Mechatronics for Safety, Security and Dependability in a New Era - Arai and Arai Part 10 ppt

254 Ch51-I044963.fm Page 254 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:10 AM Ch51-I044963.fm Page 254 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:10AM 254 largely by knowledge and service contents, rather than just materialistic values in order to compensate for volume reduction. Recently, leading scholars were calling for more research in the application of engineering principles to the design and delivery of services, a research field that they called "service engineering" (Tomiyama T., 2001). A service is well defined in a framework consisting of a service provider, a service receiver, service contents, and service channels. A service model consisting of three sub-models: scope model, view model and flow model, is also presented. A computer-aided design tool, called Service Explorer, is developed to represent a network of the parameters and determines the influence weight one another (Shimomura Y., et al. 2003). In this paper, we present a research framework for service engineering based on a kind of high-level Petri Nets—Hierarchical Colored Petri Nets (Jensen. Kurt, 2004). Firstly we give the flow model in top level net to describe the structure of a target service as a chain of agents existing in the service. Then the sub pages corresponding to the substitution transitions of the top level net give the scope models determining the sub services which include each agent as a receiver. Moreover, there are also substitution transitions in the scope model, the sub pages corresponding to them give the view models expressing the relationships among the RSPs (Receiver State Parameters), CoPs (Content Parameters), and ChPs (Channel Parameters). Under this framework, we can represent material flow information, also deal with RSPs. It will be helpful in intensifying, improving, and automating the whole service, including service creation, service delivery, and service consumption. We illustrate the development procedure by studying Consumer Electronics Rental Service using CPN—TOOLS software. 2. THE WHOLE STRUCTURE OF PRODUCING-CONSUMING SYSTEM AND THE TOP LEVELPETRI NET By "leasing" instead of "selling", Consumer Electronics Rental Service can realize a new paradigm from product-selling to function-selling: reducing of cost and trouble of customers (buying, operation, disposal), following customers' situation changes, taking back and renting again, tiding-up with house leasing service with little customization instead of new needs for high functionalities. The process from producing to consuming is a complicated and large system, obviously it is better to describe it using hierarchical and modular method in order to analyze it clearly. We will deal with it under the 3 sub-model framework and give a realization using Hierarchical Colored Petri nets. Between the electronic producer (the service provider) and the consumers (the service receivers), there are many intermediate agents, such as wholesalers, lease companies, and so on. They play different roles and carry out relevant activities. Without considering the details about each activity, the providing-receiving service relationship can be represented by flow model which is realized by the top level net of HCPNs depicted as Figure 1. Where, a service provider is a place that has only outgoing arcs; a service receiver is a place that has only incoming arcs; an intermediate agent is a place that has both incoming arcs and outgoing arcs. The places of the top level net are all typed as E. By token e, we can control the progress of the system. Transitions tl~t8 of the top level net are all substitution transitions giving the scope models which determine the sub service activities. 255 Ch51-I044963.fm Page 255 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:10 AM Ch51-I044963.fm Page 255 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:10AM 255 tnai n rep<S_ : mai n rep andalso tdis=-;5_tdisp andalso rentexp+fnst+tmairrep+tdispcTOTA I Figure 1: Flow model of producing-consuming System Figure 2: Scope model of rental service 3. SCOPE MODEL OF THE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS RENTAL SERVICE In this paper, because we are interested in the sub service bout "leasing", we will pay more attention to the activity caused by Lease companyl to Consumer. The sub page corresponding to substitution transition t3 gives the scope model about it, just depicted as Figure 2. In this activity, Lease companyl will provide the consumers with electronics rental service. The consumers will evaluate the service with 4 RSPs: Rental Expenses, Installation Trouble, Maintenance and Repair Trouble, and Disposal Trouble. So we define 4 places to represent these 4 RSPs respectively. They all are typed as INT, indicating that the color value is integer representing the satisfaction degree corresponding to each RSP. Transition t35 represents the event that the rental service is provided. We give an evaluating criterion on which the consumer judges this service by a transition guard. By using RSPs, the scope model can describe not only whether the consumer can receive the material contents but also whether the consumer is satisfied with the service contents. 4. VIEW MODELS OF THE CONSUMER ELECTRONICS RENTAL SERVICE In the scope model, we don't consider how lease companyl will manage the rental service, neither how the service management will influence these 4 RSPs. We will describe the details by the view models realized by the relevant sub pages corresponding to the substitution transitions t31, t32, t33, t34 of the scope model respectively. These 4 RSPs are influenced by many aspects respectively. In the view models we will represent these aspects using places which all are typed as INT. The evaluation about Rental Expenses is described by the view model corresponding to the sub page of the substitution transitions t31 of the scope model, just depicted as Figure 3. The evaluation about Installation Trouble is described by the view model corresponding to the sub page of the substitution transitions t32 of the scope model, just depicted as Figure 4. The evaluation about Maintenance and Repair Trouble is more complicated, and is described by the view model corresponding to the sub page of the substitution transitions t33 of the scope model, just depicted as Figure 5. The evaluation about Disposal Trouble is described by the view model corresponding to the sub page of the substitution transitions t34 of the scope model, just depicted as Figure 6. 256 Ch51-I044963.fm Page 256 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:10 AM Ch51-I044963.fm Page 256 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:10AM 256 Figure 3: View model about Rental Expenses Figure 4: View model about Installation Trouble Figure 5: View model for maintenance and repair trouble Figure 6: View model for disposal trouble REFERENCES Jensen Kurt. (2004). CPN Tools. Online: http://wiki.daimi.au.dk/cpntools/cpntools.wik i Tomiyama T. Service Engineering to Intensify Service Contents in Product Life Cycles. Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, IEEE Computer Society, 613-618. Shimomura Y., et al. (2003). A Proposal for Service Modeling. Proceeding of 3rd Int. Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing, IEEE Computer Society, 75-80. 257 Ch52-I044963.fm Page 257 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11 AM Ch52-I044963.fm Page 257 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11AM 257 OBSERVABLES OF OPPOSITES ALTERNATIVES IN DECISION MAKING Junichi Yagi', Eiji Arai 2 , and Shinji Matsumoto 3 i Institute of Technology, Shimizu Corporation, Tokyo 135-8530, Japan 1 Osaka University, Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka 565, Japan 3 CSP Japan, Tokyo 100-0011, Japan ABSTRACT Project management requires a project manager to make a series of hard decisions as his project develops or prior to its commencement. A choice must be made more often rather than otherwise out of the opposite alternatives. This manuscript investigates a proper model for decision mechanism of choice out of the severely contending opposite alternatives, the source of complexity in consequences. KEYWORDS dynamic interaction of alternatives, potentials and events, Mobius surface, Verhulst equation, intensional and extensional wholes INTRODUCTION A decision maker faces a series of opposite alternatives for choice, seemingly equally valid, from which it is forced to choose one. They are oftentimes under severe contention which way to go may lead to possibly far different consequences or distinct pattern of consequences. It is the norm for decision making, rather than otherwise, to make a choice out of the opposite alternatives. He confronts with burning potential of opposites at every decision point- to the left or to the right, up or down, metaphorically, A or ~A, speaking most generically, where both opposites coexist in acting potential, and both are capable of being, but not yet in existence as event. This mode of existence is called acting potential, whose opposite elements are both rushing toward realization, and only one of which will be realized. In design process, it is the opposite alternatives for almost every parameter that are concerned and stand together under severe contention. This manuscript investigates the peculiar characteristics of acting potential, the logical relation between potentials and events, and the consequent dynamic interaction (Prigogine 1980, Kauffman 1993) among them, which may provide us with better understanding of the underlying mechanism how the opposites influence a decision-making. 258 Ch52-I044963.fm Page 258 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11 AM Ch52-I044963.fm Page 258 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11AM 258 MODEL OF ACTING POTENTIALS The collection of the common attributes which all the elements in a set equally share beyond their own peculiarities is called intensity of the set, while the collection of the members is the extension of the set. The intensity is reciprocal to the extension (Russell and Whitehead 1910). There are two ends in the universe of the set theory, the empty set and the universe. Taking limits towards both ends, the intensity of the empty set is °° and that of the universe is 0. The universe has no intensity, i.e. no common ascribable attribute as long as we stay inside the universe (unless from outside, i.e. from a view of a larger whole, it cannot obtain any attribute A, for the attribute requires the existence of its opposite ~A for A to be defined). On the other, the empty set could be deemed to contain all the possible pairs of opposite attributes, since <f> = A D ~A for any attribute A relevant in the universe currently dealt with. Any attribute A that predicates the empty set is necessarily cancelled out by its opposite attribute ~A in the view of extension, whose cancellation does not however evade that the empty set contains both opposite attributes in the view of intensity. The empty set therefore transcends all and contains all - in short, 'it is empty, but plenum'. The two extremes in the set theory, the empty set and the universe therefore may be deemed as the two opposite wholes, the intensional whole and the extensional whole respectively. The extensional and intensional wholes were shown as two reciprocal modes of the Whole. They are two modes of existence, to which the domains of events and of potentials correspond respectively. The Whole must thus satisfy the double-fold requirements in its unity; (1) the requirement that the Whole is one, and (2) that there are two distinct reciprocal modes of the Whole. A Mobius strip as shown at Figure 1 can give a plausible model for the Whole so defined to satisfy the double-fold requirements above. The universe £1 yields its copies with different dimidiated partition according to every possible pair of opposite attributes. A series of (infinitely many) copies with different partitioning, Q A , Q, B , Q. c , ••• is thus obtained. Let these copies raise perpendicular to the Mobius surface and align along the surface, whose intersections equally represent the empty set, e.g. <f> = AP\ ~Afor any attribute A on the surface. In this regards, the Mobius model constitutes the null </) along its surface as just one single surface globally, and rends all the possible opposite attributes across its two local faces everywhere. It unifies the reciprocal modes of the Whole, the intensional whole along the null surface and extensional wholes across the surface; (1) The Mobius null surface models the Potential as the intensional whole, pure being of potentials as plenum of attributes. It renders existence to the extensional universe of events and its constituents, (2) an event occurs, when a choice is made out of every attributable opposite. It is because collapsing over the null direction determines the unique accumulation of attributes relevant to a particular event, (3) whenever and wherever an event occurs, holding itself existent extensionally, the Potential acts on the event intensionally to render existence to the event from behind. DYNAMIC INTERACTION OF OPPOSITES The innate dynamic interaction of opposites for decision making is thus found well represented by the Mobius model. Given that both wholes, intensional and extensional, are reciprocal opposites, when the one covers the whole surface as it should, there remains no room for the other whole. Immediately after the one whole covers the whole surface, it cannot hold itself, for the one requires its opposite to 259 Ch52-I044963.fm Page 259 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11 AM Ch52-I044963.fm Page 259 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11AM 259 be well-defined, and thus it inevitably moves to its opposite, the other whole. This cyclic movement never stops or, rather required not to stop on this ceaseless flow of dialectics, in order that the reciprocal wholes both should be defined. Figure 1: Model for Dynamic Unification of the Acting Potential and Event The dynamic interaction goes way beyond dynamics of events, physical or otherwise. It is the more fundamental movement between the two wholes that molds both events and potentials with its dynamic framework. It is not just logically anticipated, but governing principle of reality, more akin to Heraclites' proposition in antiquity "all is in a state of flux" (Russell 1945). Tt also gives the substantial ground why the opposite things interact at first place, A and ~A, opposing alternatives which press on decision makers under impending pressure both in the domains of potentials and of events. The potential mode of existence is particularly relevant to decision making, where the opposite potencies are both rushing toward realization as event, but only one of which will be realized exclusively. One of the simplest equations among possible others which entertains the Mobius model is the Verhulst equation, x,,+i = b x n • ~x n (Verhulst 1845, Feigenbaum 1978) . It is not only relevant to the original application for the growth of populations, but for the rather far-reaching extension of application, that is describing the deterministic interaction of opposites in the process of decision making. The Verhulst equation expresses iterative interplay of reciprocalities of two kinds, additive and multiplicative (x,, + ~x n = 1 and x,, ' ~x n = ^ n +\ (= x n+i Ib ), respectively) at the right hand side of the equation. Both of them equally satisfy the defining relation of reciprocality among the quantities of two or more variables in a way that when one quantity increases, the other decreases or the other way around, though their quite distinct ways of increasing or decreasing. The Verhulst equation embodies a representation of the iterative fundamental movement between two distinctive wholes, the domains of events and of potentials by capturing the interplay of both types of reciprocals, x • ~x =1 and x + ~x = 1. Such iterative interplay between both types normally leads to a complex behavior as depicted at Figure2. The equation consists of a series of steps of transformations, where the fundamental movement between two wholes governs along the Mobius surface (Eqn.l); An event x,, at n"' generation occurs in the domain of events, and determines it's unrealized opposite \-x n (= ~x n ). The opposite then moves to the domain of intension or potential, where both x n and ~x n reside as opposite potentials in the form of x n '~x n . The potential then produces an event of n+\ th generation by the dynamic law of Verhulst, x n+ i=bx,,'~x n . (Note: The additive reciprocality, x n + ~x n = 1 expresses the sum of opposites is the whole or "the whole is the sum of parts". It is the distinctive characteristic of extension. It does not hold for the intensional whole which completely lacks extension. The multiplicative reciprocality, x r • ~x rl — 1 is rather "the intensional whole is the product of parts", for the intensional parts of attributes are all enfolded in one entangled state of the intensional whole. This entanglement establishes a product as the natural operator for the domain of the intensional whole, where an essential non-linearity reigns.) 260 Ch52-I044963.fm Page 260 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11 AM Ch52-I044963.fm Page 260 Thursday, July 27, 2006 8:11AM -& • 260 b x,, • ~ X B (1) , =b-x n Q-x n ) Figure 2: the Verhulst equation CONCLUSION A decision maker who manages production process confronts with pouncing disturbance. He must achieve a dynamic equilibrium upon the sweeping waves of both internally and externally oriented disturbance to hold the goal of the whole inviolable at every phase of production, which requires a series of decision making to amend his course of action upon disturbance. However, a decision making itself can be a source of considerable disturbance or, even more than often, it is the primary source, where the opposite alternatives are acting potential for most of decision making. This characteristic state of potential, that is "though neither yet in existence, both opposites are equally capable of being, and contending toward existence" must be properly modeled to understand the mechanism how the real acting potential of opposites undeniably observable in day-to-day human activities, acts on the outcome of choice, and its consequence. The dynamic togetherness of two reciprocal wholes is the primary cause of interference among opposites which produce a complex behavior. The Verhulst equation exemplifies one of the simplest kinds which possibly describe complexity due to interaction between the domains of potentials and of events. REFERENCES Feigenbaum M. (1978). Quantitative Universality for a Class of Nonlinear Transformations, J. Statistical Phys. 19:25 Kauffman S. (1993). The Origins of Order- Self organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN: 0-19-505811-9 Prigogine I. (1980). From Being to Becoming- Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, ISBN: 0-7167-1108-7 Russell B. and Whitehead A, N. (1910). Principia Mathematica, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK Russell B. (1945) History of Western Philosophy, Routledge, Oxford, ISBN: 0415325056 Verhulst P, F. (1845) Recherches mathematiques sur la loi d'accroissement de la population, Nouv. mem. De VAcademie Royale des Sci. et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 18, 1-41 ^- 261 Ch53-I044963.fm Page 261 Tuesday, August 1, 2006 4:09 PM Ch53-I044963.fm Page 261 Tuesday, August 1, 2006 4:09 PM 261 ENHANCED DISTRIBUTED-SIMULATIO N USING ORiN AND HLA Toshihiro INUKAI 1 , Hironori HIBINO 2 , Yoshihiro FUKUDA 3 'FA Engineering Department, DENSO WAVE Inc., 1-1 Showa-cho, Kariya-shi, Aichi 448-8661, Japan 2 Technical Research Institute of JSPMI, 1-1-12 Hachiman-cho, Higashikurume-shi, Tokyo 203-0042, Japan Faculty of Engineering, Hosei University, 3-7-2 Kajino-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8584, Japan ABSTRACT Recent manufacturing industries face various problems caused by the shorter product life cycle, the higher demand for cost and quality, the more diversified customer needs and so on. In this situation, it is very important to shorten the lead-time of the manufacturing system construction. Therefore, the manufacturing simulation has been watched with keen interest. However it is used only for the design stage of the construction. It is not useful for the implementation stage because of a proprietary simulation language, a complex modelling, etc. Our goal is to develop a simulation environment which can be used easily throughout the manufacturing system life cycle. Our approach is based on a distributed architecture, ORiN and HLA. This simulation environment is composed of some manufacturing simulators, real FA devices in the factory, its emulators and so on. By distributing them into one simulation environment on the network, a large-scale simulation and a highly accurate simulation are achieved. KEYWORDS Manufacturing systems, Distributed simulation, Virtual factory, ORiN, HLA INTRODUCTION Manufacturing simulations are very important to shorten the lead-time of the manufacturing system construction. However, the manufacturing system simulator is not useful at an implementation stage. One of the main reasons is that the simulation models which are made at the design stage cannot be reused at the implementation stage. Therefore, a virtual factory at the design stage and a real factory at the implementation stage cannot be combined efficiently in the system development process. To solve this problem, current simulators are trying to integrate many functions into themselves. For instance, some robot simulators have the function to convert the simulation language to the 262 Ch53-I044963.fm Page 262 Tuesday, August 1, 2006 4:09 PM Ch53-I044963.fm Page 262 Tuesday, August 1, 2006 4:09 PM 262 proprietary robot language. However it is hard to integrate all functions required in a real factory, because the real factory is composed of many kinds of devices. This approach is confronted with a lot of problems. To cope with the problem, we made conceptual change from INTEGRATION to DISTRIBUTION. In this paper, we propose a simulation environment which is integrating the real devices into the manufacturing simulation systems on the network. This environment is realized as a distributed real simulation system. The system is composed of ORiN system, soft-wiring system, production cell simulator, ORiN-HLA gateway and so on. By using this system, manufacturing system developers are able to use the same simulation model consistently from the design stage to the implementation stage. BASIC CONCEPT The procedure for developing a manufacturing system is commonly based on the waterfall model to reduce a waste of loop-back and re-doing. But still there are many loop-backs on each process. It is difficult to shorten the manufacturing system development time without reducing the loop-backs. Therefore, it is necessary for development time reduction to reduce the "loop frequency" and/or to shorten the "loop time". To reduce the loop frequency, the upper-layer design process should be highly accurate. To achieve this goal, the FA programming task in the simulation environment is indispensable. However, this causes increase in modelling cost and deterioration of cost-effectiveness. The simulation is not usually used at the implementation stage for these reasons. As a solution of this problem, we propose an architecture that enables diverting the simulation program to the real device in the implementation stage. The point is to use the same model throughout the manufacturing system life cycle. This means that an implementation task is to embody the exactly same model as the real devices. And this leads to the wide-use of the simulator at the implementation stage. As a result, this also leads to shorter average loop time because of the easier loop back in the simulation. However, it is easy to imagine the difficulty of creating the simulation environment which is usable in all stages of the manufacturing system construction. The difficulty originates from the fact that the production system is composed of quite a lot of FA devices. Moreover the user programs of those devices are described not in a simulation language but in a ladder language or a robot language, etc. Therefore, we propose architecture of using a real FA device in one simulation environment. By using actual ladder programs or robot programs in the simulation, the simulation accuracy can be improved, and those programs can be reused at the implementation stage. To achieve this simulation environment, it is necessary to realize the following four functions. 1) Function to abstract a wide variety of FA devices. 2) Function to absorb the differences between the abstracted devices and the real devices. 3) Function to connect the abstracted devices logically. 4) Function to simulate the mechanical motion by the signal from the abstracted device. In addition, to execute a manufacturing cell simulation in the real production environment such as the production order patterns, it is necessary to make an interaction with the upper-layer simulators such as a production line simulator. Therefore the following two functions are also required. 5) Function to exchange data between the cell simulator and the upper-layer production simulators. 6) Function to manage the logical time and the synchronization between simulators. 263 Ch53-I044963.fm Page 263 Tuesday, August 1, 2006 4:09 PM Ch53-I044963.fm Page 263 Tuesday, August 1, 2006 4:09 PM 263 SYSTEM OVERVIEW In the above-mentioned six functions, the function 1) and 2) are very important functions. To realize them, we developed "Open Resource interface for the Network, ORiN" [Inukai T. and Sakakibara S. (2004)]. ORiN is the base system of the following two sub-systems, "Soft-wiring system" and "Cell Simulator". These systems are providing function 3) and 4) respectively. To accomplish the distributed simulation environment such as 5) and 6), we use "High Level Architecture, HLA [Hibino H. & Fukuda Y. (2002)]. By using HLA, the synchronization and the logical time management between simulators can be achieved. Figure 1 shows our system overview of a distributed real simulation environment [Inukai T., Hibino H. and Fukuda Y. (2004)]. Distributed Real Simulation - Hybrid Simulation - Real Simulation Environment Function's ^ [2] Cell Simulator - Mechanical Design - Geometric Programming [1 ] Soft-wiring System [\ - Electncal Desigri \ Function 4 Distributed Simulation Environment Figure 1: Distributed real simulation environment ORiN is a software interface for FA devices and the applications. A real FA device is abstracted and is indirectly accessed through the ORiN platform. Therefore the FA applications on ORiN access not a real device but an abstracted device. In short, ORiN can absorb the differences of FA devices. Therefore ORiN applications are executable both in a real factory and a virtual factory. [1] "Soft-wiring system" provides the function to connect abstracted device logically. By using this system, the information stored in I/O and variable of FA devices can be easily and intelligently transferred to the other FA devices. Moreover different from conventional simulation system, this system can connect not only emulators, but also emulator and real device. In other words, the client program need not distinguish whether the supplied data is from a real device or from its emulator. The difference is completely encapsulated. [2] "Cell simulator" can provide the function to imitate mechanical motion in accordance with the signals from the soft-wiring system. The mechanical behaviours are represented by two-dimensional tree structure, and its node represents a simple motion. Complex motions are defined as a combination of simple node. By using this simulator, end-user can easily define the motion of production cell. [3] Synchronization mechanism and logical time management mechanism are very important to achieve the seamless communication between simulators. The functions are provided by HLA and ORiN-HLA gateway. The upper-layer simulators connected to HLA can retrieve the information of a real device through the gateway, and vice versa. [...]... time for passing each gates can be calculated from the given final due time and the typical durations from one gate to the next On the other hand, when WIPs pass each gates, the estimated time for passing following gates can be calculated In these way, for each building materials types, we can obtain both due time for all demands and for all gates, and actual or estimated time for all WIPs By associating... In this case, inheritance is realized as a template or base Atomi object A template Atomi object, which can also be thought of as a generalized abstraction of an Atomi, contains the schematic and layout drawings of an Atomi consisting of the common hardware for the basic Atomi interface Correspondingly, there is a software template for operating this basic hardware Thus, inheriting the base Atomi object... including both part- manufacturing and building construction is feasible enough In this financial year, we are now going to carry out a field test, applying this system to the actual manufacturing and construction sites ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research activity has been carried out as a part of the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) international research program: "Innovative and Intelligent Parts-oriented... companies evaluated PSIM positively as a 'breakthrough' innovation in the field of business and work A virtual plant environment (Goossenaerts et al., 2002; Matsuo & Matsuoka, 2004; Shin et al., 2004) is an advanced information environment that supports operations, decision-making and transformations in the factory The drivers for the decision-making increasingly stem from the public domain and are characterized... KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL CHAINS IN ENGENEERING AND MANUFACTURING: Information Infrastructure in the Era of Global Communications, pp.26 1-2 68, Springer 277 A ROBOTIZED SYSTEM FOR PROTOTYPE MANUFACTURING OF CASTINGS AND BILLETS Mikko Sallinen1, Matti Sirvio2 'VTT Electronics, Kaitovayla 1, 90571 Oulu, Finland Simtech Systems Inc.oy, Kukkaromaki 6C5, 02770, Espoo, Finland ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a new. .. identifiers of all parts consisting the WIP 3 Keeping tree-structured information including assembling order and part structure, for the case of dis-assembling and re-assembling 273 Furthermore, it is expected that reading some particular RFIDs instead of entering some information manually, such as operator name, physical location of the work-cell, and others So, the tracking system can judge whether... "gates", are introduced within the coherent process through part- manufacturing plant line, logistic processes and building construction processes By means of this, building parts can be tracked certainly, and anyone can know the status and the location of building parts at that instant KEYWORDS integrated process management system, part- manufacturing process management, building construction process management,...264 A CASE STUDY A system shown in Figure 2 consists of a cell simulator, a PLC emulator, a real robot device, and a real bar-code reader, etc By reading the task instruction from a KANBAN with bar-code reader, a sequence of tasks is performed End-users can not only make a program in ladder and/ or robot language, but also check a mechanical motion and a cycle time, etc in a distributed real simulation... Research School for Operations Management and Logistics (BETA) Department of Technology Management, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, NL ABSTRACT This paper is about the requirements for an advanced factory governance system Five capital assets are distinguished: Natural, artificial, human, social, and financial A factory's operations involve and affect these five capital assets... each demands and each WIPs in the order of time passing a certain gate for each materials type, we carry out the allocation of demands and WIPs In the case of due time of allocated demands is earlier than estimated time of associated WIP passing by, we assume that tardiness is expected and some action is required 3 THE IMPLEMENTATION 3.1 Gates In order to trace WIPs, we have set up nine gates within . estimated time for passing following gates can be calculated. In these way, for each building materials types, we can obtain both due time for all demands and for all gates, and actual . Where, a service provider is a place that has only outgoing arcs; a service receiver is a place that has only incoming arcs; an intermediate agent is a place that has both incoming arcs and outgoing. for one particular association of the demand and the WIP, including the parts which demands and WIPs consists of. In each table entry, the upper row contains date information in the format of YYYYMMDD,