Paediatrics & Child Health - part 1 ppsx

Paediatrics & Child Health Helen Brough Rola Alkurdi Ram Nataraja Ajenthan Surendranathan Editorial Advisors Professor Brent Taylor Dr Alastair Sutcliffe Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4:12am page i Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4:12am page ii RAPID PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH Helen Brough Rola Alkurdi Ram Nataraja All of Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London Ajenthan Surendranathan St Bartholomew’s and the London Hospital, London EDITORIAL ADVISORS Brent Taylor Professor of Community Child Health, Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London Alastair Sutcliffe Senior Lecturer in Paediatrics Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London SERIES EDITOR Amir H. Sam Royal Free and University College Medical School, University College London, London Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4:12am page iii # 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of the Authors to be identified as the Authors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rapid paediatrics / Helen Brough [et al.]. p. ; cm. – (Rapid series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-4051-1642-0 (alk. paper) 1. Pediatrics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. [DNLM: 1. Pediatrics–Handbooks. WS 39 R218 2004] I. Brough, Helen. II. Series. RJ48.R375 2004 618.92–dc22 2004002496 ISBN 1-4051-1642-0 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in Frutiger 7/9pt by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in India by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd Commissioning Editor: Vicki Noyes Editorial Assistant: Nicola Ulyatt Production Editor: Lorna Hind Production Controller: Kate Charman For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4:12am page iv Contents Foreword, ix Preface, xi List of abbreviations, xiii Rapid series mnemonic, xviii Conditions, 1 Abnormal size at birth, 3 Acne vulgaris, 5 Acquired female genital disorders, 7 Anaemia, aplastic, 8 Anaemia, haemolytic, 9 Anaemia, iron deficiency, 11 Anaemia of prematurity, 12 Appendicitis, acute, 13 Asthma, 14 Atrial septal defect (ASD)/AVSD, 16 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 17 Autism, 18 Breath-holding attacks, 19 Bronchiolitis, acute, 20 Cerebral haemorrhage, 21 Cerebral palsy, 22 Child abuse, 24 Chronic lung disease (CLD) of prematurity, 26 Cleft palate disorder, 27 Coarctation of the aorta (COA), 28 Coeliac disease, 29 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 30 Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, 31 Congenital hypothyroidism, 32 Congenital rubella infection, 33 Constipation, 34 Cow’s milk intolerance, 35 Cow’s milk protein allergy, 37 Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis), 38 Cryptorchidism, 39 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 40 Delayed puberty, 42 Depression, 44 Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), 45 Diabetes mellitus (Type I) (DM), 46 Down syndrome (trisomy 21), 48 Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy, 49 Encephalitis, 51 Epiglottitis, acute, 52 Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 11:59am page v v Epilepsy, 53 Exomphalos and gastroschisis, 55 Faecal soiling (encopresis), 56 Failure to thrive, 57 Febrile seizures, 58 Fractures, 59 Fragile-X syndrome, 60 Fungal skin infections, 61 Gastroenteritis, 63 Gastrointestinal (GI) atresia, 64 Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), 66 Genetic skeletal dysplasias, 67 Global developmental delay, 68 Glomerulonephritis (GN), acute, 70 Group B streptococcal (GBS) infection, 71 Haemophilia, A and B, 72 Head lice (pediculosis), 73 Hearing impairment, 74 Heart failure, 76 Hernia, congenital diaphragmatic (CDH), 77 Hernias, inguinal and umbilical, 78 Herpes simplex, 79 Hirschsprung disease, 80 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 81 Hydrocephalus, 82 Hyperthyroidism, 84 Hypoglycaemia in neonates, 85 Hypospadias, 86 Hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), 87 Immunodeficiencies (inherited), 89 Impetigo, 90 Inadvertent poisoning, 91 Inborn errors of amino acid metabolism, 92 Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism, 94 Inflammatory bowel disease, 95 Intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), 96 Intussusception, 97 Klinefelter syndrome, 98 Legg–Calve ´ –Perthes disease (LCPD), 99 Leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic (ALL), 100 Leukaemia, acute myeloblastic (AML), 102 Liver disease, chronic, 103 Liver failure, acute, 105 Lymphoma, Hodgkin’s, 106 Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s (NHL), 107 Malnutrition, 109 Malrotation of the intestine, 111 CONTENTS Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 11:59am page vi vi Marfan syndrome, 112 Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), 113 Meckel’s diverticulum, 114 Meconium aspiration syndrome, 115 Meningitis, 116 Mesenteric adenitis, 118 Myotonic dystrophy, 119 Near-drowning, 120 Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), 122 Neonatal jaundice, 123 Nephrotic syndrome, 125 Neuroblastoma, 127 Neurocutaneous syndromes, 128 Nocturnal enuresis, 130 Obesity in children, 132 Osgood–Schlatter disease, 134 Otitis media, acute and chronic secretory, 135 Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 136 Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH), 137 Pneumonia, 138 Pneumothorax, 140 Precocious puberty (complete), 141 Precocious puberty (partial), 142 Psoriasis, 143 Pulmonary stenosis, 144 Pyloric stenosis, 145 Recurrent abdominal pain, 146 Renal failure, acute (ARF), 147 Renal failure, chronic (CRF), 149 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 151 Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 152 Rheumatic fever, 153 Scabies, 154 School refusal, 155 Septicaemia, 156 Short stature, 157 Sickle-cell anaemia, 159 Sleep-related disorders, 160 Slipped upper femoral epiphysis (SUFE), 161 Sticky eyes in the neonate, 162 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 163 Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), 165 Testicular torsion, 166 Tetralogy of Fallot, 167 Thalassaemia, 169 Tics, 170 Toxoplasmosis (congenital), 171 CONTENTS vii Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 11:59am page vii Transient synovitis (TS)/Irritable hip, 172 Transient tachypnoea of the newborn (TTN), 173 Transposition of the great arteries (TGA), 174 Turner syndrome, 175 Upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), 176 Urinary tract anomalies, 177 Urinary tract infection (UTI), 178 Varicella (chickenpox), 180 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 181 Visual impairment, 182 Whooping cough (pertussis), 184 Appendices, 185 Taking a history in paediatrics, 187 Neonatal resuscitation, 189 Formal assessment of the neonate at birth, 190 Examination of the newborn, 191 Breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding, 194 Infant feeding, 196 Paediatric resuscitation, 198 Developmental stages in children, 199 Immunisation schedule, 202 Child health surveillance/promotion, 204 Status epilepticus, 205 viii CONTENTS Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 11:59am page viii Foreword Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health has been written by a group of able prize-winning clinical medical students from the Royal Free and University College Medical School. They have developed a system that facilitates understanding of paediatric conditions, most of them common and all of those included, important. The authors have achieved an excellent synthe- sis that should help in the care of individual children, while maintaining a population and social perspective. This is a refreshing textbook that will allow rapid and thorough review of paediatrics and child health. London Brent Taylor January 2004 Professor of Community Child Health Alastair Sutcliffe Senior Lecturer in Paediatrics Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4:13am page ix ix [...]...Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :13 am page x Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :13 am page xi Preface Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health is part of a series of books for medical students that are designed to facilitate learning about core topics... Emphasising H: History History-taking & E: Examination Examining P: Pathology Patients I: Investigations M: Management In Managing C: Complications Clinical P: Prognosis Problems Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 2:44pm page 1 CONDITIONS Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 2:44pm page 2 Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004... supraventricular tachycardia southwest tri-iodothyronine thyroxine tuberculosis three times a day thyroid function test Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :18 am page xvii TGA THAM TLC TOF TOP TORCH TPN TRH TS TS 1& 2 TSH TSI TSS TTN TTP U&E UC UDPGA UKALL URT transposition of the great arteries tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane total lung capacity tracheo-oesophageal fistula termination... factor receptor 3 father’s height (cm) fragile-X mental retardation 1 fragile-X mental retardation protein follicle-stimulating hormone glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase group B streptococcus graduated compression stockings glomerular filtration rate growth hormone gastrointestinal glomerulonephritis gonadotrophinreleasing hormone gastro-oesophageal reflux gastro-oesophageal reflux disease general practitioner... storage disease generalised tonic-clonic seizures genitourinary graft-versus-host disease haemophilia A Hepatitis A virus haemoglobin haemophilia B hepatitis B virus haemophilia C human chorionic gonadotrophin hepatitis C virus high-density lipoprotein high frequency oscillation Haemophilus influenzae b Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :18 am page xv HIDA HIE His HIV HLA... kindly reviewed our neonatal topics London January 2004 Helen Brough Rola Alkurdi Ram Nataraja Ajenthan Surendranathan xi Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :13 am page xii Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :18 am page xiii List of abbreviations ABC airway, breathing, circulation ABG arterial blood gases ABVD adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine,... chest X-ray/radiograph differential diagnosis developmental dysplasia of the hip dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane xiii Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :18 am page xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiv List of abbreviations DEXA DIC DIP DISIDA DKA DM DMD DMPK DMSA DNA DNAse DPT DSM-IV DTPA DVT EBV ECG ECMO EEG ELISA EMG ENT EPO ERCP ESR ET FVIII–FXI FAB FAS dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry... parenteral nutrition thyrotropin-releasing hormone transient synovitis tuberous sclerosis 1& 2 thyroid-stimulating hormone thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin toxic shock syndrome transient tachypnoea of the newborn thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura urea and electrolytes ulcerative colitis uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid United Kingdom Medical Research Council protocol for childhood ALL upper respiratory... neurofibromatosis nasogastric non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma National Institute for Consumer Education neonatal intensive care unit natural killer nitric oxide nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children oculocutaneous albinism xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS List of abbreviations Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :18 am page xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS... white cell count World Health Organization Wolff–Parkinson– White (syndrome) X-linked agammaglobulinaemia female male primary secondary increase(d) decrease(d) to/lead(s) to greater than less than approximately times xvii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS List of abbreviations Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 8.7.2004 4 :18 am page xviii xviii Rapid series mnemonic D: Definition Doctors A: Aetiology . intestine, 11 1 CONTENTS Brough / Rapid Paediatrics and Child Health Final Proof 9.7.2004 11 :59am page vi vi Marfan syndrome, 11 2 Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), 11 3 Meckel’s diverticulum, 11 4 Meconium. syndrome, 11 5 Meningitis, 11 6 Mesenteric adenitis, 11 8 Myotonic dystrophy, 11 9 Near-drowning, 12 0 Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), 12 2 Neonatal jaundice, 12 3 Nephrotic syndrome, 12 5 Neuroblastoma, 12 7 Neurocutaneous. references. ISBN 1- 4 05 1- 1 64 2-0 (alk. paper) 1. Pediatrics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. [DNLM: 1. Pediatrics–Handbooks. WS 39 R 218 2004] I. Brough, Helen. II. Series. RJ48.R375 2004 618 .92–dc22 2004002496 ISBN 1- 4 05 1- 1 64 2-0 A