Hyperopia and Presbyopia - part 1 ppt

Hyperopia and Presbyopia edited by Kazuo Tsubota Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa City, Chiba, Japan Bn'an S. Boxer Wachler Boxer Wachler Vision Institute Beverly Hills, California, U.S.A. Dimitri T. Azar Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A. Douglas D. Koch Cullen Eye Institute Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, U.S.A. MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL » DEKKER Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book. The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specific situation. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 0–8247–4107–2 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc. 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A. tel: 212–696–9000; fax: 212–685–4540 Distribution and Customer Service Marcel Dekker, Inc. Cimarron Road, Monticello, New York 12701, U.S.A. tel: 800–228–1160; fax: 845–796–1772 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH–4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41–61–260–6300; fax: 41–61–260–6333 World Wide Web http://www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above. Copyright  2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any informa- tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Current printing (last digit): 10987654321 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA REFRACTIVE SURGERY Series Editors Dimitri T. Azar, M.D. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Douglas D. Koch, M.D. Cullen Eye Institute Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas 1. LASIK: Fundamentals, Surgical Techniques, and Complications, edi- ted by Dimitri T. Azar and Douglas D. Koch 2. Hyperopia and Presbyopia, edited by Kazuo Tsubota, Brian S. Boxer Wachler, Dimitri T. Azar, and Douglas D. Koch ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION Preface Heil dir, Sonne! Heil dir, Licht! With the explosion of refractive surgical technologies and techniques we have wit- nessed increased success in the treatment of hyperopia, but we still stand restrained in our ability to free our patients from presbyopic spectacles. We eagerly await the moment of overcoming the seemingly insurmountable obstacles of presbyopic correction to echo Bru ¨ nhilde’s greetings of the sun and of the light in the third act of Wagner’s opera Siegfried, at the time of her resurrection after decades of slumber: Long was my sleep. Who is the hero who awakened me? Siegfried forged “Nothung,” the famous sword that could be forged only by a man who did not know fear, and used it to slay the dragon Fafner (and recover the magical Ring and Tarnhelm). He defied the gods and entered Loge’s impenetrable circle of flames to rescue the sleeping Bru ¨ nhilde. We are on the verge of facing a similar success story in refractive surgery. Many unsung heroes are paving the way for the next discovery that will change the way we treat hyperopia and revolutionize the surgical correction of presbyopia. The wide range of investigations covered in this book indicates that it will not be long before we will be able to fulfill our quest to conquer these two frontiers in refractive surgery. This book is the second of a series of books dedicated to refractive surgery published by Marcel Dekker, Inc. The focus of the first volume in this series was LASIK fundamen- tals, surgical techniques, and complications, a topic that has received a lot of coverage in both the peer- and non-peer-reviewed literature. For this book, we asked Drs. Tsubota iii iv Preface and Boxer Wachler to edit the manuscripts, and they have worked diligently with the contributors to ensure maximal coverage and minimal redundancy. It may come as no surprise to the reader that the methods of treatment of hyperopia and presbyopia are grouped in a single refractive surgical textbook. The classical teachings of physiological optics separate these two areas, but many of the surgical techniques employed for the correction of hyperopia may have applications for presbyopia. The introductory section is written by experts in the fields of basic optics, mecha- nisms of accommodation, aging of the lens, and contact lens basics. Among topics dis- cussed in the section on hyperopia are LASIK and PRK for hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism, laser thermokeratoplasty, conductive keratoplasty, hyperopic intracorneal segments, phakic IOLs. The section on presbyopia includes discussions of monovision refractive surgery, multifocal corneal approach, scleral relaxation, scleral expansion bands, multifocal IOLs, refractive lens exchange with a multifocal intraocular lens, Phaco-Erstaz, and accommodating and adjustable IOLs. The topographical changes, corneal surface profiles, wavefront contrast sensitivity changes, and wound healing after hyperopic surgery are discussed in a separate section with special emphasis on clinical applications. The contributors draw on first-hand experiences with the aim of providing an engaging book covering these important topics. We are indebted to the coeditors, students, residents, and colleagues who have made valuable contributions to this book. We are grateful for their effort in integrating the sometimes limited information in peer-reviewed literature with the knowledge derived from their clinical experiences and interactions with colleagues. We hope that this provides a text that is both clinically relevant and as evidence-based as possible. We thank Dr. Geoffrey Greenwood and Elizabeth Curione of Marcel Dekker, Inc., for their commitment to this project. Special thanks go to Leona Greenhill, for her editorial assistance, and to Rhonda Harris, who managed this project with care and precision. Her attention to detail and her dedication have enabled us to work coherently in the face of adversity. We take the opportunity to acknowledge the pioneering surgeons and researchers in the field of refractive surgery. Their work and vision have provided the basis not only for current advances in hyperopia and presbyopia that we can offer to our patients, but also for future advances to be made by the next generation of thoughtful contributors to this important field. Dimitri T. Azar Douglas D. Koch Contents Preface iii Contributors ix 1. Introduction 1 Kazuo Tsubota 2. Basic Optics of Hyperopia and Presbyopia 17 Michael K. Smolek and Stephen D. Klyce 3. The Helmholtz Mechanism of Accommodation 27 Adrian Glasser 4. Schachar’s Theory of the Mechanisms of Accommodation 47 Jay S. Pepose and Moonyoung S. Chung 5. Aging and the Crystalline Lens: Review of Recent Literature (1998–2001) 55 Leo T. Chylack, Jr. 6. Hyperopia 63 Ivo John Dualan and Penny A. Asbell v vi Contents 7. Surgical Treatment Options for Hyperopia and Hyperopic Astigmatism 69 Paolo Vinciguerra and Fabrizio I. Camesasca 8. Laser Thermokeratoplasty and Wavefront-Guided LTK 83 Shahzad I. Mian and Dimitri T. Azar 9. Conductive Keratoplasty for the Correction of Low to Moderate Hyperopia 95 Marguerite B. McDonald, Jonathan Davidorf, Robert K. Maloney, Edward E. Manche, Peter Hersh, and George M. Salib 10. Intracorneal Segments for Hyperopia 107 Laura Gomez and Arturo S. Chayet 11. Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses in Hyperopia 115 Georges Baı ¨ koff 12. Hyperopic Phakic Intraocular Lenses 119 Thanh Hoang-Xuan and Franc ¸ ois Malecaze 13. Hyperopia and Presbyopia: Topographical Changes 129 Stephen D. Klyce, Michael K. Smolek, Michael J. Endl, Vasavi Malineni, Michael S. Insler, and Marguerite B. McDonald 14. Corneal Surface Profile After Hyperopia Surgery 141 Damien Gatinel 15. Wavefront Changes After Hyperopia Surgery 151 Maria Regina Chalita and Ronald R. Krueger 16. Contrast Sensitivity Changers After Hyperopia Surgery 163 Lavinia C. Coban-Steflea, Tommy S. Korn, and Brian S. Boxer Wachler 17. Wound Healing After Hyperopic Corneal Surgery: Why There Is Greater Regression in the Treatment of Hyperopia 173 Renato Ambro ´ sio, Jr., and Steven E. Wilson 18. Monovision Refractive Surgery for Presbyopia 189 Dimitri T. Azar, Margaret Chang, Carolyn E. Kloek, Samiah Zafar, Kimberly Sippel, and Sandeep Jain 19. Multifocal Corneal Approach to Treat Presbyopia 201 Janie Ho and Dimitri T. Azar 20. Scleral Relaxation to Treat Presbyopia 209 Hideharu Fukasaku 21. The Scleral Expansion Procedure 219 Chris B. Phillips and Richard W. Yee viiContents 22. Multifocal IOLs for Presbyopia 237 Hiroko Bissen-Miyajima 23. Refractive Lens Exchange with a Multifocal Intraocular Lens 249 I. Howard Fine, Richard S. Hoffman, and Mark Packer 24. The Limits of Simultaneous Ametropia Correction in Phaco-Ersatz 259 Arthur Ho, Fabrice Manns, Viviana Fernandez, Paul Erikson, and Jean-Marie Parel 25. Accommodating and Adjustable IOLs 279 Sandeep Jain, Dimitri T. Azar, and Rasik B. Vajpayee 26. Accommodative Amplitude Measurements After Surgery for Presbyopia 287 David L. Guyton 27. Complications of Hyperopia and Presbyopia Surgery 291 Liane Clamen Glazer and Dimitri T. Azar 28. Future Developments 315 Brian S. Boxer Wachler Index 319 [...]... scleral band Note that the scleral band is visible and slightly elevated Introduction 13 REFERENCES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Barraquer JI Queratoplastia Arch Soc Am Oftal Optom 19 61; 3 :14 7 Barraquer, JI Keratophakia Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 19 72; 92:499– 516 Barraquer, JI Keratomileusis for myopia and aphakia Ophthalmology 19 81; 88:7 01 708 Barraquer, JI Results of... Arch Ophthalmol 19 92; 11 0:994–999 64 Anschutz T Presbyopic PRK In: Sher N, ed Surgery for Hyperopia and Presbyopia Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 19 97:63–77 65 Hom MM Monovision and LASIK J Am Optom Assoc 19 99; 70 :11 7 12 2 66 Thornton S Anterior ciliary sclerotomy (ACS), a procedure to reverse presbyopia In: Sher N, ed Surgery for Hyperopia and Presbyopia Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 19 97:33–36 67 Schachar... IOL implant Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84 :11 13 11 16 41 De Smedt SK, Vrijghem JC Clear lens extraction to correct hyperopia in presbyopic eyes with or without arcuate keratotomy for pre-existing astigmatism Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol 2000; 277:43– 51 42 Lyle WA, Jin GJ Clear lens extraction to correct hyperopia J Cataract Refract Surg 19 97; 23 :10 51 10 56 43 Koch DD, Kohnen T, Anderson JA, Binder PS, Moore MN, Menefee... 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Histologic changes and wound healing response following 10 -pulse noncontact holmium:YAG laser thermal keratoplasty J Refract Surg 19 96; 12 :623–634 44 Koch DD, Kohnen T, McDonnell PJ, Menefee RF, Berry MJ Hyperopia correction by noncontact holmium:YAG laser thermal keratoplasty United States phase IIA clinical study with a 1- year follow-up Ophthalmology 19 96; 10 3 :15 25 15 35; discussion 15 36 45 Alio JL, . Chayet 11 . Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses in Hyperopia 11 5 Georges Baı ¨ koff 12 . Hyperopic Phakic Intraocular Lenses 11 9 Thanh Hoang-Xuan and Franc ¸ ois Malecaze 13 . Hyperopia and Presbyopia: . York 12 7 01, U.S.A. tel: 800–228 11 60; fax: 845–796 17 72 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812 , CH–40 01 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41 61 260–6300; fax: 41 61 260–6333 World. 14 1 Damien Gatinel 15 . Wavefront Changes After Hyperopia Surgery 15 1 Maria Regina Chalita and Ronald R. Krueger 16 . Contrast Sensitivity Changers After Hyperopia Surgery 16 3 Lavinia C. Coban-Steflea,