G.H.P. Oude Essink Chapter 5 Leaky Coastal Margins: Examples of Enhanced Coastal Groundwater and Surface-Water Exchange from Tampa Bay and Crescent Beach Submarine Spring, Florida, USA P.W. Swarzenski, J.L. Kindinger © 2004 by CRC Press LLC xii Chapter 6 Tidal Dynamics of Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport in Coastal Aquifers L. Li, D.A. Barry, D S. Jeng, H. Prommer Chapter 7 Determination of the Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Beach Face Seepage D.W. Urish Chapter 8 Integrating Surface and Borehole Geophysics in the Characterization of Salinity in a Coastal Aquifer F.L. Paillet Chapter 9 Geographical Information Systems and Modeling of Saltwater Intrusion in the Capoterra Alluvial Plain (Sardinia, Italy) G. Barrocu, M.G. Sciabica, L. Muscas Chapter 10 Uncertainty Analysis of Seawater Intrusion and Implications for Radionuclide Transport at Amchitka Island’s Underground Nuclear Tests A. Hassan, J. Chapman, K. Pohlmann Chapter 11 Pumping Optimization in Saltwater-Intruded Aquifers A.H D. Cheng, M.K. Benhachmi, D. Halhal, D. Ouazar, A. Naji, K. EL Harrouni Chapter 12 Hydrogeological Investigations and Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Flow in the Karstic Aquifer of Northwestern Yucatan, Mexico L.E. Marin, E.C. Perry, H.I. Essaid, B. Steinich © 2004 by CRC Press LLC [...]... comprehensive coastal aquifer planning is to collect sufficient data to adequately define and understand the coastal aquifer system and its associated saltwater problems Initially, existing data on aquifer heads and chloride concentrations in coastal wells should be reviewed Usually data are sparse, with too few data points to adequately characterize or fully understand the current status of the aquifers... time both protecting and maximizing the effective use of the underlying coastal aquifer 10 SUMMARY Coastal aquifers present very complex and unique management challenges Their effective management requires balancing many competing © 2004 by CRC Press LLC 26 Coastal Aquifer Management demands, and typically requires the use of a suite of numerical models, field investigations, and the development of... Lusczynski, N.J and Swarzenski, W.V., “Salt-Water Encroachment in Southern Nassau and Southwestern Queens Counties, Long Island, New York”, USGS Water Supply Paper 16 13-F, 19 66 Maimone, M., Keil, D., and Hoekstra, P., “Geophysical Surveys for Mapping Boundaries of Fresh Water and Salty Water in Southern Nassau County, Long Island, New York”, 3rd National Outdoor Action Conference Proceedings, NWWA, Orlando,... available for analysis and modeling is to develop an integrated database/geographic information system (GIS) This critical, and often neglected, step of integrated database design allows users and modelers to analyze and query data, and places the data in a consistent format for model pre- and post-processing Data elements and map coverages in the database/GIS typically needed for coastal aquifer management... surface water supplies and storage with groundwater supplies and storage to offset excessive reliance on groundwater Aquifer Storage and Recovery: the temporary storage of potable water in a saline aquifer for later extraction and use These systems may be useful in managing peak seasonal demands, but they will not provide long-term management of unsustainable average demands on a coastal aquifer 9 EVALUATE... schemes to recharge wastewater QN-6: Wastewater Collection Options • • Collection and pumping to centralized treatment plants Separation of stormwater and wastewater to permit recharge of stormwater Table 1: Water quantity option categories and example management schemes, Gaza Coastal Aquifer management study © 2004 by CRC Press LLC 23 Coastal Aquifer Management 24 QN-7: Wastewater Treatment Options... Palestinian Water Authority control of public supply and regulated agricultural pumping QN -1 0 : Enhanced Stormwater Collection Options • Centralized collection and recharge using large basins • Dispersed collection and recharge through drywells and perforated pipes • Household collection and storage in cisterns Table 1: (Continued) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Financial and Economic Impacts Technical Considerations Source... Press LLC 10 Coastal Aquifer Management a case study on Long Island The Great Neck peninsula was one of the earliest peninsulas on the north shore of Long Island to be heavily developed as a suburb of New York City By the 19 30s, water supply pumping had caused the water table to decline by about 5 feet As the demand for water grew from less than 1 million gallons per day (mgd) to over 4 mgd, more and more.. .CHAPTER 1 Coastal Aquifer Planning Elements M Maimone, B Harley, R Fitzgerald, H Moe, R Hossain, B Heywood 1 INTRODUCTION In many ways, groundwater resource planning in coastal areas requires an approach similar to more traditional water resource planning in inland areas The same planning elements are common to both Problems of aquifer yield, pumping interference, aquifer stream interaction, and. .. the type of data needed, and the most critical locations and depths to collect data Models are the best tools for investigating and testing assumptions (e.g., assumptions of recharge, of interface location, etc.), developing and testing intrusion theories, and gaining an understanding of the sensitivity of the coastal aquifer system to changes in its hydrologic components (e.g., aquifer/ aquitard structure, . Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coastal aquifer management ; monitoring, modeling, and case studies / edited by Alexander H D. Cheng, Driss Ouazar. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN. COASTAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT monitoring, modeling, and case studies © 2004 by CRC Press LLC COASTAL AQUIFER MANAGEMENT Edited by Alexander H D. Cheng Driss Ouazar LEWIS. references and index. ISBN 1- 5 667 0-6 05-X 1. Aquifers. 2. Saltwater encroachment. 3. Groundwater ßow. 4. Coastal zone management. I. Cheng, A. H D. II. Ouazar, D. GB 119 9.C63 2003 363.739'