PART TWO RESPONSE RESOURCES © 1998 by CRC Press LLC PART TWO PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL TABLES AND GUIDES Part Two will provide the information required to apply, store, and dispose of specific pesticides and other hazardous chemicals properly This information can be obtained from the following three tables and the pesticide and chemical guides Emergency response guidelines can be found in the guides These guidelines will enable the reader to handle emergency incidents that require a quick, accurate, and safe response I TABLES USAGE There are three important tables in Part Two The first of these is Table This table lists the trade names or brands of pesticides of current importance alphabetically The user of a specific product would look up the product’s trade or brand name in Table For example, specific information is needed on the product AAtrex From this table you would learn that the common name of the active ingredient in the product is atrazine Important information on its health hazards, recommended handling and storage precautions, PPE and emergency guidelines could be found by referring to Pesticide Guide 61 The manufacturer’s name is Ciba-Geigy, the type of pest contol product, e.g., herbicide, and the other formulations available containing this active ingredient Further information could be obtained by using the CAS Number (i.e., the Chemical Abstract Service Number) in selected references These references include Sax’s “Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,” the “Chris” Manual and RTECs, etc Table provides the reader with other important information Using the common name you can identify the family or group of chemicals that your chemical of concern belongs to or is derived from If your product is not listed in this table, using the chemical or common name you can find other products with the same active ingredient and use their guide number Table lists alphabetically the chemicals that are important to users of pesticides These chemicals may be hazardous in themselves and, when u sed with pesticides as adjuvants, carriers, diluents, anti-caking agents, fertilizers, baits, emulsifiers, or detergents, their activity can be potentiated For exam- © 1998 by CRC Press LLC ple, the product you are using requires petroleum oil or xylene as a carrier The pesticide by itself may be relatively nontoxic, but the addition of xylene to the product could elevate the product to a Toxicity Category I or II, requiring the use of specific PPE, and may also require specific handling and disposal procedures II PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL GUIDES’ USAGE The pesticides listed under trade name in Tables and have each been assigned to a specific pesticide guide These guides have been developed to assist the user in handling various tasks from mixing and applying pesticides to cleaning up spilled pesticide and disposing of the waste properly These guides also provide information on how to handle emergencies involving the listed pesticides Over 500 formulated pesticides are listed in the Tables and In order to provide usable information, these pesticides are organized into groups of pesticides with similar attributes and hazards, and a guide was developed to provide pertinent information for each group As a result there are 61 unique pesticide guides The hazardous chemicals were treated in a similar fashion and 18 unique chemical guides were developed to provide similar information First aid information can be found in Chapter 7, Section E and information on the handling, storage, clean up, and disposal of flammable and nonflammable pesticides and chemicals can be found in Chapter 6, Section V III HOW TO USE THE PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL TABLES AND GUIDES Each of the pesticides listed in Table is referenced to a specific pesticide guide number In the event of an incident involving a pesticide, the user would use Table to determine which pesticide guide to follow in responding to that specific incident If the pesticide is suspended in, emulsified with, or dissolved in a chemical that poses a hazard, the user should read the label carefully to identify the carrier, emulsifying agent, or other material(s) and then consult the proper Chemical Guide for that chemical © 1998 by CRC Press LLC The guides are organized as follows: Health hazards, which include routes of exposure, life threat, and environmental concerns Safety guidelines, which include use classification, solubility properties in water or nonaqueous carriers, EPA toxicity category, handling and storage precautions Protective clothing recommendations, which suggests the PPE that should be used when mixing, applying, rinsing, or disposing of the pesticide or chemical Emergency guidelines, which include fire and explosive hazards, spills response and remediation, and first aid The following example will demonstrate the use of the guides With the advice of the Cooperative Extension Service, you have decided to apply Asana™XL as a treatment for the cutworms on your field corn Before opening the container, read the label From the label information you determine that this product is a restricted use pesticide, meaning that you have to be a certified applicator or work under direct supervision of a certified applicator to apply this product The label also tells what the formulation is This product is an emulsifiable concentrate that contains 0.66 lbs of active ingredient per gallon The chemical name of the active ingredient is also given as (S)-cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-(S)-4-chloro-alpha-(1-methyl ethyl) benzeneacetate Its percentage of the product is 8.4% The inert or nonactive ingredients are not listed but their percentage of the product is listed as 91.6% The label also states that the product contains a xylene range aromatic solvent, EPA registration number 352-515, the signal word WARNING, first aid instructions, environmental hazards, storage and disposal recommendations, and directions for use To access additional information contained in the Pesticide Guides, you would look up the trade name in Table From this table you learn that Asana is an insecticide, which is manufactured by the Du Pont Agricultural Products and whose common name is Esfenvalerate The information also includes the fact that the active ingredient is only available as an emulsifiable concentrate The table also tells you to consult Pesticide Guide 53 for more information From Pesticide Guide 53 you find the following facts: 1) Imminent health hazards and environmental concerns 2) Toxicity of the product 3) Handling and storage precautions © 1998 by CRC Press LLC 4) Protective equipment to use when mixing and applying the product 5) Fire and explosive hazards are present when using this product 6) Spill cleanup procedures 7) Suggested first aid treatments In addition to the above information you should also consult the Chemical Guides for the chemical xylene, which is the carrier fluid mentioned on the label To access the proper guide, first look up xylene in Table From this table you find that Chemical Guide 10 should be consulted The following information is given in Guide 10: 1) Imminent health hazards and environmental concerns 2) The NFPA-Hazard Rating 3) Handling and storage precautions 4) Recommendations for protective equipment when using this chemical 5) Fire and explosive hazards when using this product 6) Spill cleanup procedures 7) Suggested first aid treatments Read the label very carefully Most labels contain most of the information needed to use the product safely However, if the label is vague, missing, or illegible or if an emergency occurs, you will need to consult these tables and guides It is not unusual for a pesticide user, even a trained and certified one, to grab a container of pesticide without reading the label At one time or another, virtually every pesticide user has identified a product by the color or general configuration of the label It's a relatively common occurrence, but certainly not a safe business practice Labels of the same color and general makeup may contain very different ingredients How would you know if the pesticide is too toxic or hazardous to be used safely under your intended conditions? How you know the formulation is right for your intended use? How you know what precautions should be taken when mixing the pesticide? How you know what protective equipment to wear when applying the material? YOU DON'T - unless you read the label and, when necessary, consult the following tables and guides © 1998 by CRC Press LLC PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL TABLES © 1998 by CRC Press LLC ERRATA Agrochemical and Pesticide Safety Handbook Michael Waxman Please note that this listing contains revised Guide Numbers that supercede those in Table Trade Name Plus AAtack Aaterra AAtrex Abate Acarol Accel Accelerate Accent Access Access and Triclopyr Acclaim IEC Accord Acrobat Actellic 5E Afugan Agri-Mek Alanap-L Aliette Ally Ambush Amdro Amiben Amid Thin W Amitrol T Amizol Industrial Ammo 2.5EC Andalin Ansar Anthio Antor 4ES Anvil Apollo SC Apron 25W Apron-Terraclor Aqua Kleen Aquathol K Aquazine Arbotect Argold Arrosolo 3-3E Arsenal Arsenal Forestry Granule © 1998 by CRC Press LLC New Guide Number 61 61 35-DG, L, WP, 4-EC 61 9-5G, 58-4E 61-1SG, 2GD 61 44 61 61 61 61 61 61 44 30 32 61 61 61 44 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 34 47 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 44 61 61 Trade Name Asana XL Aspire Assert Assure Asulox Atratol 90 Atrazine Authority Avenge Avirosan Avitrol B-Nine SP Balan Banvel Basagran Bayleton 50% Baytan Baythion Baythroid Beacon Benlate 50 Betamix Betanex Betasan Bicep Bidrin Biobit Bladex Blazer Bolero Bolstar Botec Botran 75 Bravo Broadstrike Bronate Bronco Buckle Buctril Buctril and Atrazine Bueno Bullet Bumper Butisan S New Guide Number 53 61 61 61 26 61 61 34 61-bait, 11-PC 61 61 44 61 46 61 61 44 61 61 44 44 44 61 27 61 52 61 51 61 25 61 55 26 61 36 61 61 56 46 61 Butyrac Cannon Canopy Caparol 4L Captan 50 Captan-DCNA 60-20 Capture 2EC Carbamult Carzol SP Casoron 2G, 4G Cerone Chiptox MCPA Sodium Chopper Classic Cobra Herbicide Comite Command 4EC Commence EC Compete Concep II Concert Confirm Cotoran Counter Croneton Cropstar GB Crossbow Crusade Curacron 6E Curtail Curtail M (petro distill) Cycle Cyclone Cycocel Cygon 400 Cymbush 3E Cymbush 12.5 WP Cyprex 65-W Cythion D.Z.N Dacamine 4D Daconate Daconil 2787 Dacthal W-75 Def Demon Des-I-Cate Desiccant L-10 DeVine Devrinol Di-Syston Dibrom © 1998 by CRC Press LLC 41 59 61 61 5 52 32 10 61 27 61 61 44 44 61 61 61 61 61 13 32 59 61 32 54 61 61 18 61 32 21 61 32-EC, 61-D, RTU, ULV 44 61 61 25 61 50 34 29 61 4-EC, 61-G, DF, WP 16 50 Dimilin DiPel Diquat Herbicide H/A Dithane Dropp 50 DSMA Dual Duplosan KV Dyfonate EC/G Dylox 80% SP Dyrene Endocide Endothal Turf Herbicide Envert 171 Eptam Eradicane E Escort Esteron 99 Etan 3G Ethrel Plant Regulator Evik Evital Express Extrazine 11 Fallow Master Far-Go Finesse Folex 6-EC Force Formula 40 Freedom Frigate Frontier Fruitone CPA Fruitone N Furadan Fusilade 2000 Galaxy Galben Gallery Germate Plus Glean Gnatrol Goal Gramoxone Guthion Harmony Extra Harvade 5F Herbicide 273 Hinder Hivol-44 61 61 33 61 61 61 44-EC, 61-G 44 12 23 44 36 61 61 61 61 49 61 61 61 52 61 61 37 57 59 39 61 61 17 61 61 61 61 61 61 44 18 14 61 61 44 61 Hoelon 3EC Horizon IEC Hydrothol Hyvar Illoxan Image Imidan 50 Javelin WG Karate Karmex DF Kelthane Kerb 50W Knox Out 2FM Krenite S Krovar DF Kryocide Laddok Landmaster Lannate Lariat Larvin Lasso Lexone Londax Lorox Lorsban Maneb Manzate Marksman Metasystox-R Microthiol Special Mitac Mocap Mocap Plus EC Monitor Morestan N-Serve E NAA-800 Nemacur EC/G New Lorox Plus Nimrod Nortron Nova 40W Nutra-Spray Copophos Omite Option IEC Orbit Ordram EC/G Ornamite Orthene Oust Paarlan E.C Passport © 1998 by CRC Press LLC 27 44 61 27 61 34 61 20 44 43 61 61 48 61 61 26 17 55 35 59 61 47 61 40 61 61 61 50 61 38 15 13 15 45 44 13 61 61 44 61 61 46 44-EC, 61-G 61 61 61 Penncap-M Penncozeb Pinnacle Pix Plantvax 75W Poast Pondmaster Pounce G/EC/WP Pramitol 25E Pramitol 5PS Prefar 4-E Prep Preview Prime + Princep Probe ProGibb Plus Promalin Prostar 4E ProVide Prowl Pursuit Pursuit Plus Pyramin Rally 40W Ramrod Ramrod and Atrazine Ranger Reflex 2LC Reldan D Release Rely Rescue Rhomene Rhonox Ridomil plus Bravo W Ridomil Ridomil MZ Ridomil G/PC Ro-Neet 6-E Ronilan Rotate Roundup Rovral Roxion Royal MH-30 RTU-PCNB RTU-VitavaxThiram Rubigan RyzUp Salute 4EC Scepter 52 61 61 61 61 46 44 61 6 44 61 61 44 61 44 44 61 44-EC, 61-DG 61 61 61 44 42 60 44 61 61 39 27 39 44 46 61 61 61 61 44-EC, 61-D-Pak 61 32 61 61 39 44 61 61 61 Scepter OT Scout X-TRA Sencor Sevin Showdown Sinbar Solicam Sonalan Spike 20P Squadron Stam 80EDF Stampede CM Starfire Stinger Stomp Storm Herbicide Strel 4E Sulfur Alfa Sulv Supracide Surflan Sutan + Sutazine + Talon-G Tandem Telar Telone C-17 Telone II Temik 15G Terraclor Terrazole 25% E-Ornamental Terrazole 35% WP-Turf Tersan 1991 Thimet 15-G, 20G Thiodan EC/WP Thiolux DF Thistrol Thistrol and 2,4-D © 1998 by CRC Press LLC 24 61 31 61 61 61 44 61 44 61 18 61 44 44 61 17 61 61 26 32 40 61 22 19 29 61 35 61 14 61 61 61 Tillam 6-E Tiller Tilt Topsin M 70W Tordon 22K Tordon RTU Torpedo Tre-Hold Sprout Inhibitor Treflan EC Treflan MTF TRI-4 Tri-Scept Trident II Trigard Triple-Noctin L Tupersan Turbo 8EC Turfcide Vapam VectoBac Velpar Vendex Vitavax-200 Vitavax-75W Vitavax-34 Vitavax-PCNB Volck Supreme Spray Vorlex Vydate L WeatherBlok Weedar 64 Weedmaster Weedone 170 Weedone 2,4-DP Weedone LV6 Whip 1EC Whip 360 Ziram Zorial Rapid 80 61 44 46 61 61 47 44 61 34 61 61 44 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 61 39-200, 61-75W 61 39 61 19 17 32 61 36 36 61 44 44 28-FL, 45-WP 61 Curative Pesticide—A pesticide which can inhibit or eradicate a disease-causing organism after it has become established in the plant or animal Cutaneous Toxicity—Same as dermal toxicity Cuticle—Outer covering of insects or leaves Chemically they are quite different Days-to-Harvest—The least number of days between the last pesticide application and the harvest date, as set by law Same as “harvest intervals.” Deciduous Plants—Perennial plants that lose their leaves during the winter Decontaminate—The removal or breakdown of any pesticide chemical from any surface or piece of equipment Deflocculating Agent—A material added to a suspension to prevent settling Defoliant—A chemical that initiates abscission Degradation—The process by which a chemical compound or pesticide is reduced to simpler compounds by the action of microorganisms, water, air, sunlight, or other agents Degradation products are usually, but not always less toxic than the original compound Deposit—Quantity of a pesticide or other material deposited on a unit area Dermal—Of the skin: through or by the skin Dermal Toxicity—The ability of a pesticide to cause acute illness or injury to a human or animal when absorbed through the skin (see Exposure Route) Desiccant—A type of pesticide that draws moisture or fluids from a pest causing it to die Certain desiccant dusts destroy the waxy outer coating that holds moisture within an insect's body Desiccation—Accelerated drying of plant or plant parts Detoxify—To make an active ingredient in a pesticide or other poisonous chemical harmless and incapable of being toxic to plants and animals Diagnosis—The positive identification of a problem and its cause Diatomaceous Earth—A whitish powder prepared from deposits formed by the silicified skeletons of diatoms Used as diluent in dust formulations Diluent—Any liquid or solid material used to dilute or carry an active ingredient © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Dilute—To make thinner by adding water, another liquid, or a solid Disinfectant—A chemical or other agent that kills or inactivates disease producing microorganisms in animals, seeds, or other plant parts Also commonly referred to chemicals used to clean or surface-sterilize inanimate objects DNA—Deoxyribonucleic acid Dormant Spray—Chemical applied in winter or very early spring before treated plants have started active growth Dose, Dosage—Quantity, amount, or rate of pesticide applied to a given area or target Drift—The airborne movement of a pesticide spray or dust beyond the intended target area Dust—A finely ground, dry pesticide formulation containing a small amount of active ingredient and a large amount of inert carrier or diluent such as clay or talc EC50—The median effective concentration (ppm or ppb) of the toxicant in the environment (usually water) which produces a designated effect in 50% of the test organisms exposed Ecology—A division of biology concerned with organisms and their relation to the environment Ecosystem—The interacting system of all the living organisms of an area and their nonliving environment Ectoparasite—A parasite feeding on a host from the exterior or outside ED50—The median effective dose, expressed as mg/ kg of body weight, which produces a designated effect in 50% of the test organisms exposed Emulsifiable Concentrate —A pesticide formulation produced by mixing or suspending the active ingredient (the concentrate) and an emulsifying agent in a suitable carrier When added to water, a milky emulsion is formed Emulsifier—Surface active substances used to stabilize suspensions of one liquid in another, for example, oil in water Emulsion—A mixture of two liquids which are not soluble in one another One is suspended as very small droplets in the other with the aid of an emulsifying agent Encapsulated Formulation—A pesticide formulation with the active ingredient enclosed in capsules of polyvinyl or other materials; principally used for slow release The enclosed active ingredient moves out to the © 1998 by CRC Press LLC capsule surface as pesticide on the surface is removed (volatilizes, rubs off, etc.) Endangered Species—Groups of interbreeding plants or animals that have been reduced to the extent that they are near extinction and that have been designated by the EPA to be endangered Endoparasite—A parasite that enters host tissue and feeds from within Entry Interval—See Re-entry Interval Environment—Air, land, water, all plants, man, and other animals, and the interrelationships which exist among them Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)—The Federal agency responsible for pesticide rules and regulations and all pesticide registrations EPA—The U.S Environmental Protection Agency EPA Establishment Number—A number assigned by EPA to each pesticide production plant The number indicates the manufacturer’s plant at which the pesticide product was produced and must appear on all labels of that product EPA Registration Number—A number assigned by EPA to a pesticide product when the product is registered by the manufacturer or his designated agent The number must appear on all labels for a particular product Eradicant—Applies to fungicides in which a chemical is used to eliminate a pathogen from its host or environment Eradication—The complete elimination of a (pest) population from a designated area Exposure Route or Common Exposure Route—The manner (dermal, oral, or inhalation/respiratory) in which a pesticide may enter an organism Exterminate—Often used to imply the complete extinction of a species over a large continuous area such as an island or a continent FEPCA—The Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act of 1972 FIFRA—The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act of 1974 A federal law and its amendments that control pesticide registration and use Filler—Diluent in powder form Fixed Coppers—Insoluble copper fungicides where the copper is in a combined form Usually finely divided, relatively insoluble powders © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Flowable—A pesticide formulation in which a very finely ground solid particle is suspended (not dissolved) in a liquid carrier Foaming Agent—A chemical which causes a pesticide preparation to produce a thick foam This aids in reducing drift Fog Treatment—A fine mist of pesticide in aerosol-sized droplets (under 40 microns) Not a mist or gas After propulsion, fog droplets fall to horizontal surfaces Foliar Treatment—Application of the pesticide to the foliage of plants Food Chain—Sequence of species within a community, each member of which serves as food for the species next higher in the chain Formulation—Way in which basic pesticide is prepared for practical use Includes preparation as wettable powder, granular, emulsiflable concentrate, etc Fumigant—A pesticide formulation that volatilizes, forming a toxic vapor or gas that kills in the gaseous state Usually, it penetrates voids to kill pests Fungicide—A chemical that kills fungi Fungistatic—Action of a chemical that inhibits the germination of fungus spores while in contact Fungus (plural, Fungi)—A group of small, often microscopic, organisms in the plant kingdom which cause rot, mold, and disease Fungi need moisture or a damp environment (wood rots require at least 19% moisture) Fungi are extremely important in the diet of many insects General Use Pesticide—A pesticide which can be purchased and used by the general public without undue hazard to the applicator and environment as long as the instructions on the label are followed carefully (see Restricted Use Pesticide) Germicide—A substance that kills germs (microorganisms) GPA—Gallons per acre GPM—Gallons per minute Granule—A dry pesticide formulation The active ingredient is either mixed with or coated onto an inert carrier to form a small, ready-to-use, low concentrate particle which normally does not present a drift hazard Pellets differ from granules only in their precise uniformity, larger size, and shape Groundwater—Water sources located beneath the soil surface from which spring water, well water, etc is obtained © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Growth Regulator—Organic substance effective in minute amounts for controlling or modifying (plant or insect) growth processes Harvest Intervals—Period between last application of a pesticide to a crop and the harvest as permitted by law Hazard—see Risk Herbaceous Plant—A plant that does not develop woody tissue Herbicide—A pesticide used to kill or inhibit plant growth Hormone—A product of living cells that circulates in the animal or plant fluids and that produces a specific effect on cell activity remote from its point of origin Host—Any animal or plant on or in which another lives for nourishment, development, or protection Hydrogen-Ion Concentratio n — A measure of acidity or alkalinity Expressed in terms of the pH of the solution For example, a pH of is neutral, from to is acid, and from to 14 is alkaline Hydrolysis—Chemical process of (in this case) pesticide breakdown or decomposition involving a splitting of the molecule and addition of a water molecule IGR, Insect Growth Regulator, Juvenoid—A pesticide constructed to mimic insect hormones that control molting and the development of some insect systems affecting the change from immature to adult (see Juvenile Hormone) Immune—Not susceptible to a disease or poison Impermeable—Cannot be penetrated Semipermeable means that some substances can pass through and others cannot Incompatible—Two or more materials which cannot be mixed or used together Inert Ingredients—The inactive materials in a pesticide formulation, which would not prevent damage or destroy pests if used alone Ingest—To eat or swallow Ingredient Statement—That portion of the label on a pesticide container which gives the name and amount of each active ingredient and the total amount of inert ingredients in the formulation Inhalation—Taking a substance in through the lungs; breathing in (see Exposure Route) © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Inhalation Toxicity—Poisonous to man or animals when breathed into lungs Insect Growth Regulator—see IGR Insect Pest Management—The practical manipulation of insect (or mite) pest populations using any or all control methods in a sound ecological manner Insecticide—A pesticide used to manage or prevent damage caused by insects Sometimes generalized to be synonymous with pesticide Insects, Insecta—A class in the phylum Arthropoda characterized by a body composed of three segments and three pairs of legs Inspection—To examine for pests, pest damage, other pest evidence, etc (see Monitoring) Integrated Control—The integration of the chemical and biological methods of pest control Integrated Pest Management—A management system that uses all suitable techniques and methods in as compatible a manner as possible to maintain pest populations at levels below those causing economic injury Juvenile Hormone—A hormone produced by an insect that inhibits change or molting As long as juvenile hormone is present the insect does not develop into an adult but remains immature Kg or Kilogram—A unit of weight in the metric system equal to 2.2 pounds Label—All printed material attached to or part of the container Labeling—The pesticide product label and other accompanying materials that contain directions that pesticide users are legally required to follow Larva (plural larvae)—The developmental stage of insects that hatch from an egg with complete metamorphosis A mature larva becomes a pupa (Some other invertebrates have larvae, including crustaceans, and especially mites and ticks) LC50—Lethal concentration The concentration of an active ingredient in air which is expected to cause death in 50 percent of the test animals treated A means of expressing the toxicity of a compound present in air as dust, mist, gas, or vapor It is generally expressed as micrograms per liter as a dust or mist but, in the case of a gas or vapor, as parts per million (ppm) LD50—Lethal dose The dose of an active ingredient taken by mouth or absorbed by the skin which is expected to cause death in 50 percent of the © 1998 by CRC Press LLC test animals treated If a chemical has an LD50 of 10 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) it is more toxic than one having an LD50 of 100 mg/kg Leaching—The movement of a pesticide chemical or other substance downward through soil as a result of water movement Low Volume Spray—Concentrate spray, applied to uniformly cover the crop, but not as a full coverage to the point of runoff Metamorphosis—A change in the shape, or form, of an animal Usually used when referring to insect development mg/kg (milligrams per kilogram)—Used to designate the amount of toxicant required per kilogram of body weight of test organism to produce a designated effect, usually the amount necessary to kill 50% of the test animals Microbial Degradation—Breakdown of a chemical by microorganisms Microbial Insecticide—A microorganism applied in the same way as conventional insecticides to control an existing pest population Microbial Pesticide—Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms used to control pests Also called biorationals Microorganism—An organism so small it can be seen only with the aid of a microscope Mildew—Fungus growth on a surface Miscible Liquids—Two or more liquids capable of being mixed in any proportions and that will remain mixed under normal conditions Miticide—A pesticide used to control mites (see Acaricide) Mode of Action—The way in which a pesticide exerts a toxic effect on the target plant or animal Molluscicide—A chemical used to kill or control snails and slugs Monitoring—Ongoing surveillance Monitoring includes inspection and recordkeeping Monitoring records allows technicians to evaluate pest population suppression, identify infested or non-infested sites, and manage the progress of the management or control program Mosaic—Leaf pattern of yellow and green or light green and dark green produced by certain virus infections Mutagen—Substance causing genes in an organism to mutate or change Mutagenic—Can produce genetic change © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Mycoplasma—A microorganism intermediate in size between viruses and bacteria possessing many virus-like properties and not visible with a light microscope Necrosis—Death of plant or animal tissues which results in the formation of discolored, sunken, or necrotic (dead) areas Necrotic—Showing varying degrees of dead areas or spots Negligible Residue—A tolerance which is set on a food or feed crop permitting an ultra-small amount of pesticide at harvest as a result of indirect contact with the chemical Nematicide—Chemical used to kill nematodes Nontarget Organism—Any plant or animal other than the intended target(s) of a pesticide application Nymph—The developmental stage of insects that hatch from an egg with gradual metamorphosis Nymphs become adults Oncogenic—The property to produce tumors (not necessarily cancerous) in living tissues (see carcinogenic.) Oral—Pertaining to the mouth; through or by the mouth Oral Toxicity—The ability of a pesticide to cause injury or acute illness when taken by mouth One of the common exposure routes Organic Compounds—Chemicals that contain carbon Organochlorine Insecticide—One of the many chlorinated insecticides, e.g., DDT, dieldrin, chlordane, BHC, lindane, etc Organophosphate—Class of insecticides (also one or two herbicides and fungicides) derived from phosphoric acid esters, e.g., parathion, malathion, diazinon, etc Ovicide—A chemical that destroys an organism’s eggs Parasite—A plant, animal, or microorganism living in, on, or with another living organism for the purpose of obtaining all or part of its food Pathogen—Any disease-producing organism Penetrant—An additive or adjuvant which aids the pesticide in moving through the outer surface of plant tissues Penetration—The ability of a substance to enter a organism, structure, or garment Perennial—Plant that continues to live from year to year Plants may be herbaceous or woody © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Persistence—The capability of an insecticide to persist as an effective residue due to its low volatility and chemical stability, e.g., certain organochlorine insecticides Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)—Devices and clothing intended to protect a person from exposure to pesticides Includes such items as long-sleeved shirts, long trousers, coveralls, suitable hats, gloves, shoes, respirators, and other safety items as needed Pest—An undesirable organism: (1) any insect, rodent, nematode, fungus, weed, or (2) any other form of terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life or virus, bacteria, or other micro-organism (except viruses, bacteria, or other micro-organisms on or in living man or other living animals) which the Administrator declares to be a pest under FIFRA, Section 25(c)(1) Pesticide—An "economic poison" defined in most state and federal laws as any substance used for controlling, preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest Includes fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, nematicides, rodenticides, desiccants, defoliants, plant growth regulators, etc pH—A measure of the acidity/alkalinity of a liquid: acid below pH7; basic or alkaline above pH7 (up to 14) Pheromone—A substance emitted by an animal to influence the behavior of other animals of the same species Some are synthetically produced for use in insect traps Photodegradation—Breakdown of chemicals by the action of light Physical Control—Habitat alteration or changing the infested physical structure; e.g., caulking holes, cracks, tightening around doors, windows, moisture reduction, ventilation, etc Physical Selectivity—Refers to the use of broad spectrum insecticides in such ways as to obtain selective action This may be accomplished by timing, dosage, formulation, etc Physiological Selectivity—Refers to insecticides which are inherently more toxic to some insects than to others Phytotoxic— Harmful to plants Piscicide—Chemical used to kill fish Plant Regulator (Growth Regulator)—A chemical which increases, decreases, or changes the normal growth or reproduction of a plant Poison—Any chemical or agent that can cause illness or death when eaten, absorbed through the skin, or inhaled by man or animals Post-emergence—After emergence of the specified weed or crop © 1998 by CRC Press LLC ppb—Parts per billion (parts in 109 parts) is the number of parts of toxicant per billion parts of the substance in question ppm—Part per million (parts in 106 parts) is the number of parts of toxicant per million parts of the substance in question They may include residues in soil, water, or whole animals Precipitate —A solid substance that forms in a liquid and settles to the bottom of a container A material that no longer remains in suspension Predacide—Chemical used to poison predators Predator—An animal that attacks, kills, and feeds on other animals Examples of predaceous animals are hawks, owls, snakes, many insects, etc Pre-planting Treatment—Given before the crop is planted Propellant—The inert ingredient in pressurized products that forces the active ingredient from the container Protectant—Fungicide applied to plant surface before pathogen attack to prevent penetration and subsequent infection Protective Clothing—Clothing to be worn in pesticide-treated fields under certain conditions as required by federal law, e.g., reentry intervals Protopam Chloride (2-PAM)—An antidote for certain organophosphate pesticide poisoning, but not for carbamate poisoning Pupa (plural Pupae)—The developmental stage of insects with complete metamorphosis where major changes from the larval to the adult form occurs Rate of Application—The amount of pesticide applied to a plant, animal, unit area, or surface; usually measured as per acre, per 1,000 square feet, per linear feet, or per cubic feet Raw Agricultural Commodity—Any food in its raw and natural state, including fruits, vegetables, nuts, eggs, raw milk, and meats Re-entry Intervals—Waiting interval required by federal law between application of certain hazardous pesticides to crops and the entrance of workers into those crops areas without protective clothing Registered Pesticides—Pesticide products which have been approved by the Environmental Protection Agency for the uses listed on the label Repellent—A compound that keeps insects, rodents, birds, or other pests away from plants, domestic animals, buildings, or other treated areas Residual—Having a continued killing effect over a period of time © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Residue—The pesticide active ingredient or its breakdown product(s) which remains in or on the target after treatment Resistance (insecticide)—Natural or genetic ability of an organism to tolerate the poisonous effects of a toxicant Restricted Use Pesticide—A pesticide that can be purchased and used only by certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision A pesticide classified for restricted use under FIFRA, Section 3(d)(1)(C) Risk—A probability that a given pesticide will have an adverse effect on man or the environment in a given situation Rodenticide—Pesticide applied as a bait, dust, or fumigant to destroy or repel rodents and other animals, such as moles and rabbits Runoff—The movement of water and associated materials on the soil surface Runoff usually proceeds to bodies of surface water Rust—A disease with symptoms that usually include reddish-brown or black pustules: a group of fungi in the Basidiomycetes Safener—Substance that prevents or reduces the phytotoxicity when two or more substances must be mixed which otherwise would not be compatible Scientific Name—The one name of a plant or animal used throughout the world by scientists and based on Latin and Greek Secondary Pest—A pest which usually does little if any damage but can become a serious pest under certain conditions, e.g., when insecticide applications destroy its predators and parasites Seed Protectant—A chemical applied to seed before planting to protect seeds and new seedlings from disease and insects Selective Insecticide—One which kills selected insects, but spares many or most of the other organisms, including beneficial species, either through differential toxic action or the manner in which insecticide is used Selective Pesticide—One which, while killing the pest individuals, spares much or most of the other fauna or flora, including beneficial species, either through differential toxic action or through the manner in which the pesticide is used (formulation, dosage, timing, placement, etc.) Senescence—Process or state of growing old Signal Word—A required word which appears on every pesticide label to denote the relative toxicity of the product The signal words are either © 1998 by CRC Press LLC "Danger—poison" for highly toxic compounds, "Warning" for moderately toxic, or "Caution" for slightly toxic Site—Areas of actual pest infestation Each site should be treated specifically or individually Slurry—Thin, watery mixture, such as liquid mud, cement, etc Fungicides and some insecticides are applied to seeds as slurries to produce thick coating and reduce dustiness Smut—A fungus with sooty spore masses; a group of fungi in the Basidiomycetes Soil Application—Application of pesticide made primarily to soil surface rather than to vegetation Soil Persistence—Length of time that a pesticide application on or in soil remains effective Soil Sterilant—A chemical that prevents the growth of all plants and animals in the soil Soil sterilization may be temporary or permanent, depending on the chemical Soluble Powder—A finely ground, solid material which will dissolve in water or some other liquid carrier Solution—A mixture of one or more substances in another substance (usually a liquid) in which all the ingredients are completely dissolved Example: sugar in water Solvent—A liquid which will dissolve another substance (solid, liquid, or gas) to form a solution Spore—A single- to many-celled reproductive body in the fungi that can develop a new fungus colony Spot Treatment—Application to localized or restricted areas as differentiated from overall, broadcast, or complete coverage Spreader—Ingredient added to spray mixture to improve contact between pesticide and plant surface Sterilize—To treat with a chemical or other agent to kill every living thing in a certain area Sticker—Ingredient added to spray or dust to improve its adherence to plants Stomach Poison—A pesticide that must be eaten by an insect or other animal in order to kill or control the animal © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Structural Pests—Pests which attack and destroy buildings and other structures, clothing, stored food, and manufactured and processed goods Examples: Termites, cockroaches, clothes moths rats, dry-rot fungi Surface Water—Water on the earth’s surface: rivers, lakes, ponds, streams, etc (see Groundwater) Surfactant—A chemical which increases the emulsifying, dispersing, spreading, and wetting properties of a pesticide product Susceptible—Capable of being diseased or poisoned; not immune Susceptible Species—A plant or animal that is poisoned by moderate amounts of a pesticide Suspension—A pesticide mixture consisting of fine particles dispersed or floating in a liquid, usually water or oil Example: wettable powders in water Swath—The width of the area covered by a sprayer or duster making one sweep Synergism—Increased activity resulting from the effect of one chemical on another Synthesize—Production of a compound by joining various elements or simpler compounds Systemic—Compound that is absorbed and translocated throughout the plant or animal Tank Mix—Mixture of two or more pesticides in the spray tank at time of application Such mixture must be cleared by EPA Target Pest—The pest at which a particular pesticide or other control method is directed Technical Material —The pesticide active ingredient in pure form, as it is manufactured by a chemical company It is combined with inert ingredients or additives in formulations such as wettable powders, dusts, emulsifiable concentrates, or granules Teratogenic—Substance which causes physical birth defects in the offspring following exposure of the pregnant female Tolerance—(1) The ability of a living thing to withstand adverse conditions, such as pest attacks, weather extremes, or pesticides (2) The amount of pesticide that may safely remain in or on raw farm products at time of sale Tolerant—Capable of withstanding effects © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Topical Application—Treatment of a localized surface site such as a single leaf blade, on an insect, etc., as opposed to oral application Toxic—Poisonous to living organisms Toxicant—A poisonous substance such as the active ingredient in pesticide formulations that can injure or kill plants, animals, or microorganisms Toxin—A naturally occurring poison produced by plants, animals, or microorganisms Examples: the poison produced by the black widow spider, the venom produced by snakes, the botulism toxin Trade Name (Brand Name)—Name given a product by its manufacturer or formulator, distinguishing it as being produced or sold exclusively by that company Translocation—Transfer of food or other materials such as herbicides from one plant part to another Trivial Name—Name in general or common-place usage; for example, nicotine Ultra Low Volume (ULV)—Sprays that are applied at 0.5 gallon or less per acre or sprays applied as the undiluted formulation Unclassified Pesticide—See General Use Pesticide Vapor Pressure—The property which causes a chemical to evaporate The higher the vapor pressure, the more volatile the chemical or the easier it will evaporate Vector—An organism, as an insect, that transmits pathogens to plants or animals Vermin—Pests; usually rats, mice, or insects Vertebrate—Animal characterized by a segmented backbone or spinal column Viricide—A substance that inactivates a virus completely and permanently Virus—Ultramicroscopic parasites composed of proteins Viruses can only multiply in living tissues and cause many animal and plant diseases Viscosity—A property of liquids that determines whether they flow readily Viscosity usually increases when temperature decreases Volatile—Evaporates at ordinary temperatures when exposed to air Volatilize—To vaporize Water Table—The upper level of the water saturated zone in the ground Weed—Plant growing where it is not desired © 1998 by CRC Press LLC Wettable Powder—Pesticide formulation of toxicant mixed with inert dust and a wetting agent which mixes readily with water and forms a short-term suspension (requires tank agitation) Wetting Agent—Compound that causes spray solutions to contact plant surfaces more thoroughly © 1998 by CRC Press LLC ... the following tables and guides © 1998 by CRC Press LLC PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL TABLES © 1998 by CRC Press LLC ERRATA Agrochemical and Pesticide Safety Handbook Michael Waxman Please note that.. .PART TWO PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL TABLES AND GUIDES Part Two will provide the information required to apply, store, and dispose of specific pesticides and other hazardous chemicals properly... disposal of flammable and nonflammable pesticides and chemicals can be found in Chapter 6, Section V III HOW TO USE THE PESTICIDE AND CHEMICAL TABLES AND GUIDES Each of the pesticides listed in