Appendix A (Continued) Variable Unit Explanation F c kN Circumferential force at screw drive flank F t kN Tangential part of F c , tangential force F n kN Normal part of F c Torque Values T tot N m Total torque (torque applied on screw drive for assembly) T tott N m Total torque for torque controlled tightening T t N m Thread torque during tightening T h N m Head frictional torque during tightening T totpermt1 N m Maximum permitted total torque, which can be transmitted by the screw drive without problems during tightening T s N m Snug torque for angular controlled tightening Stress and Pressure Values s ax MPa Axial stress in screw shank s eq MPa One-dimensional equivalent stress from maximum distor- tion energy theory (vMises theory) for reducing com- bined stresses to one uniaxial stress value (e.g. reducing the combination of tensile- and shear stress in the screw shank to one value) s a MPa Axial stress amplitude in general s ast2 MPa Axial stress amplitude of screw at temperature t 2 modulated by dynamic operating force of bolted joint s aspermt2 MPa Permitted axial stress amplitude of screw at temperature t 2 modulated by dynamic operating force of bolted joint s asperm0 MPa Fatigue limit at room temperature (ISO 3800: s a ) t max MPa Maximum shear stress in screw shank p ch MPa Pressure in contact area A h p chmaxt1 MPa Maximum pressure in contact area A h at temperature t 1 p chmaxt2 MPa Maximum pressure in contact area A h at temperature t 2 p ct MPa Pressure in helical contact area of thread engagement normal to loaded thread flanks p cc MPa Component contact pressure between clamped part and nut thread component R mst1 , R mst2 MPa Tensile strength of screw at temperature t 1 resp. t 2 R mnt1 , R mnt2 MPa Tensile strength of nut thread component at temperature t 1 resp. t 2 R mpt1 , R mpt2 MPa Tensile strength of clamped part at temperature t 1 resp. t 2 R p0.2s MPa Proof stress with 0.2% plastic strain under conditions of tensile test E s MPa Young’s modulus of screw material (modulus of elasticity) E p MPa Young’s modulus of clamped part material (modulus of elasticity) Continued Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Appendix A (Continued) Variable Unit Explanation E st1 , E st2 MPa Young’s modulus of screw material at temperature t 1 resp. t 2 E pt1 , E pt2 MPa Young’s modulus of clamped part material at temperature t 1 resp. t 2 Frictional Coefficients m t — Thread frictional coefficient m h — Head frictional coefficient m tot — Total frictional coefficient m cc — Frictional coefficient of component contact between clamped part and nut thread component Ratio Values and Numbers — Load factor; ratio between external axial force of bolted joint and additional axial force in screw shank n — Inducing factor; defines, in which position the external axial force is applied to the fastening system; n ¼0–1 n x — Number of transversal displacements for vibration testing k s — Stress factor for relationship between s ax and s eq (based on von Mises theory of failure) Abbreviations FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis SOP Start of production FEM Finite element method PTFE Poly tetra fluoro ethylene MoS 2 Molybdenum disulfide Me Chemical symbol for ‘metal’ SCE Standard calomel electrode (reference potential for mea- surement of corrosion current) x-axis Abscissa y-axis Ordinate Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. B. Conversion of Units ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author thanks Mr. H. Meier and Mr. T. Riehl for performing and eval- uating a large number of investigations and testings, Mr. W. Thomala for valuable discussions, Dr. G. E. Totten, Dr. K. Funatani, Dr. L. Xie, and Mr. R. Johnson for engaged management of the editorial process, RIBE GmbH Schwabach for support with photographs and experimental results and finally my family for support with plenty of time during preparing the manuscript. Metric unit English unit To convert metric to english multiply by To convert english to metric multiply by Length mm in 0.039370 25.400 m a ft b 3.2808 0.3048 Area mm 2 in 2 0.001550 645.16 m 2 ft 2 10.764 0.092903 Volume mm 3 in 3 0.000061024 16387 m 3 ft 3 35.315 0.028316 Mass g lb 0.0022046 453.59 Force N c lbf 0.22481 4.44822 Torque N m lbf ft 0.7376 1.3558 N m lbf in 8.8508 0.1130 Pressure=stress MPa KSI d 0.145037 6.89479 Nmm 2 KSI d 0.145037 6.89479 Temperature 8C 8F 8F ¼(1.8 8C)þ 32 8C ¼(8FÀ32)=1.8 a 1 m 1000 mm. b 1ft 12in. c 1 N 9.81 Ã gf. d 1 ksi 1000 lbfin 2 . REFERENCES 1. Askeland, D.R. The Science and Engineering of Materials, 3rd Ed.; Chapman and Hall: London, 1996. 2. ATF Inc., 3550 W. Pratt. Ave., Lincolnwood, IL 80712, USA. www.atf- inc.com 3. Avallone, E.; Baumeister, T, III. Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers, 10th Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, 1997. www.mcgraw-hill.com Copyright 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 4. Bauer, C.O., Ed. 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