Lubrication Fundamentals 2011 Part 1 ppsx

[...]... diminishes Recognizing the large differ- Table 2 .1 Lube Base Stocks Crude type Naphthenic Paraffinic Viscosity SUS at 10 0ЊF (cSt at 38ЊC)a Pour point, ЊF (ЊC) Viscosity index Flash point, ЊF (ЊC) Gravity, API Color (ASTM) 10 0 (20.53) ‫)5.54מ( 05מ‬ 15 340 (17 1) 24.4 1. 5 10 0 (20.53) 0 (‫) 81 ‬ 10 0 390 (19 9) 32.7 0.5 a SUS, Saybolt universal seconds Copyright 20 01 by Exxon Mobil Corporation All Rights Reserved... have been prepared from crude oils obtained from most parts of the world Although crude oils from various parts of the world differ widely in properties and appearance, there is relatively little difference in their elemental analysis Thus, crude oil samples will generally show carbon content ranging from 83 to 87%, and hydrogen content from 11 to 14 % The remainder is composed of elements such as oxygen,... extraction is another horizontal cut (Figure 2 .11 ), producing a by-product wax that is almost completely paraffins and a dewaxed oil that contains paraffins, naphthenes, and some aromatics This dewaxed oil is the base stock for many fluid lubricants For certain premium applications, however, a finishing step is needed Figure 2 .11 Dewaxing Copyright 20 01 by Exxon Mobil Corporation All Rights Reserved... 2 .12 ) for hydrocracking indicates four primary processes: 1 2 3 4 Vacuum distillation Hydrocracking Hydrodewaxing Hydrotreating Figure 2 .12 Lube conversion process Copyright 20 01 by Exxon Mobil Corporation All Rights Reserved In addition to the four primary steps, additional vacuum distillation and vacuum stripping are necessary to produce the needed viscosity grades and volatility characteristics 1. .. automotive engine oils to 99% of some industrial oils The base stocks contribute Copyright 20 01 by Exxon Mobil Corporation All Rights Reserved Table 2.3 API Base Stock Categories Amount (%) of Category API API API API API group group group group group Saturates Sulfur VI Ͻ 90 Ն 90 Ն 90 Ͼ 0.03 Յ 0.03 Յ 0.03 80 12 0 80 12 0 Ն 12 0 I (solvent-refined) II (hydroprocessed) III IV is polyalphaolefins V is for ester... was proving a constant source of annoyance in the brine wells; and one of these wells, in 18 14, discharged petroleum at periods of from 1 to 4 days, in quantities ranging from 30 to 60 gallons at each eruption A Pittsburgh druggist named Samuel M Kier began bottling the petroleum from these brine wells around 18 46 and selling the oil for medicinal purposes He claimed it was remarkably effective for... from 18 50 to 18 75, many men experimented with the products of petroleum distillation then available, attempting to find uses for them, in addition to providing illumination Some of the viscous materials were investigated as substitutes for the vegetable and animal oils previously used for lubrication, mainly those derived from olives, rapeseed, whale, tallow, lard, and other fixed oils As early as 14 00... overlap with the vacuum residuum) not only causes processing problems but results in inferior product quality Figure 2 .13 Lube distillate fractionation viscosities Copyright 20 01 by Exxon Mobil Corporation All Rights Reserved Figure 2 .14 Vacuum tower fractionation for lube distillates Figure 2 .14 is a simplified flow diagram of a lube vacuum column The crude feed (a reduced crude charge consisting of the... compound not present in the other products from distillation—resins and asphaltenes PD, Copyright 20 01 by Exxon Mobil Corporation All Rights Reserved Figure 2 .10 Furfural extraction 3 Furfural Extraction Furfural extraction, the next process in the sequence, can be represented as a horizontal cut (Figure 2 .10 ), dividing the distillate or deasphalted oil into a raffinate, which is the desired material,... would certainly not recommend drinking such products Sales boomed for awhile; but in 18 52 there was a falling off in trade Therefore, the enterprising Mr Kier began to distill the substance for its illuminating oil content His experiment was successful and was a forerunner, in part, of future commercial refining methods In 18 53 a bottle of petroleum at the office of Professor Crosby of Dartmouth College . Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812 , CH-40 01 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41- 61- 2 61- 8482; fax: 41- 61- 2 61- 8896 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers. differ- Table 2 .1 Lube Base Stocks Crude type Naphthenic Paraffinic Viscosity SUS at 10 0ЊF (cSt at 38ЊC) a 10 0 (20.53) 10 0 (20.53) Pour point, ЊF(ЊC) מ50 (מ45.5) 0 ( 18 ) Viscosity index 15 10 0 Flash. (Marcel Dekker, 19 80). ISBN: 0-8247-0574-2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10 016 tel: 212 -696-9000; fax: 212 -685-4540 Eastern