REMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED SOILS Biological, Physical, and Chemical Processes © 1998 by CRC Press LLC © 1998 by CRC Press LLC LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. REMEDIATION OF PETROLEUM CONTAMINATED SOILS Biological, Physical, and Chemical Processes Eve Riser-Roberts, Ph.D. © 1998 by CRC Press LLC © 1998 by CRC Press LLC [...]... 7 .1. 1 .12 Enrichment Techniques 7 .1. 1 .13 Fume Plate Method 7 .1. 1 .14 Drop Count Method 7 .1. 1 .15 Droplette Method 7 .1. 1 .16 Broth Cultures 7 .1. 1 .17 Most-Probable-Number (MPN) Method 7 .1. 1 .18 Membrane Filter Counts 7 .1. 1 .19 Rapid Automated Methods 7 .1. 1.20 Fatty Acid Analysis/Lipid Biomarkers 7 .1. 1. 21 Dehydrogenase-Coupled Respiratory Activity 7 .1. 1.22 Microautoradiography 7 .1. 1.23 Protozoan Counts 7 .1. 1.24... 4 .1. 10 Hydrolysis and Oxidation 4 .1. 11 Concentration of Contaminants 4 .1. 11. 1 Low Concentrations 4.2 Biological Factors 4.3 Soil/Environmental Factors Section 5 Optimization of Bioremediation 5 .1 Variation of Soil Factors 5 .1. 1 Soil Moisture 5 .1. 1 .1 Irrigation 5 .1. 1.2 Drainage 5 .1. 1.3 Additives 5 .1. 2 Temperature 5 .1. 3 Soil pH 5 .1. 3 .1 Increasing Soil pH 5 .1. 3.2 Decreasing Soil pH 5 .1. 4 Oxygen Supply 5 .1. 4 .1. .. Microorganisms 7 .1. 1 .1 Direct Microscopic Counts 7 .1. 1.2 Direct Counts with Acridine Orange 7 .1. 1.3 Direct Viable Counts by Cell Enlargement 7 .1. 1.4 Direct Viable Counts from Cell Division 7 .1. 1.5 Dip Slides 7 .1. 1.6 INT Activity Test 7 .1. 1.7 ATP Content 7 .1. 1.8 Direct Epifluorescence Filtration Technique (DEFT) 7 .1. 1.9 Microcolony Epifluorescence Technique 7 .1. 1 .10 Immunofluorescence Microscopy 7 .1. 1 .11 Plate... treatment train Treatment train used at a southern California site © 19 98 by CRC Press LLC TABLES Table 2 .1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2 .10 A 2 .10 B 2 .11 3 .1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3 .10 3 .11 3 .12 3 .13 3 .14 3 .15 3 .16 3 .17 3 .18 3 .19 3.20 3. 21 4 .1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5 .1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Summary of Suitability of Treatment Processes Technology Applicability Critical Factors in... Alternatives © 19 98 by CRC Press LLC 5.7 5.8 5.9 5 .10 5 .11 5 .12 5 .13 5 .14 5 .15 5 .16 5 .17 5 .18 5 .19 6 .1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6 .10 6 .11 6 .12 6 .13 6 .14 6 .15 7 .1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 Estimated Volumes of Water or Air Required to Completely Renovate Subsurface Material That Originally Contained Hydrocarbons at Residual Saturation Nutrients Required by Microorganisms Succession of Events... 5 .1. 7 Oxidation-Reduction Potential 5 .1. 8 Attenuation 5 .1. 9 Texture and Structure 5 .1. 9 .1 Texture 5 .1. 9.2 Bulk Density 5 .1. 9.3 Water-Holding Capacity 5.2 Biological Enhancement 5.2 .1 Microorganisms in Bioremediation 5.2 .1. 1 Aerobic Bacteria 5.2 .1. 2 Anaerobic Bacteria 5.2 .1. 3 Oligotrophs 5.2 .1. 4 Fungi 5.2 .1. 4 .1 Extracellular Enzymes 5.2 .1. 4.2 Soil Inoculation 5.2 .1. 4.3 Screening Strategies 5.2 .1. 5 Phototrophs... Fungal Counts 7 .1. 1.25 Opacity Tube Method 7 .1. 1.26 Turbidimetric Measurement 7 .1. 2 Counts in Uncontaminated Soil 7 .1. 3 Counts in Contaminated Soil 7 .1. 4 Effect of Biostimulation on Counts © 19 98 by CRC Press LLC 7.2 Other Monitoring Methods 7.2 .1 Biomolecular/Nucleic Acid–Based Methods 7.2 .1. 1 Reporter Genes 7.2 .1. 2 mRNA Extraction 7.2 .1. 3 Chromosomal Painting 7.2 .1. 4 rRNA Methods 7.2 .1. 5 Polymerase... storage, and disposal of VOCs © 19 98 by CRC Press LLC 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6 .10 6 .11 6 .12 6 .13 6 .14 6 .15 6 .16 6 .17 8 .1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Approximate ranges of applicability of VOC removal techniques as a function of organic concentration in liquid waste stream Schematic of soil gas VES Aeration devices that put water through air Fixed-bed carbon adsorption system Schematic of solvent recovery... 3.3 .1. 8 Selenium (Se) 3.3 .1. 9 Silver (Ag) 3.3 .1. 10 Other Metals 3.4 Intermediate Metabolites and End Products of Biodegradation Section 4 Factors Affecting Biodegradation in Soil–Water Systems 4 .1 Chemical and Physical Factors 4 .1. 1 Chemical Solubility 4 .1. 2 Advection 4 .1. 3 Dispersion and Diffusion 4 .1. 4 Sorption 4 .1. 5 Volatility 4 .1. 6 Viscosity 4 .1. 7 Density 4 .1. 8 Chemical Structure 4 .1. 9 Toxicity 4 .1. 10... Governing Selection of FBR vs MARS in the Treatment of Hazardous Water and Wastewater Composition of Diesel Fuel #2 Composition of Various Gasolines Components of Gasoline Composition of Gasoline Selected Compound Types Occurring in JP-5 Trace Elements in Shale-Derived JP-5 Major Components of JP-5 Composition of JP-4 Major Components of JP-4 Trace Elements in Petroleum- Based JP-4 BOD5/COD Ratios for . Crystallization 2 .1. 1.2 .10 Density Separation 2 .1. 1.2 .10 .1 Sedimentation 2 .1. 1.2 .10 .2 Flotation 2 .1. 1.2 .11 Flocculation 2 .1. 1.2 .12 Evaporation 2 .1. 1.2 .13 Stripping 2 .1. 1.2 .14 Distillation 2 .1. 1.2 .15 Filtration 2 .1. 1.2 .16 . Technique 7 .1. 1 .10 Immunofluorescence Microscopy 7 .1. 1 .11 Plate Counts 7 .1. 1 .12 Enrichment Techniques 7 .1. 1 .13 Fume Plate Method 7 .1. 1 .14 Drop Count Method 7 .1. 1 .15 Droplette Method 7 .1. 1 .16 Broth. Technologies 2 .1 On-Site or Ex Situ Processes 2 .1. 1 Physical/Chemical Processes 2 .1. 1 .1 Soil Treatment Systems 2 .1. 1 .1. 1 Thermal Treatment 2 .1. 1 .1. 2 Incineration 2 .1. 1 .1. 3 Soil Washing 2 .1. 1 .1. 4 Chemical