High Temperature Strain of Metals and Alloys Part 12 docx

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High Temperature Strain of Metals and Alloys, Valim Levitin (Author) Copyright c  2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-313389-9 169 Index a activated dislocation segments – length 95, 96 activation energy of creep – apparent 101 – in pure metals 6, 7 – in refractory metals 146, 147, 150 – in superalloys 101 activation volume – equation 7 alloys – Ir–Nb, Ir–Zr 155 – Ni–Cr, Ni–Al, Ni–W 55 – of refractory metals 143, 149, 151, 152, 153 – W–Re, W–Hf 153 amplitudes of atomic vibrations –inγ  phases of superalloys 102, 103 – in nickel base solid solutions 54, 55 – measurements 21–23, 102 c creep – curve 5, 6 – dislocation theories 8, 9 – in refractory alloys 151, 152 – in refractory metals 143–145, 147–150, 152 – in solid solutions 54 – in superalloys 86, 87, 95, 96, 116–120, 124, 125 – at higher temperatures 124 – at lower temperatures 116 – dislocation splitting 112, 120–122, 129 – equations 99, 100 – influence of orientation, temperature and stress 111–120 – primary stage 118, 119 – tertiary stage 118 – physical mechanism 43–45, 67, 68 – steady-state stage 51, 77 – calculation for pure metals 51–53 – equations 49, 51–53, 95, 96, 100, 137–140 – structural peculiarities 40 d deformation map – iron 64 – molybdenum 150 – nickel 63 – niobium 145 density of dislocations – differential equation 49–51, 77, 78 High Temperature Strain of Metals and Alloys, Valim Levitin (Author) Copyright c  2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN: 3-527-313389-9 170 Index – in metals 38 – in superalloys 100, 101 diffraction electron microscopy 20 dislocation networks 30–33, 89, 132–135 dislocations – annihilation 49–51 – coefficients of multiplication 50, 73, 75 –inγ  phase 90, 92, 94, 97 – in crept metals 35–38 – interactions with particles 89–94 – jogged 35, 36 – mobile 35, 36 – partial 112, 160 – ribbons 120–122 – screw components 36, 161 – splitting 121, 129 – subgrains 35 – theory 157 e evolution of structural parameters – in matrix of superalloys 88, 89 – in metals 25–33 g γ/γ  misfit – influence of temperature 136 γ  phase – amplitude of atomic vibrations 102, 103 – coarsening 104, 105 – composition 83, 103 – crystal lattice 84 – lattice parameter 136 – rafting 130, 131 – solubility 85 h high-temperature strain rate – physical model – for metals 43–45, 67, 68 – for superalloys 95–97 – shear deformation 124, 125 i interaction of dislocations with particles 89–94 j jogs in dislocations – formation 55, 56 – in crept metals 36–38 m metals – copper 27, 28, 30 – iron 31–35 – molybdenum 146–151 – nickel 26, 30, 32, 34–37 – niobium 144–147 – vanadium 29, 31 misfit 136 r rafting 130, 131 refractory metals – molybdenum 146–151 – niobium 144–147 – refractory alloys 149, 151, 152 rupture life 86, 87, 114, 115 s Schmid factor 112 simulation – by the system of differential equations 67–71 – data for metals 71–77 – of structural parameters evolu- tion 67 single crystal superalloys – blades 113 – creep curves 117–120, 123–125 – influence of orientation on 114–119 Index 171 – influence of stress on 120 – influence of temperature on 116–118, 120 – dislocation mechanisms of strain 119–127, 129 – properties 115 – shear strain 125, 126 solid solutions – Ni-based 55 stacking faults – energy 57 structural parameters – average values 30 – evolution 25–30 – measurements 17–20 structural peculiarities – of crept metals 40 – of superalloys 83, 88 sub-boundaries – as sources and obstacles for mobile dislocations 34, 35 – crystallography 55, 56 – distances between dislocations 31–35, 37, 38 – stability 58–62 superalloys – composition 129, 163 – equations of strain rate 95–100, 137–140 – physical mechanism of strain 96–98 – prediction of properties 106–108 – trends of development 129 v vacancies – energies of formation 46, 52 – energy of diffusion 46, 47, 52 – loops and helicoids 39 velocity of dislocations – with vacancy-absorbing jogs 46, 47 – with vacancy-producing jogs 46–49, 72, 75 x X-ray in situ studies – data 26–31 – equipment 13, 14 – technique 15 – measurement of structure parameters 17–20 . refractory alloys 151, 152 – in refractory metals 143–145, 147–150, 152 – in solid solutions 54 – in superalloys 86, 87, 95, 96, 116 120 , 124 , 125 – at higher temperatures 124 – at lower temperatures. crystal superalloys – blades 113 – creep curves 117 120 , 123 125 – influence of orientation on 114–119 Index 171 – influence of stress on 120 – influence of temperature on 116–118, 120 – dislocation. solubility 85 h high- temperature strain rate – physical model – for metals 43–45, 67, 68 – for superalloys 95–97 – shear deformation 124 , 125 i interaction of dislocations with particles 89–94 j jogs