© 2001 by CRC Press LLC Chapter Nine System Integration and Deployment © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 9.1 The Integration of Mixed Waste Treatment into an Environmental and Quality Management System John F. Meagher The International Center for Environmental Technology (INTERCET, LTD) McLean, Virginia Introduction This section discusses the role of modern methods in mixed waste treatment (MWT) technology as part of a systematic approach of integrating this technology into an environmental management system (EMS) or a quality management system (QMS), with environmentally sustainable development (ESD) or environmental sustainability as a performance goal. A brief background on the two major international standards (ISO 9001:1994 and ISO 14001:1996) as templates for quality and environmental management systems is provided. Because MWT technology is a broad area, the emphasis in this section is on the planning aspects and major questions a professional should consider when deliberating the successful integration of MWT technology into an EMS and QMS. Planning aspects should encompass key areas such as human health toxicology, human health risk assessment, and ecotoxicology. The principles of this section can also be used for any type of waste, mixed as well as non-mixed. This section will help prepare the reader so he/she can choose the best MWT technology for a particular need, thereby attaining or approaching environmental sustainability. Texts and references listed at the end of the section provide further detail about the QMS, EMS, and ESD. What Is Environmental Sustainability and its Relationship to MWT? Environmental sustainability and sustainable development are terms sometimes used interchangeably. Without splitting hairs, one might say that sustainable development leads to environmental sustainability. To explain more precisely what these concepts mean, and how crucial they are for MWT technology, a short history of their evolution is beneficial. In 1987, the United Nations (U.N.) World Commission on Environment and Development (Brundt- land Commission) coined sustainable development in its report entitled Our Common Future. This report, which emphasized the need to balance environmental protection and economic growth, defined sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the © 2001 by CRC Press LLC ability of future generations to meet their needs. This perhaps is the earliest modern use of the term and the simplest definition. In 1991, the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) created the Business Charter for Sustainable Development. The ICC Charter is composed of 16 principles for environmental management that foster sustainable development. The principles in this document include some of the basic elements of envi- ronmental management systems still in use today. In 1992, the U.N. Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The conference, also known as the Rio Summit or Earth Summit, resulted in two important documents: Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. Agenda 21 is a comprehensive guidance document for sustainable development, and the Rio Declaration provides a set of 27 principles for achieving sustainable development. The progress of the Agenda 21 initiatives was evaluated in a follow-up summit in June of 1997. The goals of this follow-up summit were to assess progress, share best practices, evaluate gaps in financial and economic terms, and build better infrastructure toward Agenda 21 sustainable development objec- tives. The summit results indicated: 1. An increase in global warming from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide 2. A growing presence of toxic chemicals in the environment 3. A growing scarcity of freshwater and a loss of productive farmland 4. Growing marine pollution and a loss of viable fisheries 5. Continued destruction of forests. Also in 1997, at a global warming convention in Kyoto, Japan, consensus was reached on cutting back on greenhouse gases to various degrees in various regions of the world, and timetables to achieve these cutbacks were set. At the time this section was written, the U.S. Congress had not ratified the Kyoto agreement and was not expected to do so. But its impact has been felt in many U.S. industrial sectors, and voluntary compliance with carbon dioxide reduction levels has gained momentum. Carbon dioxide production and the growing need to reduce it affects MWT technology decisions now and will continue to do so in the future. In May 1999, the U.S. Presidents Council on Sustainable Development released Towards a Sustainable America: Advancing Prosperity, Opportunity, and a Healthy Environment for the 21st Century Final Report of the Presidents Council on Sustainable Development. This report concluded that moving environmental management into the 21st century required: A broader understanding of the nature, source, and linkage of environmental problems and recasting of potential solutions A system that is goal-, performance-, and information-driven; is attuned to natural ecological cycles; incorporates the values of community and place; is sensitive to variations in the business sector and changes in the economy; and increases outside participation in decisions that affect the environment and neighboring communities Continued refinement of traditional environmental management tools, while encouraging devel- opment of new tools and collaborative strategies. The Presidents Council outlined many goals defining environmental sustainability; the four most important relating to MWT are listed below: Goal 1: Health and the Environment. Ensure that every person enjoys the benefits of clean air, clean water, and a healthy environment at home, work, and play. Goal 2: Economic Prosperity. Sustain a healthy U.S. economy that grows sufficiently to create meaningful jobs, reduce poverty, and provide the opportunity for a high quality of life for all in an increasingly competitive world. Goal 3: Equity. Ensure that all Americans are afforded justice and have the opportunity to achieve economic, environmental, and social well-being. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Goal 4: Conservation of Nature. Use, conserve, protect, and restore natural resources, land, air, water, and biodiversity in ways that help ensure long-term social, economic, and environmental benefits for ourselves and future generations. The first three goals outline what has been called the three Es of sustainable development: environment, economics, and equity. The last goal addresses the broad definition of environmental sustainability that can be summarized as leaving the earth in at least as good a condition for future generations as was received by ours. These national and international initiatives on sustainable development have marked the dawn of a new age in environmental protection. The initiatives directly impact MWT as the last link in a technical system chain (or system) leading to the environment. The growing societal expectation in the past decade, which will likely continue in the 21st century, is for the public and private sectors to operate sustainably. Technically, this forces two modes of operation: either a closed-loop system with no impact on the environment of which MWT will be one facet of that cycle or an open system that involves MWT as the last link to the environment. For open systems, defined as a system in which the material at the end of the treatment process will be released to the environment, the mixed waste treatment chosen must have scientific assurance (through risk assessment and other means) that the environmental products released will be reincorporated renewably into the environment, be economically feasible, and equitable for the community. In short, if an MWT system is not closed, the MWT technology model used will have to limit disposal within the assimilative capacity of the air, water, and soil. Examples of these technologies are described elsewhere in this Handbook. The term system was highlighted above (in italics) to underscore the importance of its ability to demonstrate accountability and verification of MWT technology in relation to environmental perfor- mance and sustainable development. For the remainder of this section, the ISO standards for quality (ISO 9001:1994, Specification for a Quality Management System (SQMS)) and environmental (ISO 14001:1996, Specifications for an Environmental Management Standard (SEMS)) will be used as tem- plates for integrated quality and environmental management. These standards, the most globally accepted of their kind, outline the concepts common to all good quality and environmental management systems. What Are ISO and ISO 9001 and ISO 14001? The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), founded in 1946, is responsible for the devel- opment of the ISO 14000 series of international quality and environmental management standards. ISO, based in Geneva, Switzerland, has developed international voluntary consensus standards for manufac- turing, communication, trade, and management systems. Its mission is to promote international trade by harmonizing international standards and developing new ones when there is a need. More than 100 countries have national standards bodies that are members of ISO, although only a few are voting members (called participating, or P, members) with the power to vote on ISO standards. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the U.S. representative to ISO, voting on ISO standard matters on behalf of the United States. ANSI was formed in 1918 to develop U.S. consensus standards and to coordinate this nations involvement in international standards. ANSI consists of representatives from industry, government, consumer organizations, professional societies, labor, and other groups and represents a wide berth of American stakeholders. All voting within ISO is on a one- country, one-vote basis; the size of a nations market, geographical area, or population is not a factor. ANSI is the only private-sector, nongovernmental voting member within the ISO and reflects the United States dedication to private-sector control of voluntary standards related to trade and other matters. ISO produces specification standards, which have certain elements that must be implemented as requirements if one is to conform to the standard. Through an internal or external auditing process, parties demonstrate conformance to a specification through a registrar or other recognized standards body. The ISO also produces guidelines, which are not requirements and may not be audited; however, © 2001 by CRC Press LLC these guidelines provide users with internationally agreed-to definitions, interpretations of elements of a standard, and helpful advice with implementation. Development of ISO 9000 Quality Management Standards The ISO 9000 series of international quality management standards was published in 1987 after nearly a decade of back-and-forth negotiation. These standards were created to promote consistent quality practices and to facilitate international trade. The ISO 9000 series has been adopted by more than 80 countries and is used as a benchmark for quality management by industry and government bodies worldwide. In some cases, ISO 9000 registration has become a prerequisite for doing business, both domestically and internationally. In North America alone, more than 25,000 companies are registered to ISO 9000 and the number is growing. The QMS framework can serve as a foundation for environmental management systems and for their integration. In essence, an EMS is the application of QMS principles to the management of environmental affairs. ISO 14001 was drafted with language to provide consistency between standards, and although ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 have different focuses, they share many similar requirements. The three specification documents for the ISO 9000 series are ISO 9001, ISO 9002, and ISO 9003. The key differences between ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 is that ISO 14001 requires planning steps to identify environmental aspects and significant environmental impacts that become the basis of an organizations objectives and targets. For ISO 14001, an organization is responsible for setting its own environmental objectives and targets; for ISO 9000, quality objectives are contractual agreements between an organiza- tion and its customer(s). Development of the ISO 14000 Series Environmental Management Standards and their Relationship to MWT In June 1991, the ISO formed the Strategic Advisory Group on the Environment (SAGE). SAGE assessed the need for international environmental management standards and recommended that ISO move forward with their development. In January 1993, the ISO formed Technical Committee 207 (TC 207) and charged it with the development of the ISO 14000 series of standards. TC 207 is composed of various subcommittees and working groups. Representatives from the ISO member countries contribute their input to TC 207 through national delegations. In 1996, TC 207 developed the ISO 14001 standard, which specifies requirements for an EMS. The ISO 14001 standard is the only one within the ISO 14000 series that is designed to be audited a true specification standard, as mentioned elsewhere. ISO 14001 contains 17 elements that comprise an EMS. In addition to ISO 14001, TC 207 is also developing several guidance documents. ISO 14001, ISO 14004 (an EMS guidance document), and three environmental auditing guidelines (ISO 14010, ISO 14011, and ISO 14012) were published in September 1996. At the time this section was written, other documents covering environmental labeling, life-cycle assessment, and environmental performance eval- uation were being developed. Published ISO standards must be reviewed and revised every 5 years. ISO 14000 is a series of internationally recognized standards for structuring an organizations EMS and managing the environmental performance of the system to effect environmental improvement and cost savings. The ISO 14000 series includes standards for EMS (14001, 14004), auditing (14010, 14011, 14012), labeling (14020, 14021, 14024), environmental performance evaluation (14031), and life-cycle analysis (14040). ISO 14001 is the cornerstone document of the ISO 14000 series of standards, and is modeled after the highly successful ISO 9000 QMS standards. It is the document used for registration. ISO 14001 requires a company to: 1. Develop an environmental policy with a commitment to compliance, prevention of pollution, and continual improvement 2. Conduct planning that identifies environmental aspects of an operation and legal requirements, sets objectives and targets consistent with policy, and establish an environmental management program © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 3. Implement and operate the program to include defined structure and responsibility, training, communication, documentation, operational control, and emergency preparedness and response 4. Implement checking and corrective action to include monitoring, corrective and preventive action, and auditing 5. Establish management review MWT technology has a major role in all five of these standard elements, as will be discussed in detail later in this section. Because MWT technology is chosen and implemented primarily for environmental concerns, the major elements of the ISO 14001 standard are overviewed and related to quality. Elements of the ISO 14001 Standard First, an overview is needed of the major elements of ISO 14001:1996, (SEMS). The elements listed here also have many parallels to ISO 9001:1994 (SQMS). MWT technology will be heavily concerned with the functioning of an EMS, so this overview sets the stage for comparison. Environmental policy. Develop a statement of the organizations commitment to the environment. At a minimum, the organization must commit to three things in its policy: compliance with regulations, prevention of pollution, and continual improvement of the management system. The policy acts as a framework for planning and action. Environmental aspects. Identify environmental attributes of the organizations products, activities, and services. Determine those that could have significant impact on the environment. Legal and other requirements. Identify and ensure access to relevant laws and regulations (and other requirements to which the organization adheres e.g., responsible care). Objectives and targets. Establish environmental goals for the organization, in line with its policy, environmental impacts, views of interested parties, and other factors. Environmental management program. Plan actions to achieve environmental objectives and targets. Structure and responsibility. Establish roles and responsibilities, and provide resources to attain environmental objectives and targets. Training, awareness, and competence. Ensure that employees are trained and capable of carrying out their environmental responsibilities. Communication. Establish processes for internal and external communications on environmental management issues. EMS documentation. Maintain information on the EMS and related documents. Document control. Ensure effective management of procedures and other system documents. Operational control. Identify, plan, and manage operations and activities in line with the organi- zations environmental policy, objectives, and targets. Emergency preparedness and response. Identify potential emergencies and develop procedures for preventing and responding to them. Monitoring and measurement. Monitor key activities and track environmental performance. Nonconformance and corrective and preventive action. Identify and correct problems and prevent recurrences. Records. Keep adequate EMS performance records. EMS audit. Periodically verify that the EMS is functioning as intended. Management review. Periodically review the EMS with the goal of continual improvement of the management system. In the list above, if the word quality were substituted for environment, it would closely parallel what is required in an ISO 9001 quality management system. ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 each encompass a say what you will do, do what you will say, and document it philosophy. The standards outline a © 2001 by CRC Press LLC process, not a technology-specific course of action. This is important for our discussion of MWT technology and systems integration because it allows greater flexibility in selecting the most appropriate MWT technology. What Is Integration? Integrate is defined as to make whole or complete by adding or bringing together parts. This concept is especially important because, too often, MWT has been viewed as a necessary evil or as an overhead cost, entirely separate from the quality functions. The lack of integration of MWT into quality and environmental management has caused problems in selecting the technology that best met all of the stakeholders needs (the community as well as the environment) or in satisfying the three Es of sustainable development. Integration solves this problem by linking QMS and EMS, where possible, to save cost, time, and effort and to satisfy all stakeholder needs through communication, efficiency, and performance. How Does One Achieve Integration of MWT with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001? The ISO 9001 QMS and the ISO 14001 EMS standards share many parallel elements, which makes it easy to link them together. The means advocated here to achieve MWT technology integration is twofold: 1. Use the process outlined by these system standards to examine quality and environmental needs and goals side by side, considering quality and environmental concerns. 2. Ask the right questions to ensure that each element is satisfied for both quality and environmental concerns with a goal of attaining environmental sustainability. To do this more effectively, a primer on human toxicology, human health risk assessment, and ecotox- icology is provided in other chapters of this Handbook. Life-cycle analysis is also examined to help evaluate economic impacts that will prove useful when canvassing MWT options and deciding the best means to achieve quality and environmental sustainability outcomes. Step-by-Step Integration of MWT into an ISO 9001 Quality and ISO 14001 Environmental Management System This subsection outlines the major questions on integrating MWT into an organizations quality and environmental management systems. There is not enough space for a detailed discussion of all elements of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards requirements as they relate to MWT technology, but all elements are covered in some fashion, and helpful suggestions are provided. When reviewing this subsection, it is recommended that the reader have available a copy of the ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards, along with their guideline documents. Policy An organizations policy with respect to quality and the environment is fundamental to frame the context of MWT technology selection and how it will be integrated into these systems. The goals set out in the policy drive performance, and the remainder of the system (including MWT technology) must support policy. A fundamental question is: What is the organizations commitment to environmental sustainability? If there is a commitment to ESD, then the MWT technology chosen to be integrated in the systems must be made with this policy goal in mind. If there is no commitment to ESD, one might ask whether it could be. In the near future, environmental sustainability may be an external requirement it would be wise to consider this as a policy goal even if ones organization does not presently require it. Remember that, at a minimum, ISO 14001 requires that an organizations environmental policy be appropriate to the nature, scale, and environmental impacts of its activities, products, and services. There should also be a commitment to pollution prevention, legal compliance, and related matters, and con- tinual improvement over the ISO 9001 QMS goals of meeting customer quality expectations is desired. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC A separate environmental policy with these elements could be promulgated. Insertion of these statements in the quality policy is also a means of achieving QMS and EMS systems integration. The commitments made in policy will provide clear direction for MWT technology selection. Planning Planning is the most important element in integrating MWT into a quality and environmental manage- ment system. It is necessary to understand the difference between an environmental aspect and an impact as defined by ISO, and then build the planning process around identification of these as they relate to the MWT technology being considered. Section 3.3 of ISO 14001 defines an environmental aspect as an element of an organizations activities, products and services which can interact with the environment. An environmental impact is defined in Section 3.4 of ISO 14001 as any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial, wholly or partially resulting from an organizations activities, products or services. The organization is required under this standard to identify significant aspects. The organization determines what is significant and all of the aspects to be addressed by the system. A minimalist view would be environmental or occupa- tional health regulatory compliance. Regulatory compliance may be adequate for sustainability in some cases, if such compliance meets the criteria for sustainable development. An environmentally sustainable definition of significant would be a documented, scientifically sound risk to ecological or human health for this or future generations. The planning elements in the ISO 14001 standard strongly parallel design requirements under ISO 9001. For any integration of MWT technology into an ISO QMS and EMS system, the potential and actual causes (aspects) of such technology should be identified, as should the potential effects (impacts). Proper MWT selection is significant because it brings us front and center to human and ecotoxicology risk assessment paradigms and involves the economic elements (satisfying customer needs at a reasonable cost) and community concerns (equity) essential for environmental sustainability. All must be considered and satisfied. One of the paradigms to examine when planning is: Poor Quality Poor Yield Waste Negative Environmental Aspects Negative Environmental Impacts Reduced Profits, Adverse Worker and Community Health Risk or Outcomes, and Long-Term Envi- ronmental Damage The reverse and positive side of this planning paradigm is: Good Quality Good Yields Minimal to No Waste Minimal to No Environmental Aspects Minimal to No Environmental Impacts Maximum Profits, Minimal to No Adverse Worker or Community Health Risk or Outcomes, Minimal to No Environmental Damage, Possibly Demon- strated Environmental Improvement It is important to remember that living systems operate in an environmentally sustainable fashion. In nature, all waste materials are recycled in a manner that is consistent with the capacity of the environment. A major industrial design consideration for MWT is to achieve this performance characteristic as much as possible. The planning process will involve and ISO 14001 requires consideration of legal and other requirements, which, combined with the human toxicology and ecotoxicology risk assessments, will help set priorities, objectives, and targets for planning MWT integration. The simplest model for MWT integration planning is to look at all MWT in a linear fashion as follows: MWT Input → MWT Process → MWT Output Examining MWT technology in a linear fashion, yet applying a systematic approach, allows use of a logical planning process to achieve quality and environmental system integration. Although it is displayed linearly for simplicity, this is actually a cycle with the endpoint (MWT output) representing a reintro- duction of material as an input to production or sustainable commerce, or as an input to the environment for complete assimilation. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC MWT Input Planning Input is the first area to consider in planning MWT. Questions that can be asked include: 1. What waste stream(s) will the MWT be treating? 2. What volume of waste over what period of time will be treated? 3. Will the mixed waste stream be of a consistent quality or will it be variable? 4. What are the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the mixed waste material to be treated? In quality and environmental management terms, the importance of knowing what type or types, how much, and the properties of the waste to be treated cannot be over-emphasized. MWT input must be estimated as accurately as possible when planning appropriately for quality and environmental manage- ment system integration. Why? is another important input question, and the answer is more complex than it might seem at first. When considering input for MWT, one should examine opportunities to reduce pollution at the source. Questions that can be asked include: 1. Can a design change be made upstream that will produce the product or service so that MWT can be avoided entirely? 2. Can there be process changes to prevent pollution or minimize the waste to be treated? If waste can be reduced at the source, it extends the life of the equipment. Alternatively, the MWT process can be avoided entirely, thus eliminating the risk to human health and ecological destruction altogether, which would be the optimal environmentally sustainable option. Other chapters in this volume that deal with industrial waste classification, waste characterization, and in situ and laboratory techniques for characterizing wastes will help answer questions about MWT technology input. Three Environmentally Sustainable Options for MWT Process Planning Once the input or the mixed waste is characterized adequately (including the estimated mixed waste volume), the next step is planning for the MWT process. To achieve total environmental sustainability, there are three possibilities for MWT technology: 1. Transformational reprocessing of mixed waste into something that can be reintroduced to pro- duction or sold to a customer. 2. Transformational reprocessing of mixed waste for release to the environment with no human toxicological or health risk, or ecotoxicological impact or risk. 3. Transformational reprocessing of mixed waste for release to the environment with minimized impact and risk to human toxicological or health risk, or ecotoxicological impact or risk. The first two possibilities listed above are the superior choices, of course. They are examples of a MWT closed-loop system process, where treated mixed waste is recycled into something that is used, remanu- factured or sold, or is rendered into a material that has no negative impact on the environment or possibly even has a positive impact (e.g., waste biotransformation or composting). The third option is an open system process, where some potentially hazardous material is released to the environment, preferably at levels well below human and ecological risk. An open system could be sustainable if the amount released to the environment does not impoverish the utility and productivity of an ecosystem for this and future generations a process that requires scientific risk assessment, economic analysis, and multiple impact analysis to prove substantially and beyond a reasonable doubt that it is harmless. Open system environmental sustainability is possible, and for some mixed waste streams it may be the only practical option available. Examples of mixed waste processes that can be used for transformation/reprocessing for recycling, reuse, and possible reintroduction to the economy are as follows: © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 1. Separation techniques. The systemic question is: Can the mixed waste be unmixed easily, or not mixed to begin with, to permit production of a useful product? The MWT professional, working with the design team to separate waste streams as far upstream as possible in the manufacturing system so that waste products remain simple or more pure, is an example of good quality and environmental management system planning for MWT. Gravimetric settling or filtration processes are also possible MWT techniques that could be used to separate materials for reuse or resale. 2. Concentration techniques. The systemic question is: Can the mixed waste be processed in a way that captures and concentrates the waste material to permit production of a useful product? The MWT professional is looking for a means to concentrate the hazardous material before it reaches the environment, and thus produce a useful material. An example of this technique is to capture hazardous materials from a waste stream and re-release them into a manufacturing process, such as using activated carbon to capture solvents from wastewater and then using thermal desorption to release them to a processing stream. Another example would be to use a cationic resin to capture low levels of heavy metals from a wastewater stream and then release the metals from the resin in an acid bath that could be turned over to a plating operation. Yet another example would be to use a condenser column to capture unpolymerized monomer (e.g., butadiene or styrene) from a synthetic rubber operation and then reintroduce the captured material to the polymerization operation. In all of these situations, the waste is captured and concentrated as part of the treatment process to produce something useful for manufacturing and not introduced into the environment. 3. Select thermal techniques. The systemic question is: Can the waste material be transformed chem- ically and physically through heat to permit production of a useful product? A good example is the steam gasification of fossil fuel and carbon-containing wastes described by Dr. Terry Galloway elsewhere in this handbook. Using this technique, high sulfur coal and solid waste can be trans- formed into carbon disulfide, middle distillates, and asphalt and other hydrocarbons without combustion or carbon dioxide generation. This technique is especially useful for complicated carbon-containing wastes. Wet air oxidation, hydrothermal oxidation, and molten salt oxidation, also discussed elsewhere in this handbook, offer the means to be able to transform materials with some energy expense into other materials that may be useful or reduce and eliminate environmental impact. 4. Select non-thermal treatment technologies. The systemic question is: Can the waste material be transformed chemically and physically to permit production of a useful product? Dehalogenation of, for example, a large concentrated pool of polychlorinated biphenyls from transformers is an example of this process. Electrochemical and direct oxidation are other examples. These MWT processes are described in more detail elsewhere in this handbook. Examples of mixed waste processes that can be used for transformation/reprocessing for recycling, reuse, and possibly for release to the environment are as follows: 1. Select thermal techniques. The systemic question is: Can the mixed waste be transformed through heat into a material that will not pose a human or ecological health or toxicity risk and can be assimilated by the environment with no negative impact? The two primary techniques would be plasma transformation or incineration; both are discussed elsewhere in this handbook. In some situations, it may prove technically and economically infeasible to process the material into some- thing useful; thus, transforming it into a simple material (e.g., carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide, totally assimilated by the environment) may be the best or only option. If the volume of waste processed is low, this may prove to be a sustainable option given the toxicity of the starting mixed waste material. With carbon dioxide reduction becoming a greater priority, however, careful consideration should be given to this option. Perhaps the carbon dioxide produced from the incineration could be concentrated or sequestered in some fashion by a secondary treatment to provide a closed system. [...]... Installation and Servicing; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 4 ISO 90 02, Quality Systems Model for Production, Installation and Servicing; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 4 ISO 90 03, Quality Systems Model for Final Inspection and Test; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 4 ISO 90 04, Quality... Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 9 ISO 14040, Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Guidelines; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; [Draft stage] ISO 90 00, Quality Management and Quality Assurance Guidelines for Selection and Use; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 4 ISO 90 01, Quality Systems Model for Quality... Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 6 ISO 14010, Guidelines for Environmental Auditing General Principles; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 6 ISO 14011, Guidelines for Environmental Auditing Audit Procedures, Part 1: Auditing of Environmental Management Systems; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 6 ISO 14012,... sections in this Handbook have discussed industrial waste classification and waste characterization, including laboratory and in situ techniques These techniques are useful primarily in determining the qualitative aspects of the mixed waste stream for QMS and EMS system input Additional sections in this handbook describe measurement and sampling techniques, including statistical inferences and analytical... satisfying corrective and preventive action documentation requirements for the ISO 90 01 and ISO 14001 standards Records ISO 90 01 and ISO 14001 have similar requirements for records The documentation tables above (Tables 9. 1.1 and 9. 1.2) list record-keeping requirements for these standards As mentioned earlier in this section section, electronic communication greatly facilitates efficient handling of this... consensus standards may emerge or may be needed in the future The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) published an OHSMS guidance document in 199 6, consistent with ISO 90 01 and what was then a draft version of ISO 14001, to allow ease of integration of OHS management with quality and emergent environmental management systems The British Standards Institute (BSI) OHSAS 18001: 199 9, an occupational... personnel who are accountable and responsible initiate action to comply with quality and environmental policy, programs, objectives, and targets for the MWT technology? By asking these questions and using the ISO 14001 and ISO 90 01 standards and their guidelines for comparison, one can easily identify structure and responsibility gaps between how MWT technology is managed now and how it is planned to be... questions and other questions deemed relevant should be addressed as part of the integrated communication process Documentation Review of the ISO 14001 and ISO 90 01 standards indicates that both standards are heavy on records and documentation to support quality and environmental actions ISO 14001 is somewhat less documentation-intensive than ISO 90 01 ISO 14001 does not require an EMS manual, whereas ISO 90 01... and policies, auditor observations, and documented/corroborated witness accounts of activities If one subscribes to ISO 90 01 and ISO 14001, Tables 9. 1 and 9. 2 in this section (referring to documents and procedures most applicable to MWT technology) double as a preliminary audit checklist As mentioned, the need for this documentation will vary with the MWT chosen and its overall place in a quality and. .. ISO 90 04, Quality Management and Quality Assurance Elements, Part 1 Guidelines; International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland; 199 4 Ritchie, I and Hayes, W., 199 8 A Guide to the Implementation of the ISO 14000 Series on Environmental Management, Vol 1 Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Towards a Sustainable America: Advancing Prosperity, Opportunity, and a Healthy Environment . performance goal. A brief background on the two major international standards (ISO 90 01: 199 4 and ISO 14001: 199 6) as templates for quality and environmental management systems is provided. Because MWT. standards, and although ISO 90 00 and ISO 14001 have different focuses, they share many similar requirements. The three specification documents for the ISO 90 00 series are ISO 90 01, ISO 90 02, and. gasification of fossil fuel and carbon-containing wastes described by Dr. Terry Galloway elsewhere in this handbook. Using this technique, high sulfur coal and solid waste can be trans- formed into carbon