© 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC CHAPTER 13 Laws and Regulations James D. Hollingshead and Martha J. Boss CONTENTS 13.1 Varying Definitions for Contaminants of Concern 13.2 Indoor Air Quality Standards 13.3 Hazardous Waste Operations 13.4 Occupational Safety and Health Administration 13.4.1 Personal Protective Equipment 13.4.2 OSHA General Duty Clause 13.5 Insurance Coverage 13.6 Clean Air Act Amendments 13.7 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) 13.8 Industry Standards: AMCA, ACGIH, ANSI/ASHRAE, NFPA, and SMACNA 13.8.1 ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996: The HVAC Commissioning Process 13.8.2 ASHRAE Guideline 4-1993: Preparation of Operating and Maintenance Documentation for Building Systems 13.8.3 ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000: Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems 13.8.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.2-1987 (RA-92): Methods for Laboratory Airflow Measurement 13.8.5 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.3-1989: Methods for Pressure Measurement 13.8.6 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.6-1994 (RA-01): Methods for Measurement of Moist Air Properties 13.8.7 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.1-1992: Gravimetric and Dust Spot Procedures for Testing Air-Cleaning Devices Used in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter 13.8.8 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999: Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size 13.8.9 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-1992: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy, including Addendum 55a-1995 13.8.10 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2000: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC 13.8.11 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 110-1995: Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods 13.8.12 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111-1988: Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Systems 13.8.13 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 113-1990: Method of Testing for Room Air Diffusion 13.8.14 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 120-1999: Methods of Testing to Determine Flow Resistance of HVAC Ducts and Fittings 13.8.15 ANSI/ASHRAE/SMACNA Standard 126-2000: Methods of Testing HVAC Air Ducts 13.8.16 ASHRAE Standard 129-1997 (RA-02): Measuring Air Change Effectiveness (Awaiting ANSI Approval) 13.9 ASTM Standard E-1527-00 and Revisions 13.10 California Toxic Mold Protection Act of 2001 13.10.1 Mold and Permissible Exposure Limits 13.10.2 Assessment Standards 13.10.3 Method Development and Validation 13.10.4 Criteria for Personal Protective Equipment and Sampling 13.10.5 Remaining Requirements 13.11 Biocide Patent Process 13.11.1 Specific and Substantial Requirements 13.11.2 Therapeutic or Pharmacological Utility 13.11.3 Claimed Invention Focus 13.11.4 Asserted or Well-Established Utility 13.11.5 Specific and Substantial Utility 13.11.6 Evaluating the Credibility of Asserted Utility 13.11.7 Safety and Efficacy Considerations 13.12 FIFRA and EPA Regulation of Antimicrobials 13.12.1 Pesticide Data Submitters List 13.12.2 Testing and Outreach 13.13 Food Quality Protection Act 13.14 FIFRA and Exemptions 13.15 Public Health Antimicrobial Claims 13.16 Non-Public-Health Antimicrobial Claims 13.17 Interpretations of Past EPA Labeling Claims 13.17.1 Odor- and Mildew-Resistant Properties May Be Claimed 13.17.2 Product Names May Not Contain Public Health Claims 13.17.3 Treated Article Labeling Claims 13.17.4 Examples of Labeling Claims the EPA Is Likely to Consider Unacceptable under the Exemption 13.17.5 Examples of Labeling Claims the Agency Is Likely to Consider Acceptable under the Exemption 13.17.6 Antimicrobial Qualifying and Prominence Considerations 13.18 Additional Information 13.18.1 Registration of Treated Articles Making Public Health Claims 13.18.2 The Term Registered for Such Use 13.18.3 Effective Date and Procedures 13.19 EPA Testing and Enforcement Actions 13.20 Importation and Shipment © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC 13.21 Transportation vs. Transfer 13.22 Current Regulations for Transportation 13.22.1 Interstate Shipment of Etiologic Agents (42 CFR Part 72) 13.22.2 Hazardous Materials Regulations (49 CFR Parts 17 1–178) 13.22.3 United States Postal Service: Mailability of Etiologic Agents (39 CFR Part 111) 13.22.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration: Occupational Exposure to Bloodborne Pathogens (29 CFR Part 1910.1030) 13.22.5 Dangerous Goods Regulations 13.23 General Packaging of Biological Agents and Clinical Specimens 13.24 Transfer Regulations 13.24.1 Importation of Etiologic Agents of Human Disease: Foreign Quarantine and Etiologic Agents, Hosts, and Vectors (42 CFR Parts 71 and 71.54) 13.24.2 Importation of Etiologic Agents of Livestock, Poultry, and Other Animal Diseases (9 CFR Parts 92, 94, 95, 96, 122, and 130) 13.24.3 Importation of Plant Pests: Federal Plant Pest Regulations; General; Plant Pests; Soil; Stone and Quarry Products; Garbage (7 CFR Part 330) 13.24.4 Transfer of Select Biological Agents of Human Disease: Additional Requirements for Facilities Transferring or Receiving Select Agents (42 CFR Part 72.6) 13.24.5 Export of Etiologic Agents of Humans, Animals, Plants and Related Materials; Department of Commerce (15 CFR Parts 730–799) 13.24.6 Interstate Shipment of Etiologic Agents (42 CFR Part 72) 13.25 Restricted Animal Pathogens 13.26 Export License Required by Department of Commerce Resources Laws and regulations are currently available to address some aspects of biological risk. Industry guidelines, insurance provider decisions, and government guidelines supplement the regulations. Regulations are not codified as yet for many biological risks associated with buildings and indoor air quality. Industry standards are the primary source of information as to recommendations. 13.1 VARYING DEFINITIONS FOR CONTAMINANTS OF CONCERN Workplace air sampling may be used to determine either ambient (general indoor environs) or point-source-generated air contaminants. Point-source-generated contaminants are those produced by specific industrial, agricultural, commercial, or other defined work efforts; however, the defini - tions used for Clean Air Act Amendment (CAAA) issues may be different from those associated with workplace air sampling. For example, particulate matter emissions in air are defined in 40 CFR 60.2 as any airborne, finely divided solid or liquid material, except uncombined water, emitted to the ambient air. This definition is much broader than the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) definition. Essentially, OSHA defines particulates in terms of respirator usage; for example, a particulate-filter respirator is an air-purifying respirator, commonly referred to as a dust or a fume respirator, which removes most of the dust or fume from the air passing through the device. So, for OSHA, the term particulate refers to dust or fume and not to liquid material. © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC Even when definitions are consistent, some contaminants have not been quantified as to risk. For instance, biological contaminants (bacteria and molds) are currently not addressed by any U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. The EPA-funded research into these issues was published in 1994 as Review of Quantitative Standards and Guidelines for Fungi in Indoor Air. Further work toward EPA regulations addressing biological risk issues has not resulted, and regu - latory definitions of quantitative biological risks, according to the EPA, have not been established for most biological contaminants. 13.2 INDOOR AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Maintenance and operations to ensure that designed systems continue to deliver quality air are not regulated. Industry standards and good practice doctrines provide some guidance. Still, real- world maintenance and operations are largely determined by the interpretation and implementation of specified requirements at the facility. Thus, a system originally designed to maintain a certain make-up air inflow may or may not be operated and maintained so as to continue to provide that airflow. Operating procedure changes, altered maintenance priorities, and retrofitting of air-handling systems may contribute to air-handling problems. 13.3 HAZARDOUS WASTE OPERATIONS The OSHA General Duty Clause and its requirement that an employer guarantee a safe and healthful workplace is applicable and in force. Section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (General Duty Clause) requires the following: A. Each employer will furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees and will comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act. B. Each employee will comply with occupational safety and health standards and all rules, regulations, and orders issued pursuant to this Act which are applicable to his own actions and conduct. For biological decontamination work, both 29 CFR 1910 (Industry Standard) and 29 CFR 1926 (Construction Standard) are applicable. The original Superfund regulations and the resultant OSHA regulations (29 CFR 1910.1v20 and 29 CFR 1920.65) list biological contaminants as hazards that may be associated with uncontrolled wastes. While Superfund provided funding for sites vacated before 1984, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements under 29 CFR 1910.120 and 29 CFR 1920.65 are applicable for active sites. The emphasis in the development of site protocols under these regulations has been on dealing with chemical and radioactive uncontrolled wastes, not uncontrolled biological wastes. Because the original intent of these regulations was to address uncontrolled biological wastes, sites where negative health effects and consequent risks to the general public can be anticipated from these biological contaminants are covered by these regulations. Thus, hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HAZWOPER) training, site-specific health and safety plans, and safety program documents are required in order for a contractor to perform biological decontamination as a remediation method at these sites. Judgements as to the applicability of these regulations, local health codes, insurance risk management, and civil or criminal liability should be made during the development of contract documents. Proper training, medical surveillance, and delineation of the on-site hierarchy of respon - sibility should be outlined in the contract documents. Specifications and plans similar to those © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC required for asbestos work, and in some cases hazardous waste work, should be fully developed as contract documents to delineate the job requirements, regulatory requirements, and anticipated hazards. 13.4 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ADMINISTRATION Ventilation criteria or standards are included in OSHA regulatory codes for job- or task- specific worker protection. In addition, many OSHA health standards include ventilation require - ments. OSHA’s construction standards (29 CFR 1926) contain ventilation standards for welding. OSHA deals with local exhaust systems in 29 CFR 1910.94 (ventilation). OSHA’s compliance policy regarding violation of ventilation standards is set forth in their Field Inspection Reference Manual. The lack of indoor air quality standards for general building usage was the impetus for the OSHA indoor air quality rule making. In Talking Points for Assistant Secretary Dear (rev. 6/17; Communications Workers of America International, Occupational Safety and Health Conference, 9:00 a.m., Thursday, June 9, 1994), the following indoor air quality (IAQ) initiatives were proposed: We have stepped up to a big health problem and published a proposed rule that would regulate indoor air quality and environmental tobacco smoke to protect more than 20 million exposed workers. We have taken the action to prevent thousands of heart disease deaths, hundreds of lung disease deaths, and respiratory diseases and other ailments linked to these hazards. The environmental tobacco smoke provisions would apply to more than 6 million enclosed and indoor workplaces under OSHA juris - diction, while the indoor air provisions apply to more than 4.5 million non-industrial worksites. Hearings are to begin in the fall. This abandoned indoor air quality regulation developed by OSHA focused on: • Maintenance and operation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to reduce health effects related to indoor air pollution • Provisions for the control of specific contaminant sources: • Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) • Bacteria, molds • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) • Training and recordkeeping requirements Various proponents and challengers continued to question the need for this regulation, and the regulation was ultimately abandoned. The quality of air breathed by the workforce is addressed through OSHA’s permissible exposure limits (PELs), which establish limits on certain chemicals in the workplace. These limits do not apply to sensitized individuals, the immunocompromised, or the very young and very old, and in some instances they may be gender specific. Gender specificity implies that PELs and the research on which PELs were based may not be protective of men or women in certain stages of life, especially regarding reproductive potential. 13.4.1 Personal Protective Equipment The OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) covers workplace exposures to pathogenic biologicals that may be bloodborne or are carried in blood-derived tissue fluids. This standard requires the use of barrier methods and medical consultation for workers. Barrier methods for all mold, fungi, and yeasts follow similar conventions as those contained in 29 CFR 1910.1030. If airborne levels exceed or may exceed those judged to be healthy, respirators must be worn. © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC Usually, individuals involved in a biological decontamination event should assume that respirators are required during some part of the decontamination work. Other barrier methods such as splash shields, gloves, protective coveralls, boot covers, and hoods may also be needed. These barrier methods are intended to prevent skin exposure through broken skin or mucous membrane (nose, mouth, and genitals). The added benefit is that these barrier methods, when used correctly, eliminate most of the potential for workers to carry contam - ination home on their own clothing. Workers must always keep in mind that personal protective equipment (PPE), when used for any contamination whether chemical or biological, is usually not totally protective. Exposures are reduced but not eliminated. Thus, the choice of initial protective equipment should be the responsibility of a competent person, as defined by OSHA. 13.4.2 OSHA General Duty Clause Regulations controlling training, worker protection, acceptable work practices, transfer of materials, and disposal of wastes have not been developed for most biological contaminations associated with molds, fungi, and yeasts. The OSHA General Duty Clause and its requirement that an employer guarantee a safe and healthful workplace is applicable and in force. For biological decontamination work, both 29 CFR 1910 (Industry Standard) and 29 CFR 1926 (Construction Standard) are usually applicable. 13.5 INSURANCE COVERAGE Insurance adjusters make decisions as to policy coverage. Because mold intrusion is often associated with water intrusion, decisions as to the extent of water intrusion coverage may be paramount. Both the cause and ultimate outcomes associated with water intrusion are often extremely variable. Perhaps the most difficult decision is whether the mold intrusion is the direct and only cause of biological growth. In this regard, prior maintenance and building usage that have caused mold situations must be separated from mold problems caused by covered events. If the insurance adjuster gives incorrect advice as to water intrusion remediation, subsequent mold amplification may be in part due to this bad advice. Section 7.20h of the Loss Recovery Guide with Standards (LRGS; William Yobe & Associates) recommends: When in doubt about the water or moisture source responsible for mold formation, a competent person should be consulted. Competent person is defined in Section 0.15 as “a person who is capable through training, education and/or experience to instruct on the matter or matters at hand.” Although it is the opinion of William Yobe & Associates that only professionals (e.g., engineers, industrial hygienist) should be involved with cause and origin, forensic, or mold formation evaluations, the LRGS uses the terminology of competent person as a minimum guideline. 13.6 CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA90), Public Law (PL) 101–549 (42 U.S. Code [USC] 7401–7671q), is the current federal legislation regulating the prevention and control of air pollution in our environment (outdoor air). This regulation describes air pollution control require - ments for geographic areas in the United States with respect to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The following air pollution concerns are regulated in the context of the CAAA: © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC • Motor vehicles as sources of pollutants • Routine industrial emissions of hazardous air pollutants • Accidental releases of highly hazardous chemicals (risk management program/plan development) • Commercial facilities that produce energy for sale, which are addressed in terms of acid deposition control (acid rain, acid particulate potential from stack emissions) • Emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, and other halogenated chemicals from various sources (air conditioning systems, aerosol can propellant usage, fire suppression systems) Remember that the CAAA do not guarantee clean air; rather, the intent is to provide a benchmark for the attainment of air quality standards for a region and to determine zones of chemical influence during an accident. These air quality standards do not require clean air in all areas within a region; rather, these standards require collective attainment for the region at large. Federal and state (delegated authority) compliance initiatives may focus on limiting individual sources of air pollution in order to attain these regional goals. Biologicals are not covered by these CAAA standards. 13.7 NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS (NESHAP) The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) have been estab- lished in accordance with the Clean Air Act (CAA) as amended in the CAAA. The NESHAPs definition of a hazardous air pollutant is a pollutant listed in or pursuant to section 112(b) of the Act (meaning the CAA). The NESHAPs regulate asbestos as well as various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semivolatile organics (SVOCs), and heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium, mer - cury). These EPA regulations cover the generally available air pollutants that could compromise both outdoor and indoor air quality. Other EPA regulations deal with specific source reduction, emergency releases of hazardous substances, and toxic chemical releases associated with construc - tion/demolition activities. The NESHAPs do not cover biological hazards. 13.8 INDUSTRY STANDARDS: AMCA, ACGIH, ANSI/ASHRAE, NFPA, AND SMACNA To date, ambient indoor air quality has not been regulated by a federal mandate. Industry standards such as those produced by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) provide engineers with criteria guidance for air handling and treatment systems. These standards are primarily focused on initial design efforts whether for new building construction or retrofitting of building components. The Air Movement and Control Association (AMCA) is a trade association that has developed standards and testing procedures for fans. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has published widely used guidelines for industrial ventilation. The Amer - ican National Standards Institute (ANSI) has produced several important standards on ventilation, including ventilation for paint spray booths, grinding exhaust hoods, and open-surface tank exhausts. Four ANSI standards were adopted by OSHA in 1971 and are codified in 29 CFR1910.94; these standards continue to be important as guides to design. ANSI has recently published a new standard for laboratory ventilation (ANSI Z9.5). The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) is a society of heating and air conditioning engineers that has produced, through consensus, a number of standards related to indoor air quality, filter performance and testing, and HVAC systems. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has produced a number of recommendations that become requirements when adopted by local fire agencies. NFPA 45 lists a number of ventilation requirements for laboratory © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC fume hood use. The Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association (SMACNA) is an association representing sheetmetal contractors and suppliers. SMACNA sets standards for ducts and duct installation. Acceptable indoor air quality is the goal of these standards. Even if all the requirements are met, air quality goals may not be achieved due to diversity of sources and contaminants in indoor air; the range of susceptibility of the population; unacceptable ambient air brought into the building without first being cleaned (cleaning of ambient outdoor air is not required by this standard); improper system operation and maintenance; or occupant perception and acceptance of indoor air quality as affected by air temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological stress. 13.8.1 ASHRAE Guideline 1-1996: The HVAC Commissioning Process ASHRAE Guideline 1 describes a commissioning process that will ensure that HVAC systems perform in conformity with design intent. It defines the commissioning process for each phase and describes all types and sizes of HVAC systems, from pre-design through final acceptance to postoccupancy and changes in building and occupancy requirements after initial occupancy. Guide - line 1-1996 addresses system adjustments required to meet actual occupancy needs within the system capacity, including when building use changes and recommissioning are warranted. It provides formats for documenting occupancy requirements, design assumptions, and the resultant design intent for the HVAC system, including the owner’s assumptions and requirements, sample specifications, design intent, basis of design, and expected performance. It provides for verification and functional performance testing (testing the system for acceptance by the owner). Operation and maintenance criteria are covered, as are guidelines for periodic maintenance and recommis - sioning, as needed. Guideline 1-1996 includes the procedures for conducting verification and functional performance testing and maintaining system performance after initial occupancy so as to meet design intent. It also includes recommendations for corrective measures implementation and provides guidelines and a program for operator and maintenance personnel training. 13.8.2 ASHRAE Guideline 4-1993: Preparation of Operating and Maintenance Documentation for Building Systems ASHRAE Guideline 4 is an operations and maintenance (O&M) guidance document that addresses preparing and delivering documentation that is easy to use, is simple to prepare and update, provides accurate and adequate information, and is delivered on time. It covers the format, contents, delivery, and maintenance of HVAC building systems O&M documentation normally provided by the building design and construction team members. 13.8.3 ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000: Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems ASHRAE Guideline 12 provides information and guidance to minimize Legionella contamina- tion in building water systems, as well as specific environmental and operational guidelines that contribute to the safe operation of building water systems and minimize the risk of occurrence of legionellosis. 13.8.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.2-1987 (RA-92): Methods for Laboratory Airflow Measurement ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.2 provides procedures for laboratory testing of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigerating components and equipment and does not necessarily apply to © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC field testing of installed equipment and systems. ANSI/ASHRAE 41.2 recommends airflow mea- surement practices necessary to provide adequate and consistent measurement procedures used in preparing other ASHRAE standards. The testing procedures are for testing air-moving, air-handling, and air-distribution equipment and components. The particular method(s) used must include appro - priate operating tolerances, instrument accuracies, and instrument precision in order to achieve the objectives of the product test. The recommendations include consideration of density effects on accurate measurement of flow rates. The procedures are for application only to flow measurements of air at pressures to the equipment not exceeding 100 in.H 2 O (25-kPa) gauge. This standard does not include procedures for testing fans, blowers, exhausters, compressors, and other air-moving devices, the principal function of which is to produce a stream of moving air and which fall within the scope of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 51 (ANSI/AMCA Standard 210). 13.8.5 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.3-1989: Methods for Pressure Measurement ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.3 presents recommended practices and procedures for accurately measuring steady-state, nonpulsating pressures. This standard describes methods for measurement of pressures appropriate for use in other ASHRAE standards, limited to a range of 1 psia (6.9 kPa) to 500 psia (3450 kPa). The descriptions include type of pressure, range of suitable application, expected accuracy, proper installation and operation techniques for attaining the desired accuracy, and pressure devices, such as differential pressure (head) meters, elastic element (bellows, Bourdon tube, and diaphragm sensor) gauges, manometric gauges, and pressure-spring gauges. Reference to suitable ANSI/ASME and ANSI/ISA standards is made where appropriate. 13.8.6 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.6-1994 (RA-01): Methods for Measurement of Moist Air Properties ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41.6 recommends practices and procedures for the measurement and calculation of moist air properties in order to promote accurate measurement methods for specific use in the preparation of other ASHRAE standards. This standard recommends proce - dures for measurement of moist air properties in connection with establishment of the desired moist air environment for tests of heating, refrigerating, humidifying, dehumidifying, and other air conditioning equipment and determination of moisture quality in airstreams moving through or within such equipment or spaces. This standard covers methods appropriate for use in ASHRAE standard methods of test for rating and for determining compliance with ASHRAE environmental standards. The method descriptions include condition ranges over which method use is practicable and the associated attainable accuracies, as well as proper method use tech - niques to achieve desired accuracy. Calibration, reference standards, and traceability to National Institutes of Standards and Technology (NIST) standards help ensure accurate measurements. Specific attention is given to the wet- and dry-bulb psychrometer and the dewpoint hygrometer, while other methods are also discussed. 13.8.7 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.1-1992: Gravimetric and Dust Spot Procedures for Testing Air-Cleaning Devices Used in General Ventilation for Removing Particulate Matter ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.1 establishes test procedures for evaluating the performance of air-cleaning devices for removing particulate matter to establish specifications for equipment required to conduct the test, to define methods of calculation from test data, and to establish formats for reporting the results obtained. This standard establishes measurement procedures to load the air-cleaning system with a standard synthetic dust and determine the ability of the air cleaning © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC device to remove dust as loading proceeds. A uniform performance reporting methodology for evaluating resistance to airflow and dust-holding capacity is thus established. 13.8.7.1 Atmospheric Dust Spot/Dust Spot Efficiency Test The atmospheric dust spot test determines the efficiency of a medium efficiency air cleaner and uses ambient atmospheric dust to compare the blackening of targets both upstream and downstream of the air-cleaning device. The removal rate is based on the cleaner’s ability to reduce the soiling of a downstream clean paper target. Removal is dependent on the ability of the cleaner to remove very fine particles from the air. (Note: This test addresses the overall efficiency of removal of a complex mixture of dust; removal efficiencies for different size particles may vary widely.) Recent studies by the EPA compare ASHRAE ratings to filter efficiencies for particles by size and have shown that efficiencies for particles in the size range of 0.1 to 1 µg are much lower than the ASHRAE rating. 13.8.7.2 Weight Arrestance Test The weight arrestance test evaluates low-efficiency filters designed to remove the largest and heaviest particles. These filters are commonly used in residential furnaces and/or air conditioning systems or as upstream filters for other air-cleaning devices. The test measures the percentage of the synthetic dust weight that is captured by the filter and includes: • Feeding a standard synthetic dust into the air cleaner • Determining the dust proportion (by weight) trapped on the filter The test uses larger standard dust particles and is of limited value in assessing the removal of smaller, respirable- size particles from indoor air. The standard discusses differences in results from the weight arrestance and the atmospheric dust spot test. No comparable guidelines or standards are currently available for use in assessing the ability of air cleaners to remove gaseous pollutants or radon and its progeny. The standard does not measure the ability of the air cleaner to remove particles of specific diameters. The standard is not intended to test air cleaners exhibiting ASHRAE dust spot efficiencies of greater than 98%. 13.8.8 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999: Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 52.2 establishes a laboratory method and test procedure for evaluating the general performance of the ventilation air cleaning device as a function of particle size. This standard establishes testing equipment performance specifications and defines procedures for gen - erating the aerosols required for conducting the test, including: • Feeding a standard synthetic dust into the air cleaner (dust is fed at intervals to simulate accumu- lation of particles during service life) • Determining filter performance in removing particles of specific diameters It provides a method for counting airborne particles from 0.30 to 10 µm in diameter upstream and downstream of the air cleaning device and to calculate removal efficiency by particle size. The standard defines methods of calculating and reporting the results obtained from the test data and establishes a minimum efficiency reporting system that can be applied to the covered air cleaning devices. [...]... and Staphylococcus Reduces the risk of foodborne illness from bacteria Provides a germ-resistant surface Provides a bacteria-resistant surface Surface-kills common Gram-positive and -negative bacteria Surface-controls both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria Surface minimizes the growth of both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria Reduces risk of cross-contamination from bacteria Controls allergy-causing... applicable standards and requirements dictate larger ventilation amounts The standard includes discussion of the release of moisture in residential kitchens and bathrooms and in locker rooms and from swimming pools It considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants that can affect air quality Thermal comfort requirements are not included in this standard 13. 8.10.1 Features of Standard 6 2-1 999 Important... mixed The standard includes measurement procedures and criteria for assessing the suitability of the test space for measurements of air exchange effectiveness 13. 9 ASTM STANDARD E-152 7-0 0 AND REVISIONS The fourth edition of the Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process (ASTM E-152 7-0 0) was published in 2000 by the ASTM Committee E-50 on Environmental... procedures for field measurements used in testing and in balancing, and a format of recording and reporting test results for use in evaluating conformance with design requirements 13. 8 .13 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 11 3-1 990: Method of Testing for Room Air Diffusion ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 113 specifies measurement techniques for determining air speed, air temperatures, and air temperature differences in occupied... evaluating installed performance 13. 8.12 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 11 1-1 988: Practices for Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Systems ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 111 describes methods for evaluating building heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems This standard applies to air moving and hydronic systems, including... press releases and other public documents to widely communicate most antimicrobial enforcement actions The EPA also developed and disseminated a brochure to registrants, distributors, and sellers © 2003 BY CRC PRESS LLC of pesticides to assist them in identifying and avoiding unregistered, misbranded, and defective pesticides 13. 20 IMPORTATION AND SHIPMENT The importation of etiologic agents and vectors... coefficients This standard does not cover interpretation of the test data 13. 8.15 ANSI/ASHRAE/SMACNA Standard 12 6-2 000: Methods of Testing HVAC Air Ducts ANSI/ASHRAE/SMACNA Standard 126 provides laboratory test procedures for the evaluation of HVAC air ducts This standard may be used to determine HVAC airduct structural strength, dimensional stability, durability, and leakage characteristics This standard does... less than 15 minutes This standard does not address such nonthermal environmental factors as air quality, acoustics, and illumination or other physical, chemical, or biological space contaminants that may affect comfort or health 13. 8.10 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 6 2-2 001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62 specifies minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality that... Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; also known as Superfund) and petroleum products The innocent landowner defense (ILD) to CERCLA liability concept is provided in 42 U.S Code (USC) §9601(35) and §9607(b)(3) and was included as part of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 The E-1527 Standard codifies tasks that, when considered in concert... sterilants except gases (registered and those seeking registration) and registered products that make unsubstantiated claims of controlling the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (including sterilants and hospital disinfectants) These two types of public health products are the most crucial to infection control, and their failure could pose grave danger to the public and the medical community The EPA . Standard 12 6-2 000: Methods of Testing HVAC Air Ducts 13. 8.16 ASHRAE Standard 12 9-1 997 (RA-02): Measuring Air Change Effectiveness (Awaiting ANSI Approval) 13. 9 ASTM Standard E-152 7-0 0 and. Systems 13. 8.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41. 2-1 987 (RA-92): Methods for Laboratory Airflow Measurement 13. 8.5 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 41. 3-1 989: Methods for Pressure Measurement 13. 8.6 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard. 13. 12 FIFRA and EPA Regulation of Antimicrobials 13. 12.1 Pesticide Data Submitters List 13. 12.2 Testing and Outreach 13. 13 Food Quality Protection Act 13. 14 FIFRA and Exemptions 13. 15 Public