Nyer, Evan K. et al "Frontmatter" In Situ Treatment Technology Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2001 ©2001 CRC Press LLC In Situ Treatment Technology SECOND EDITION Evan K. Nyer Peter L. Palmer Eric P. Carman Gary Boettcher James Bedessem Donald F. Kidd Frank Lenzo Gregory J. Rorech Tom L. Crossman ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller (LOGO) Environmental Science and Engineering Series LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington ©2001 CRC Press LLC This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. 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TD192.8 .I5724 2000 628.5—dc21 00-045045 ©2001 CRC Press LLC Preface Many things have changed, but many things have stayed the same since the first edition of In Situ Treatment Technology was published. One thing that has stayed the same is that this is still the most exciting technical area in the remediation field today. Also, many new important technologies have emerged over the past 5 years, and full-scale installations of existing technologies have broadened our knowledge base. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a single source that consolidates all of this information on the various in situ technologies. The main technology areas of bioremediation (monitored natural attenuation, MNA), vapor extraction, sparging, vacuum enhanced recovery, fracturing, and reactive walls are discussed in individual chapters. New in situ technologies like in situ reactive zones, and phytoremediation are also discussed in individual chapters. This allows for an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art for each technology including laboratory and pilot plant studies, full-scale design, operation and maintenance, cost analysis, and case histories. We have also added full design sections for the vapor extraction, sparging, and vacuum enhanced recovery chapters. This level of detail will help those new to the field develop the correct design methods for these in situ practices. One chapter has remained for non- in situ design considerations. Many of the in situ technologies use air movement as part of their applications. The air usually must be collected and brought above ground for treatment. Chapter 6 is devoted to discussing above-ground air treatment. The book goes beyond discussing individual in situ technologies. The authors felt that it was very important for the reader to end up with an understanding of the geologic foundation and limitations of each of the technologies. The first chapter begins by explaining the limitations of pump and treat remediation. Designers have progressed to in situ technologies because the pump and treat remediations methods have failed to clean most sites. Chapter 1 provides the technical reasons that the pump and treat systems have had limited success, and how these same reasons may limit the success of in situ technologies. The information in Chapter 1 will also provide the reader with a basis to analyze and predict the possible success of any new in situ methods that are developed in the future. Chapter 2, Lifecycle Design, shows the importance of the entire life of the design when using an individual technology. Examples of good lifecycle designs are spread throughout the individual chapters. The book is next broken into two sections. Based upon the geological limitations discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, in situ technologies are mainly used as either mass removal techniques or to enhance the rate of remediation during the “diffusion limited” portion of the project. The mass removal section includes vapor extraction, sparging, and vacuum enhanced recovery. The diffusion controlled sec- tion includes bioremediation, in situ reactive zones, and phytoremediation. While none of the technologies are limited to mass removal or enhancement, they tend to have their main uses. The rest of the book covers the remaining technologies and the final chapter tries to prepare the reader for the potential problems we may face when remediating sites. ©2001 CRC Press LLC I have tried to maintain the easy style of writing that my books normally enjoy. However, I felt that it was important to provide the reader the details necessary to be able to implement the in situ technologies. This dichotomy is one of the main reasons that I have asked the co-authors to participate in the book. Each of the co- authors work on a daily basis with the technology that he or she wrote about. I reviewed and rewrote each of the chapters, but the co-authors provided the meat. The result is, hopefully, a text that is still easy to read, but provides significant design and operational detail for each technology. The co-authors have their own bylines for the chapters that they wrote so that the reader will know the prime source of the information. Many people have to be thanked beyond the co-authors. First, ARCADIS Ger- aghty & Miller has once again provided support and encouragement. There is no way that anyone can write a book today and put food on the table without the support of his or her employer. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller has allowed me and the co- authors the time required for the book, and provided the staff support from drafting and secretaries. Second, I have to thank the authors from the first edition who decided not to continue with the second edition. Frank J. Johns II, Suthan Suthersan, and Sami Fam were all an important part of the first edition and their efforts continue to be a basis for the quality of the second edition. There are over 200 tables and figures in the book. Brian Herrmann continued his efforts from the first edition to complete the added figures for this edition. Carla Gerstner once again stepped up to furnish the main secretarial support for the book. Without her patience and cool head I am not sure that I would have finished the book, and several of the co-authors would not have remained on speaking terms with me. In the technical area we have to thank Kurt Beil, Steve Brussee, Edmond Buc, Jeff Burdick, Scott Davis, Heidi Dauer, Jennifer Evans, Bill Golla, Mike Hansen, John Horst, Chip Hughes, Dan Jacobs, Gary Keyes, Jack Kratzmeyer, Chris McHale, Jim Morgan, Greg Page, Scott Potter, Eileen Schumacher, Matt Waslewski, and Amy Weinert. There is no way this book would have been finished without their support. In situ technologies are an important part of being able to clean sites. I hope that the readers will find this book helpful in their applications of these new methodologies. Evan K. Nyer ©2001 CRC Press LLC The Authors Evan K. Nyer is Senior Vice President of ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc. and is responsible for maintaining and expanding the company’s technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology, engineering, modeling, risk assessment, and bioremedia- tion. He has extensive experience as a groundwater treatment engineer and has designed and installed more than 400 groundwater treatment systems including biological, in situ biological, air stripping, activated carbon, inorganic, advanced oxidation, soil venting, sparging systems, vacuum enhanced remediations, and reac- tive zones. In addition to being responsible for technical designs and strategies, he has published and presented numerous works on groundwater treatment and other aspects of waste management and remediation. Mr. Nyer has taught courses on groundwater cleanup and treatment technologies around the world and is the author of four books: Groundwater and Soil Remediation: Practical Methods and Strategies (Ann Arbor Press), Practical Techniques for Groundwater and Soil Remediation (Lewis Publishers), Groundwater Treatment Technology (Van Nostrand Reinhold), and In Situ Treatment Technology (Lewis Publishers). He was also a principal author of Bioremediation (American Academy of Environmental Engineering) and has written the column “Treatment Technology” for Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation since 1987. Peter L. Palmer, a Senior Vice President in charge of the Remediation Services Business Practice for ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, has 27 years of experience in providing environmental management services. He has written numerous articles on soil and groundwater remediation strategies. He has extensive experience in per- forming projects that have encompassed all aspects of hazardous waste management including the evaluation, design, and construction of remedial measures to abate soil and groundwater contamination at RCRA and CERCLA sites. As both a Professional Engineer and a Professional Geologist, he has a unique perspective in developing remedial measures that cost-effectively integrate source controls and plume reme- diation. He administers ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller’s Innovative Technology Development and Training Program to promote the use of creative, cost-effective approaches for solving remedial challenges. Eric P. Carman, P.G. is a Principal Hydrogeologist and Associate Vice President with ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller. He has more than 15 years of environmental experience and has been a consultant with ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller since 1998. He received his B.S. in Geology from the University of Iowa and M.S. in Hydro- geology from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Mr. Carman specializes in implementing and managing innovative cleanup strat- egies using biotechnologies for industrial and public sector clients. Involved with applications of bioremediation since 1990, he has been working in the field of phytoremediation since 1993. His phytoremediation experience includes projects across the United States, including the first project in Wisconsin to use phytoreme- diation to address petroleum hydrocarbons. He has published several papers on bioremediation and phytoremediation and has given lectures at many universities. ©2001 CRC Press LLC Mr. Carman is an active member of Society of Military Engineers, American Chem- ical Society, and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry. Gary Boettcher is an Associate Vice President and senior Project Manager for ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller. Mr. Boettcher manages and directs multi-facetted and multi-disciplined projects relating to environmental remediation, property devel- opment, and property acquisition. Mr. Boettcher subscribes to the project manage- ment concept of “define, plan, and control” whereby scope, schedule, budget, and execution progress are clearly and frequently conveyed to his clients such that objectives and expectations are met. Technical project elements have included groundwater investigation, recovery, treatment, and management; soil investigation and treatment; regulatory interface; engineering design, construction, and operations; data review and validation; third-party review, recommendations, and negotiations; and human health and ecological risk management. Mr. Boettcher has 16 years of environmental experience obtained in the chemical industry, decontamination equipment manufacturing, hazardous waste treatment industry, and environmental consulting. Mr. Boettcher specializes in investigation and remediation of impacted groundwater and soil. He has been a project engineer, scientist, and manager on federal and state Superfund, RCRA, and various industrial projects throughout the United States including Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. He offers his clients broad technical capabilities having served as a consultant, field implementor, and project manager and has consistently provided cost-effective ser- vices to clients. Mr. Boettcher’s objective is to provide practical solutions to envi- ronmental challenges, tailored to client needs and expectations. He has considerable experience in developing, interacting, and negotiating favorable regulatory strategies in California and Texas, designing investigation and remediation strategies to allow property transactions to occur, preparing for potential toxic tort litigation, and imple- menting projects with the goal of recovering cost from environmental insurance carriers. Mr. Boettcher has developed added specialization in the area of bioremediation where he has designed, managed, and implemented in situ and ex situ bioremediation processes to treat hydrocarbons and industrial solvents. These programs were enhanced by his knowledge of chemical properties and their fate in the environment using the literature, experience, and implementation of laboratory treatability studies. Mr. Boettcher has co-authored several papers and textbooks on remediation and contributed to the development of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) guidance documents focusing on use of aerobic biological treatability studies at CERCLA sites. James M. Bedessem, P.E. has more than 10 years of experience in environmental consulting and currently serves as the manager of engineering for the Tampa and Palm Beach Gardens offices of ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller. During his career, he has served in a wide variety of technical and managerial roles, including technical advisor, project manager, design engineer, construction manager, and operations specialist. He has also evaluated, designed, and implemented numerous treatment technologies for both soil and water, including several innovative technologies. Mr. Bedessem is experienced at leading remedial investigation, design, and implemen- tation efforts at Superfund and RCRA sites. ©2001 CRC Press LLC Donald F. Kidd, P.E. has more than 13 years of experience in the design, installation, and operation of soil and groundwater treatment systems. He is a Professional Civil Engineer in several states and is responsible for technical support and quality assurance of remedial engineering projects conducted within the western region of ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller. His responsibilities include training and professional development for both internal and external staff involved in remediation. Mr. Kidd’s technical emphasis is on site data analysis and cleanup strategy devel- opment. Since the late 1980s, he has been responsible for planning/coordination of pilot tests, interpretation of results, and design of full-scale systems under a variety of geologic conditions and a wide range of contaminants. Mr. Kidd is a co-author of the first edition of In Situ Treatment Technology and is the author of several other published papers covering the practical application of engineering principles within the environmental field. Frank Lenzo has been involved in the environmental field for more than 18 years, providing expertise in the testing, design, and application of in situ and ex situ treatment systems for groundwater remediation. He presently serves as a member of ARCADIS’ Innovative Strategies Group, providing alternative technical approaches to subsurface remediation problems. He has managed or provided senior support for system designs involving enhanced reductive dechlorination, in situ metals precipitation, natural attenuation processes, vacuum enhanced recovery, air sparging, soil vapor extraction, biosparging, and bioventing. Gregory J. Rorech, P.E. is President of Progressive Engineering & Construc- tion, Inc. He specializes in the evaluation, development, design, and implementation of both innovative and conventional remediation technologies. Mr. Rorech has been utilizing his chemical engineering expertise to assist industrial and municipal clients with environmental and process concerns for more than 15 years. As President of Progressive Engineering & Construction, Inc., Mr. Rorech is responsible for direct- ing the firm's current work at CERCLA, RCRA, hydrocarbon, and consent decree sites throughout the United States. Mr. Rorech's expertise with remedial strategy development, regulatory negotiation, economic analysis, innovative technologies, implementation, and design as well as system operations enables him to develop cost-effective closure strategies for his clients. Remedial technologies recently implemented include monitored natural attenuation, enhanced reductive dechlorina- tion, air sparging, enhanced vacuum extraction, permeable treatment barriers, in situ chemical oxidation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrochemical precipitation, phytoremediation, vacuum extraction, and bioremediation. Mr. Rorech has written extensively on groundwater and soil remediation technologies, is a contributing author on six books, and is an instructor for The Princeton Remediation Course. Tom L. Crossman, Manager Bio/Phytoremediation Services, has a B.S. in Dairy Technology/Microbiology. Mr. Crossman worked in the research and development of fermented food products, focused on accelerated aging and flavor-forming pro- cesses in cheeses, yogurts, etc., via enzymes and fermentation technologies. He has applied biotechnology featuring immobilized enzyme and cell reactors resulting in two immobilized enzyme patents via controlled-porosity supports for bioreactor technology. At ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc., Mr. Crossman’s primary focus is on in situ intrinsic bioattenuation and intrinsic reductive dechlorination, having ©2001 CRC Press LLC evaluated and applied intrinsic remediation in over 60 remedial strategies. His secondary focus is on phytoremediation (use of vegetation) of groundwater for remediation of TCE-contaminated groundwater and weathered hydrocarbons on vadose zone soils. He is a mentor on intrinsic remediation and phytoremediation for the firm. He is the only consultant-member of the ACT 307 Subcommittee in Michigan providing guidelines for bioremediation of chlorinateds and hydrocarbons. ©2001 CRC Press LLC Contents Chapter 1 Limitations of Pump and Treat Remediation Methods Evan K. Nyer Chapter 2 Lifecycle Design Evan K. Nyer MASS REMOVAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 3 Vapor Extraction and Bioventing Gregory J. Rorech Chapter 4 Vacuum-Enhanced Recovery Peter L. Palmer, Evan K. Nyer Chapter 5 In Situ Air Sparging James M. Bedessem Chapter 6 Air Treatment for In Situ Technologies Donald F. Kidd, Evan K. Nyer DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 7 In Situ Bioremediation Gary Boettcher, Evan K. Nyer Chapter 8 Reactive Zone Remediation Frank Lenzo Chapter 9 Phytoremediation Tom L. Crossman, Eric P. Carman MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Chapter 10 Fracturing Donald F. Kidd [...]... 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Vinyl Chloride o-Xylene Solubilitya (mg/l) -1 2.85 X 10 1. 8 X 1 0 -1 6 X 1 0-3 5 X 10 1 1. 4 X 10 4 1. 2 X 10 4 2 X 10 4 2.68 X 10 5 2.54 X 10 1 4.8 X 10 4 3.2 X 10 1 1. 9 X 10 3 1. 4 X 10 1 9.3 X 10 4 2.9 X 10 3 1. 5 X 10 2 3 X 1 0 -1 5.35 X 10 2 3 X 10 1 1. 5 X 10 3 4.5 X 10 3 1. 1 X 10 3 8 X 10 2 2.67 X 10 3 1. 75 X 10 2 Ref 2 2 1a 2 2 2 1 1b 2a 3 2 2 1 1a,b 2 1a 4 1a 2 1a 1a 1a 2 1a 1c Solubility of 1, 000,000 mg/l assigned... 2,6-Dinitrotoluene 1, 4-Dioxane Ethylbenzene Kow 4 1. 0 X 10 6 X 1 0 -1 1. 07 X 10 6 1. 3 X 10 2 1. 15 X 10 6 3.24 X 10 6 7.4 X 10 1 7.6 X 10 1 2.5 X 10 2 4.4 X 10 2 6.9 X 10 2 3.5 X 10 1 9.3 X 10 1 1. 5 X 10 1 3.9 X 10 3 6.2 X 10 1 3.0 X 10 1 6.9 X 10 1 5 3 6.5 X 10 2 1. 3 X 10 2 1. 0 X 10 2 1. 02 1. 4 X 10 3 Ref 2 1d 2 1a 2 2 2 2 1b 1a 1a 2 1a 2 2 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 2 2 2 2 1a Compound 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41. .. Specific Gravitya 1. 069 (95°/95°) 7 91 1.5 (25°) 87900 1. 35 (25°) NA 1. 316 (28°/4°) 2.006 (15 °/4°) 2.903 (15 °) 1. 594 1. 106 903 (10 °) 1. 49 (20°C liquid) 1. 2 41 (18 .2° /15 °) 1. 458 ( 21 ) 1. 176 1. 253 1. 250 (15 °) 1. 27 (25°C liquid) 1. 27 (25°C liquid) 1. 255 1. 189 (25°/25°) 1. 283 (11 1°) 1. 034 867 Ref 1 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 6 1 1 1 1 Compound 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45... 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol Vinyl Chloride o-Xylene Kow 3 9.5 X 10 2. 51 X 10 4 1. 7 X 10 5 3.98 X 10 4 2.5 X 10 1 5.0 X 10 1 1. 9 X 10 1 1. 8 1. 3 X 10 4 NA 2.8 X 10 3 7 .1 X 10 1 1. 0 X 10 5 2.9 X 10 1 2.5 X 10 2 3.9 X 10 2 6.6 1. 3 X 10 2 2.0 X 10 4 3.2 X 10 2 2.9 X 10 2 2.4 X 10 2 7.4 X 10 1 2.4 X 10 1 8.9 X 10 2 Ref 2 2 1a 2 3 2 1b 1a 2 2 2 1b 1a 2 1a 4 1a 2 1b 1a 1a 2 1a 1c NA = Not Available 1 Superfund Public Health Evaluation... Solubilitya (mg/l) 3.42 1 X 10 6a 1. 2 X 1 0-2 1. 75 X 10 3 1. 2 X 1 0-3 7 X 1 0-4 2.7 X 10 3 4.4 X 10 3 3. 01 X 10 3 7.57 X 10 2 4.66 X 10 2 5.74 X 10 3 8.2 X 10 3 2.9 X 10 4 7.9 X 10 1 5.5 X 10 3 8.52 X 10 3 2.25 X 10 3 3.5 X 10 3 6.3 X 10 3 6.2 X 10 2 4.32 X 10 3 1. 32 X 10 3 4. 31 X 10 5 1. 52 X 10 2 Ref 2 1 2 1a 2 2 2 2 1b 1a 1a 2 1a 2 2 1a 1a 1a 1a 1a 2 2 2 2 1a Compound 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46... Nostrand Reinhold Co., (19 83) 6 Merck Index, 9th ed Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., (19 76) ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Ref 1 5 1 6 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Table 3 Physical/Chemical Properties of Selected Petroleum Hydrocarbons Molecular Weight Specific Gravity 72 .15 86 .17 14 2.28 0.626 0.66 0.73 360 (16 ) 13 (20) 0.009 (20) Cyclopropane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane 42.08 70 .14 84 .16 0.72 0.7 51 0.779... 0.7 51 0.779 37,000 . 1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 2.9 X 10 3 2 16 1, 1-Dichloroethane 5.5 X 10 3 1a 41 Tetrachloroethylene 1. 5 X 10 2 1a 17 1, 2-Dichloroethane 8.52 X 10 3 1a 42 Tetrahydrofuran 3 X 10 -1 4 18 1, 1-Dichloroethylene. 2.25 X 10 3 1a 43 Toluene 5.35 X 10 2 1a 19 cis -1 , 2-Dichloroethylene 3.5 X 10 3 1a 44 1, 2,4-Trichlorobenzene 3 X 10 1 2 20 trans -1 , 2-Dichloroethylene 6.3 X 10 3 1a 45 1, 1 , 1- Trichloroethane. 2 13 Chloroform 8.2 X 10 3 1a 38 Pentachlorophenol 1. 4 X 10 1 1 14 2-Chlorophenol 2.9 X 10 4 2 39 Phenol 9.3 X 10 4 1a,b 15 p-Dichlorobenzene (1, 4) 7.9 X 10 1 2 40 1, 1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane