Contaminated Ground Water and Sediment - Chapter 1 ppt

LEWIS PUBLISHERS A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. Contaminated Ground Water and Sediment Modeling for Management and Remediation Edited by Calvin C. Chien Miguel A. Medina, Jr. George F. Pinder Danny D. Reible Brent E. Sleep Chunmiao Zheng This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microÞlming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. 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Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identiÞcation and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2004 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-56670-667-X Library of Congress Card Number 2003061194 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Contaminated ground water and sediment : modeling for management and remediation/ edited by Calvin C. Chien … [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-56670-667-X (alk. paper) 1. Ground water—Pollution—Mathematical models. 2. Contaminated sediments—Mathematical models. 3. Organochlorine compounds—Environmental aspects—Mathematical models. I. Chien, Calvin C. TD426.C657 2003 628.1 ¢ 68—dc22 2003061194 L1667_C00.fm Page iv Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM Introduction The use of models to provide additional details on contaminant fate and transport has rapidly increased in the past 3 decades. The increasing global recognition of the potential risks associated with surface water or ground water contamination and speciÞc environmental regulations implemented after 1980 have demanded a more accurate understanding of these risks as they relate to human health and the envi- ronment. Modeling has become an invaluable tool in providing the necessary infor- mation to understand the risks associated with contaminants in complex environ- ments with complicated environmental processes. Although improvements in computing power provided by modern personal com- puters and various new computational methods have allowed the development of more sophisticated environmental models, many technical issues and disagreements on particular modeling approaches and methods remain. Because the public, gov- ernment agencies, and industry all have a high level of interest and stake in envi- ronmental protection and remediation, and because billions of dollars are spent every year for remediation, the need for a comprehensive review of the theory, practice, and future direction of modeling technology is becoming more urgent. The forma- tion, requested by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), of the Environmental Modeling Subcommittee of the Science Advisory Board in 2000, the effort ordered by the USEPA Administrator in 2003 to revitalize the agency’s Council for Regulatory Environmental Modeling (CREM), and a panel study on the same issue recently planned by the National Research Council (NRC) best explain the increasing urgency to better understand modeling technology development and appli- cation so that a more reasonable and defensible decision-making process for envi- ronmental issues can be achieved. The DuPont Company provided a forum and necessary support for this purpose. A workshop, Modeling and Management of Emerging Environmental Issues — Expert Workshop 2000 , was planned, organized, and chaired by Calvin C. Chien, leader of environmental modeling technology and development for the DuPont Corporate Remediation Group (CRG). Approximately four dozen modeling experts from the U.S. and Canada were carefully selected and invited to participate in this effort. Four panels were formed, with each addressing one of the following primary environmental contamination and remediation issues involving modeling: (1) Mixing Zone: Discharge of Contaminated Ground water into Surface Water Bodies, (2) Contaminated Sediment: Its Fate and Transport, (3) Optimization Modeling for Remediation and Monitoring, and (4) Simulation of Halogenated Hydrocarbons in the Subsurface. Although the details of these issues vary, all involve technical and/or regulatory challenges and a high Þnancial stake. Each panel had a panel leader who worked with the CRG to select the panel members, outline the panel discussion, facilitate the discussion at the workshop, and L1667_C00.fm Page v Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC help prepare the manuscripts for the chapters presented in this book. The workshop was held from July 25 to 27, 2000, at the campus of Penn State University Great Valley in Malvern, PA. An assistant panel leader supported each leader and took discussion notes, which helped panelists in the preparation of this book. A complete list of panelists and their afÞliations are provided in Appendix A. This book was prepared using the information generated from workshop discus- sions and additional materials provided by the panelists. The primary objectives of this book were to provide information on the state of the art and current practice and identify the research and development needs of the modeling technologies discussed. It should be noted that the discussions herein are based not only on technical analysis but also on regulatory acceptance and cost effectiveness. This book comprises four chapters. Each chapter addresses one of the four topic areas discussed at the workshop. In most cases, a section of each chapter was prepared by a panel member and, in some cases, includes materials offered by other members. The panel leaders either assembled the material submitted by the panelists or further edited the manuscripts prior to overall editing. During the editing process, original submitted materials were modiÞed, expanded, and reorganized. As a result, it is impossible to accurately allocate credits to individual contributors. However, those individuals who made signiÞcant contributions are mentioned. The person responsible for assembling and editing each chapter manuscript is listed at the beginning of the chapter, followed by the names of signiÞcant contributors. Calvin C. Chien was responsible for the overall planning, preparation, and publication of the book. DuPont and the book contributors want to express their deep appreciations to Penn State Great Valley and Elayna McReynolds, the conference coordinator, for the support provided during the workshop. Special credit must be offered to Kathleen O. Adams, DuPont contract technical writer, for her deep involvement, dedication, and signiÞcant contributions throughout the editing process. L1667_C00.fm Page vi Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC Editors Calvin C. Chien , a senior environmental fellow with the Corporate Remediation Group, joined DuPont in 1981 and transferred to DuPont Engineering in 1986. With an undergraduate degree in hydraulic engineering, he earned his Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1974 with research in the modeling of hydrologic systems. In his near 30 years of practice, Dr. Chien has focused on performing ground water investigations and facilitating environmental remediation technology develop- ment. As a company leader for technology development, he has concentrated in the areas of environmental modeling and containment technology since 1986. Besides serving as the leader of the Groundwater Work Group of the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA, now American Chemistry Council) in the late 1990s, he was an appointed member of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Science Advisory Board for four terms and served on the Environmental Engineering Com- mittee and Environmental Modeling Subcommittee from 1993 to 2000. He was also appointed to serve on its Science and Technology Achievement Award (STAA) Committee. Dr. Chien has served on many national ground water modeling technical and review committees. He has advocated for the collaboration among industry, university, and government agencies through a number of major national expert workshops in the past 10 years. Dr. Chien is recognized as the pioneer in a new approach in solving problems in environmental remediation and as one of the leading modelers in the industry. Miguel A. Medina, Jr. earned a Ph.D. degree in water resources and environmental engineering sciences from the University of Florida in 1976 and joined the Duke faculty thereafter. He is director of the International Honors Program of the School of Engineering and director of the Center for Hydrologic Sciences. He has been a registered professional hydrologist by the American Institute of Hydrology (Minne- sota) since 1983 and was its vice president for institute development from 1998 to 2000. He was named External Evaluator of the UNESCO International Hydrological Programme from 2002 to 2003. Professor Medina has conducted funded research in hydrologic and water quality mathematical modeling for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the National Science Foundation, the OfÞce of Water Research and Technology, the U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, the Naval Oceano- graphic OfÞce, DuPont Engineering, the North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute, and the State of North Carolina. His current research focuses on ßow and solute transport surface/ground water interactions and he has published numerous articles on this topic in peer-reviewed journals. L1667_C00.fm Page vii Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC Dr. Medina is a former president of the Universities Council on Water Resources, Inc. and the North Carolina Section of the American Water Resources Association. He is a consultant to the USEPA, the World Health Organization, the Research Triangle Institute of North Carolina, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Pan American Health Organization, UNESCO, the Ministries of Water Resources in Venezuela and Spain, the Technical Advisory Service for Attorneys, and other private enterprises. He is a past chairman of the International Technical Advisory Committee of the International Ground Water Modeling Center (Colorado School of Mines, and Delft, the Netherlands). In 1989, the Governor of North Carolina appointed Dr. Medina to the Environmental Management Commission. George F. Pinder received his Bachelor of Science degree in geology at the Uni- versity of Western Ontario (London) and his Ph.D. in geology, civil engineering, and agriculture at the University of Illinois at Urbana. After 4 years as a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Washington, he joined the Civil Engineering Department at Princeton University as an associate professor. He was promoted to full professor 5 years later. He served as chairman of the Department of Civil Engineering and Operations Research from 1980 to 1989. He served as dean of the College of Engineering and Mathematics at the University of Vermont from 1989 to 1996 and is currently head of the Research Center for Groundwater Remediation Design at the University of Vermont. Dr. Pinder has published more than 200 papers and reports in the area of quantitative ground water models. He has also published seven books. The latest, Groundwater Modeling Using Geographical Information Systems , was published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons. In addition to his responsibilities as founding editor of the journals Advances in Water Resources and Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations , he is also on the editorial board of Applied Numerical Mathematics and Numerical Methods in Fluids . Dr. Pinder served as dean of the Division of Engineering, Mathematics, and Business Administration at the University of Vermont from 1992 to 1996; he was named a 1993–1994 University Scholar in recognition of his contributions to research and scholarship. The American Geophysical Union (AGU) presented their Horton Award to Dr. Pinder in 1969 and in 1993 invited him to become an AGU fellow. In 1975, The Geological Society of America presented him with the O.E. Meinzer Award for an outstanding contribution to the Þeld of hydrology. He received the Hinds medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2002. Daniel D. Reible has provided national and international leadership on environmen- tal matters to students, colleagues, and his profession. He is currently Chevron Professor of Chemical Engineering and director of the Hazardous Substance Research Center at Louisiana State University. He joined LSU after receiving a B.S. degree in chemical engineering from Lamar University (1977) and an M.S. and Ph.D. in chemical engineering from the California Institute of Technology (1979 and 1982, respectively). As a teacher he has developed several graduate-level courses in chemical engineering and remains active in teaching both undergraduate and advanced-level chemical engineering courses. His teaching efforts have also L1667_C00.fm Page viii Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC extended far beyond the university, for example, with his direction of Advanced Study Institutes in Prague with NATO support in 2001 and in Rio de Janeiro with NSF support in 2002. Both institutes involved more than 100 attendees focused on the current science of environmental assessment and remediation. He is the author of two books, Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering and Diffusion Models of Environmental Transport , which are widely used as both course texts and reference books. Dr. Reible has been active in both environmental research and its implications for policy. He has edited two books over the past 2 years on the state of the art in assessment and remediation of contaminated sites. He served on the National Research Council Committee on PCB-contaminated sediments, which has had a profound impact on the management of contaminated sediments in this country, and currently serves on the National Research Council Committee for Remediation of Navy Sites. He recently provided congressional testimony before the U.S. House Subcommittee on Water Resources and the Environment on strategies for the man- agement of contaminated sediment sites. His leadership role in environmental research and its policy implications has been recognized by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers from whom Dr. Reible received the Lawrence K. Cecil Award in 2001. Brent E. Sleep is a professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Uni- versity of Toronto, where he teaches courses in contaminant hydrogeology, environ- mental chemistry, and engineering mathematics. Dr. Sleep’s research interests and publications are in the area of remediation of organic contamination of ground water, including experimental studies and numerical modeling. Current projects include laboratory studies of anaerobic biodegradation of DNAPL source zones, in situ chemical oxidation and biodegradation of DNAPL source zones, biodegradation of mixtures of halogenated organic compounds, isotopic fractionation associated with biological processes, bioÞlm growth in fractures, and biological processes in low permeability media. Numerical modeling is focused on modeling nonisothermal multiphase ßow and multicomponent transport in the subsurface incorporating bio- logical processes, parameter estimation, and optimization of remediation processes. Previous studies have included pilot-scale studies and numerical modeling of sub- surface LNAPL and DNAPL transport, free-phase recovery, bioventing, air sparging, and bench-scale studies of vapor transport in soils, sequential anaerobic/aerobic biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes, and steam ßushing for DNAPL removal. Dr. Sleep holds a Ph.D. in civil engineering from the University of Waterloo. He also holds a B.A.Sc. and M.Eng. in chemical engineering from the University of Waterloo. Dr. Sleep is a member of the American Geophysical Union and the National Ground Water Association and an associate editor of Advances in Water Resources . Chunmiao Zheng is professor of hydrogeology in the Department of Geological Sciences at the University of Alabama. He holds a Ph.D. in hydrogeology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison. From 1988 to 1993, he was a senior hydroge- ologist and director of software development at S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc., L1667_C00.fm Page ix Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC an environmental and water-resource consulting Þrm. Since 1993, he has been leading the interdisciplinary hydrogeology program at the University of Alabama. Dr. Zheng is developer of MT3D/MT3DMS, a widely used contaminant fate and transport simulation model, and co-author of the textbook Applied Contaminant Transport Modeling , published by John Wiley & Sons and currently in the second edition. Dr. Zheng has published over 50 papers and book chapters on both applied and theoretical aspects of hydrogeology, contaminant transport, and optimal ground water management. He is recipient of the 1998 John Hem Excellence in Science and Engineering Award from the National Ground Water Association for outstanding contributions to the understanding of ground water, and is a fellow of the Geological Society of America. Dr. Zheng serves on the Groundwater Committee of the American Geophysical Union, the Standing Committee on Hydrologic Information Systems of the Consortium of Universities for Advancement of Hydrologic Science, and the editorial boards of Ground Water and Hydrogeology Journal . L1667_C00.fm Page x Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC Contributors CHAPTER 1 Miguel A. Medina, Jr. Chapter Editor Duke University Robert L. Doneker Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology Nancy R. Grosso DuPont Company D. Michael Johns Windward Environmental, LLC Wu-Seng Lung University of Virginia Farrukh Mohsen Gannet Fleming, Inc. Aaron I. Packman Northwestern University Philip J. Roberts Georgia Institute of Technology CHAPTER 2 Danny D. Reible Chapter Editor Louisiana State Univeristy Sam Bentley Louisiana State University Mimi B. Dannel U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Headquarters Joseph V. DePinto Limno-Tech, Inc. James A. Dyer DuPont Company Kevin J. Farley Manhattan College Marcelo H. Garcia University of Illinois David Glaser Quantitative Environmental Analysis John M. Hamrick Tetra Tech, Inc. Richard H. Jensen DuPont Company Wilbert J. Lick University of California at Santa Barbara Robert A. Pastorok Exponent Environmental Group Richard F. Schwer DuPont Company C. Kirk Ziegler Quantitative Environmental Analysis L1667_C00.fm Page xi Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC CHAPTER 3 George F. Pinder Chapter Editor University of Vermont David E. Dougherty Subterranean Research, Inc. Robert M. Greenwald GeoTrans, Inc. George P. Karatzas Technical University of Crete Peter K. Kitanidis Stanford University Hugo A. Loaiciga University of California at Santa Barbara Reed M. Maxwell Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Alexander S. Mayer Michigan Technological University Dennis B. McLaughlin Massachusetts Institute of Technology Richard C. Peralta U.S. Air Force Reserve and Utah State University Donna M. Rizzo Subterranean Research, Inc. Brian J. Wagner U.S. Geological Survey Kathleen M. Yager U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Technology Innovation OfÞce William W G. Yeh University of California at Los Angeles CHAPTER 4 Brent E. Sleep Chapter Editor University of Toronto Neal D. Durant Geotrans, Inc. Charles R. Faust GeoTrans, Inc. Joseph G. Guarnaccia CIBA-Geigy Specialty Chemicals Mark R. Harkness General Electric Corporation Jack C. Parker Oak Ridge National Laboratory Lily Sehayek URS Corporation Penn State Great Valley L1667_C00.fm Page xii Tuesday, October 21, 2003 3:50 PM ©2004 CRC Press LLC [...]... L1667_book.fm Page 1 Tuesday, October 21, 2003 8:33 AM 1 Surface Water Ground Water Interactions and Modeling Applications prepared by Miguel A Medina, Jr with contributions by Robert L Doneker, Nancy R Grosso, D Michael Johns, Wu-Seng Lung, Farrukh Mohsen, Aaron I Packman, Philip J Roberts CONTENTS 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 Introduction and Overview 1. 1 .1 Overview of Issues IdentiÞed 1. 1.2 Ground Water Surface Water. .. State of Knowledge 1. 3 .1 Problem-Oriented Perspective 1. 3 .1. 1 Ecological and Health Risk Aspects 1. 3 .1. 2 Environment Boundaries and Scope 1. 3 .1. 3 Ground Water Surface Water Connections 1. 3 .1. 4 Stream–Subsurface Exchange Processes 1. 3 .1. 5 Implications for Controlled and Uncontrolled Contaminant Discharges 1. 3.2 Enabling Technologies Perspective — Simulation Models ©2004 CRC Press LLC L1667_book.fm Page... to describe contaminant transport between ground water and surface water and the limitations of numerical modeling Figure 1. 1 (Minsker et al., 19 98) shows some of the interactions between ground water and surface water bodies, including atmospheric exchange and exchanges between ground water, sediment, the water column, and the larger surface water body 1. 1 .1 OVERVIEW OF ISSUES IDENTIFIED The expert... Background The User’s Perspective 1. 2 .1 Point Source Discharge Regulations 1. 2 .1. 1 The Zone of Initial Dilution (ZID) 1. 2 .1. 2 The Toxic Dilution Zone (TDZ) 1. 2.2 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permitting Technical Issues 1. 2.2 .1 Two-Stage Mixing 1. 2.2.2 Federal Guidelines 1. 2.2.3 Acute Toxicity 1. 2.2.4 Dimensions of Regulatory Mixing Zones 1. 2.3 Nonpoint Sources 1. 2.3 .1 State... density stratiÞcation, the 1- day, 10 -year low ßow (1Q10) and 7-day, 10 -year low ßow (7Q10) for the CMC and CCC, respectively, are recommended in steady-state mixing-zone modeling analysis (USEPA, 19 91) 1. 2.2.3 Acute Toxicity The CMC is used as a means to prevent lethality or other acute effects It is deÞned as one half of the Þnal acute value (FAV) for speciÞc toxicants and 0.3 acute toxic unit (TUa)... October 21, 2003 8:33 AM FIGURE 1. 1 Atmospheric–surface water ground water sediment interactions (ModiÞed after Minsker et al., 19 98.) spend all or part of their life cycle in contact with ground water) to characterize zones of ground water surface water interaction, reviewed later in this chapter This chapter attempts to present the best understanding of the underlying hydrodynamic, chemical, and biological... the following: returning usable ground water to beneÞcial uses, points of compliance for ground water and surface water, protection of surface water from contaminated ground water, and provisions for ACLs and treatment of principal threats Therefore, if current human exposures are under control and no further migration of contaminated ground water is expected, primary near-term goals are established using... note that surface water bodies are integral parts of ground water ßow systems, and ground water interacts with surface water in nearly all landscapes — from small streams, lakes, and wetlands in headwater areas to major river valleys and seacoasts On a relatively large scale, characterization of water mass transfer between ground water and surface water bodies is relatively well understood For example,... levels, evaporation and transpiration of ground water from around the perimeter of surface water bodies, rifße and pool dynamics in streams, tidal ßuctuations, limited hydraulic exchange due to impermeable sediment, and streamßow and velocity Ground water and surface water interaction or mixing can be divided into the following zones (see Figure 1. 1 [Minsker et al., 19 98]): • • • The surface water column... those of adjacent surface water and ground water systems ©2004 CRC Press LLC L1667_book.fm Page 7 Tuesday, October 21, 2003 8:33 AM The ecological and health risk factors associated with mixing zones, whether in the surface water column or in the sediment bed and deeper, are reviewed in more detail later in this chapter Examples of modeling the exchange of ground water and surface water are given for the . of Knowledge 1. 3.1Problem-Oriented Perspective 1. 3 .1. 1Ecological and Health Risk Aspects 1. 3 .1. 2Environment Boundaries and Scope 1. 3 .1. 3Ground Water Surface Water Connections 1. 3 .1. 4Stream–Subsurface. Michael Johns, Wu-Seng Lung, Farrukh Mohsen, Aaron I. Packman, Philip J. Roberts CONTENTS 1. 1Introduction and Overview 1. 1.1Overview of Issues IdentiÞed 1. 1. 2Ground Water Surface Water Interaction. between ground water and surface water and the limitations of numerical modeling. Figure 1. 1 (Minsker et al., 19 98) shows some of the interactions between ground water and surface water bodies,