INTERFACIAL APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - CHAPTER 1 pot

Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York • Basel edited by Mark A.Keane University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. INTERFACIAL APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ISBN: 0-8247-0866-0 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41-61-260-6333 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright  2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Preface The contents of this book are based loosely on presentations at a special sympo- sium, “Application of Interface Science to Environmental Pollution Control,” held as part of the ACS National Meeting in Chicago, August 26–30, 2001. This symposium offered an opportunity for researchers from a range of disciplines to discuss the role of interface science in environmental remediation. The develop- ment of an archival book based on this meeting is a timely contribution to a burgeoning area of research that is now attracting the attention of a diverse re- search community. The topics covered include fundamental studies of general interest and/or overviews of strategies for pollution abatement—in short, any research that can lead to improvements in or protection of the quality of our air, water, and land. The content is broad and encompasses subjects ranging from physical separa- tions (e.g., adsorption, absorption, and ion exchange) to chemical reactions (e.g., catalytic oxidation and reduction, photocatalysis, and sensing). The book is struc- tured to focus on the relevance of interface science to four topics critical to any study of environmental remediation: (1) NOx/SOx abatement, (2) water treat- ment, (3) application of catalysis to organic pollutant remediation, (4) waste minimization/recycle. Each contribution has either a theoretical significance or practical utility or both. Interfacial Applications in Environmental Engineer- ing is an invaluable resource for chemists, chemical engineers, environmental scientists/engineers, environmental regulators, and the industrial sector. More- over, it can serve as a comprehensive reference source to supplement educational coursework and both fundamental and applied research. TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. iv Preface The contributions to this book come from a combination of scientists and engineers based in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, China, Japan, and Argentina. They serve to illustrate the global importance of interfacial science as applied to environmental protection. I must express my gratitude to all the authors, who have contributed their time and effort and willing- ness to share their research results in this collaborative effort. Special thanks go to Dr. Arthur Hubbard for his unswerving encouragement in getting this book project off the ground and his insightful advice in seeing it develop into an archi- val contribution to our understanding of what is and will undoubtedly continue to be an important dimension to the study of interface science. Mark A. Keane TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contents Preface Contributors EnvironmentalEngineeringattheInterface:AnOverview Part I. NOx/SOx Abatement 1. Zeolite-Based Catalysts for the Abatement of NOx and N 2 O Emissions fromMan-MadeActivities Ge ´ rard Delahay, Dorothe ´ e Berthomieu, Annick Goursot, and Bernard Coq 2. Transient In Situ IR Study of Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO on Cu-ZSM-5 Xihai Kang and Steven S. C. Chuang 3. Comparison of Catalytic Reduction of NO by Propene on Zeolite-Based andClay-BasedCatalystsIon-ExchangedbyCu Jose L. Valverde, Fernando Dorado, Paula Sa ´ nchez, Isaac Asencio, and Amaya Romero 4.ChemistryofSulfurOxidesonTransitionMetalSurfaces Xi Lin and Bernhardt L. Trout 5. Studies on Catalysts/Additives for Gasoline Desulfurization via Catalytic Cracking C. Y. Li, H. H. Shan, Q. M. Yuan, C. H. Yang, J. S. Zheng, B. Y. Zhao, and J. F. Zhang TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. vi Contents Part II. Water Treatment: Heavy Metal and Organic Removal 6. Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Media by Ion Exchange with YZeolites Mark A. Keane 7. Design and Synthesis of New Materials for Heavy Element Waste Remediation Lisa Dysleski, Sarah E. Frank, Steven H. Strauss, and Peter K. Dorhout 8.ChemicalMethodsofHeavyMetalBinding Matthew Matlock and David Atwood 9.InteractionofOilResiduesinPatagonianSoil Norma S. Nudelman and Stella Maris Rı ´ os 10. Effectiveness of Carbon Nanofibers in the Removal of Phenol-Based OrganicsfromAqueousMedia Colin Park and Mark A. Keane 11. Effective Acidity-Constant Behavior Near Zero-Charge Conditions Nicholas T. Loux Part III. Catalytic Approaches to Organic Pollutant Remediation 12. The Activity, Mechanism, and Effect of Water as a Promoter of Uranium Oxide Catalysts for Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds Stuart H. Taylor, Richard H. Harris, Graham J. Hutchings, and Ian D. Hudson 13. Detoxification of Concentrated Halogenated Gas Streams Using Solid SupportedNickelCatalysts Mark A. Keane 14. TiO 2 NanoparticlesforPhotocatalysis Heather A. Bullen and Simon J. Garrett 15. Use of a Pt and Rh Aerosol Catalyst for Improved Combustion and ReducedEmissions Trevor R. Griffiths TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contents vii Part IV. Waste Minimization: Recycle of Waste Plastics 16.PolymerWasteRecyclingover“Used”Catalysts Salmiaton Ali, Arthur Garforth, David H. Harris, and Ron A. Shigeishi 17.CatalyticDehalogenationofPlastic-DerivedOil Azhar Uddin and Yusaku Sakata TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contributors Salmiaton Ali Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, United Kingdom Isaac Asencio Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla– La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain David Atwood Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. Dorothe ´ e Berthomieu Laboratoire de Mate ´ riaux Catalytiques et Catalyse en Chimie Organique, ENSCM–CNRS, Montpellier, France Heather A. Bullen Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A. Steven S. C. Chuang Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A. Bernard Coq Laboratoire de Mate ´ riaux Catalytiques et Catalyse en Chimie Organique, ENSCM–CNRS, Montpellier, France Ge ´ rard Delahay Laboratoire de Mate ´ riaux Catalytiques et Catalyse en Chimie Organique, ENSCM–CNRS, Montpellier, France TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. x Contributors Fernando Dorado Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cas- tilla–La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain Peter K. Dorhout Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Lisa Dysleski Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Col- lins, Colorado, U.S.A. Sarah E. Frank Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Arthur Garforth Environmental Technology Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, United Kingdom Simon J. Garrett Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, U.S.A. Annick Goursot Laboratoire de Mate ´ riaux Catalytiques et Catalyse en Chi- mie Organique, ENSCM–CNRS, Montpellier, France Trevor R. Griffiths Department of Chemistry, The University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom David H. Harris Engelhard Corporation, Iselin, New Jersey, U.S.A. Richard H. Harris Department of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Ian D. Hudson BNFL, Seascale, United Kingdom Graham J. Hutchings Department of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom Xihai Kang Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, U.S.A. Mark A. Keane Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Univer- sity of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Contributors xi C. Y. Li College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Petro- leum, Dongying, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China Xi Lin Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cam- bridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Nicholas T. Loux National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environ- mental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A. Matthew Matlock Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lex- ington, Kentucky, U.S.A. Norma S. Nudelman Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bue- nos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina Colin Park Synetix, Billingham, United Kingdom Stella Maris Rı ´ os Department of Chemistry, National University of Pata- gonia, Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina Amaya Romero Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cas- tilla–La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain Yusaku Sakata Department of Applied Chemistry, Okayama University, Tsushima Naka, Japan Paula Sa ´ nchez Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla– La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain H. H. Shan College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China Ron A. Shigeishi Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Steven H. Strauss Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. Stuart H. Taylor Department of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom TM Copyright n 2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. [...]... Republic of China Q M Yuan College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China B Y Zhao College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China J F Zhang College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum, Dongying, Shandong Province, People’s... appreciable environmental toxin production during incineration In Chapter 16 , Ali et al provide a general overview of catalytic polymer recycling and assess the viability of employing “fresh” and “used” catalysts as recycle agents, with a consideration of economic factors Uddin and Sakata, in the final chapter, consider the recycling of halogen-containing polymers, notably PVC A thermal degradation of PVC-based... Reserved xxii 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 TM Overview Change: A Guide to the Protocol and Analysis of Its Effectiveness Vancouver: West Coast Environmental Law Association, 19 98 JF McEldowney, S McEldowney Environment and the Law Essex, UK: Longman, 19 96 MD Lagrega, PD Buckingham, JC Evans Hazardous Waste Management 2nd ed New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000 HM Freeman,... and an inhibitor Keane (Chapter 13 ) presents catalytic hydrodehalogenation over supported nickel as a viable low-energy, nondestructive means of transforming highly recalcitrant haloarene gas streams into reusable raw material In Chapter 14 , Bullen and Garrett investigate the fundamental issues that underpin the photocatalytic properties of TiO 2 and highlight some interesting applications in environmental. .. content [19 ] From DFT computations, Yoshizawa et al [20] proposed that active sites in Fe-ZSM-5 should have relevance to mononuclear iron-oxo species of the type (FeO)ϩ It was also proposed that the reactivity of Fe-TON in N2O decomposition should be attributed mainly to Fe species of framework origin [ 21] Grubert et al [22] have prepared materials Fe-ZSM-5 and Fe-MCM 41, the former containing a majority... N2O (dotted lines) and NO ϩ N2O (solid lines) by NH3 in the presence of O2 on Fe-BEA Conditions: 15 00 ppm NO, 10 00 ppm N2O, 2500 ppm NH3, 3% O2, balance with He; space velocity: 200,000 h 1; temperature: 10 K min 1 (From Ref 35.) Recent reports described various materials based on Cu, Fe, and Ru exchanged in BEA, MCM-22, and MCM- 41 active in the decomposition and/or reduction of N2O [37– 41] III CONTROL... surface active sites Kang and Chuang (Chapter 2) focus on selective catalytic reduction (SCR) using Cu-ZSM-5, employing in situ FTIR to probe the nature of the surface reaction as a means of enhancing N 2 production and limiting CO 2 formation Valverde et al continue this theme in Chapter 3 and consider SCR of NO by propene promoted by Cu-ZSM-5 and Ti-based pillared clays, in which the redox cycle associated... O2 and NO occurred at ca 610 and 690 K, respectively [25] Distribution of the N2O interaction between the two routes represented by Eqs (1) and (7) could be estimated at ca 70 and 30%, respectively, from the proportion of isotopomers 14 N2 (64%), 14 N15N (19 %), and 15 N2 (17 %) found in the reduction of 14 N2O by 15 NH3 in the absence of O2 [25] In the presence of oxygen, the breaking of the N–NO bond is... final two chapters address a specific aspect of waste minimization, one that is growing in ever-increasing importance: recycle of waste plastics Liquefaction of waste plastics into fuel oil by thermal or catalytic degradation is emerging as a progressive means of waste reuse as a potential energy source The amount of waste plastics is increasing annually worldwide, and disposal by landfilling and incineration... reaction mechanism involving nitrosonium ion NOϩ species is assumed to contribute substantially [85]: NO ϩ CeIV → CeIII(NO)ϩ ( 21) CeIII(NO)ϩ ϩ NH3 → N2 ϩ H2O ϩ CeIII ϩ Hϩ (22) 1 1 CeIII ϩ Hϩ ϩ O2 ↔ CeIV ϩ H2O 4 4 (23) In simulated exhaust gas with 12 % H2O, an 11 % decrease in NO conversion was found at 723 K after 11 6 hours of reaction on extrudates of Ce-ZSM-5/Al2O3 (Al2O3 used as binder) [86] The deactivation . Dekker, Inc. New York • Basel edited by Mark A.Keane University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.A. INTERFACIAL APPLICATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ISBN: 0-8 24 7-0 86 6-0 This book is printed. 4, Postfach 812 , CH-40 01 Basel, Switzerland tel: 4 1- 6 1- 2 6 0-6 300; fax: 4 1- 6 1- 2 6 0-6 333 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities The role of environmental catalysis in organic pollution control is addressed in Chap- ters12 15 anditisevaluatedagainstapplicablenoncatalyticapproaches.Taylor and co-workers record in Chapter 12 that