Biomimetics - Biologically Inspired Technologies - Yoseph Bar Cohen Episode 2 Part 9 pps

Material, 230 advanced, 231 biological, 233 magic, 239 molecular biological, 231 molecular manufacture, 230 nano, 229 nutritive, 230 Mating, 160, 163 Maximum cover, 158 Maximum principle, 401 McKibben artificial muscles, 374 Mechanical interaction, 402, 413, 415 Mechanization of cognition, 60, 80, 98 Medium-term memory, 101, 112; see also Memory Membrane proteins, 230, 233, 239–240 interaction with, 239 high-resolution structures of, 239 MEMICA, 34 concept of, 35 Memory, 60 associative, 104 formation, 60–61 long-term, 60, 71, 112, 101 medium-term, 101, 112 RAM or tape, 71 short-term, 66, 101, 112 working, 60, 65 Metabolic, 249–250, 253 byproducts, 246, 252 demand, 256 efficiency, 249 failure, 252 fatigue, 253 modulatory hormones, systemic, 251 substrates, 246, 252 Metaheuristic methods, 158 Metamaterial, 312 Metamorphosed sediments, 3 Micellar behavior, 368 Micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS), 9, 277 Microfibril bundles, 479, 484–486 Microgripper, 389 Microhair structures, 372 Micromolded lenslet array, 297 Microvessel, 256–257 Millipede, 11, 12 Mimesis, 2 Mimicry, 392 Mimosa pudica, 489 Miniaturization, 394 Minimum jerk criterion, 410 Minimum joint torque-change criterion, 412 Minimum muscle force change criterion, 412–413 Mitochondria, 45 Mixed integer quadric programming (MIQP) algorithms, 423 Mixed logical dynamical (MLD) system M-line, 45–46 Mobility, 177–178, 496–498, 500–501 Modern control theory, 400–401 Modular design, 51 Modular organization, 212–214, 217; see also Bio-nanorobot representation of, 216 Modulation, 260 of electrical pulses, 262 of pulse width, 260 Molecular antenna, 234 Molecular building blocks, 230–231 Molecular ink, 234–235 biologically active, 235 Molecular machines, 204, 210, 229–230, 234; see also Biomolecular machines DNA-based, 205 field of, 204 natural, 204 Molecular mechanical methods, 215 Molecular self-assembly, 231–232, 234 definition, 233 Monkey-see/monkey-do principle, 78, 98 Monolayer, 249, 254 fibroblast, 255 Morphology, 132–133, 135–136, 145 evolving, 144 new physical, 147 representations, 138 robot’s, 140 Motility, 178, 180 Motor cells, 482; see also Hydrostat motor cells Motor cortex, 423 Motor learning, 402, 404, 410 approach, diffusion-based, 405 of biological system, 405 Motor unit, 44 M-protein, 46 Multicomponent braid, 334 Multifunctional composite, 311, 328, 332, 337 Multifunctional materials, 497–498 Multi-legged dynamic walking movements, 423 Multiresolution computational mesh, 436 Muscle fiber, 43–44, 49 number of, 50 set of, 44 Muscle function, 43–45, 53 influence on, 43 variety in, 51 Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_index Final Proof page dxxii 6.9.2005 9:38pm 522 Index Muscle activity patterns, 43 actuators, 244–246, 251, 253, 261 adaptation, 50, artificial, 42, 45 as actuator, 42 biochemistry, 44 biological, 42 biology of development, 244 bioreactor, 259 cadaveric, 247 cell, 44–45 cells, 244–245 cells, genetically engineered, 247 chimeras, 255 contraction, 44–45 design, 47, 51 denervated, 250 ECM, 244 explant, 246 fast-twitch or slow-twitch, 258 force production, 43 fracture mechanics of, 51 function, principles, 43 insect flight, 43 isometric stress of, 43 living, 248, 251 metabolism, control of, 246 morphology, 44, 49 multi-functionality of, 42–43 perfusion of, 246 phenotype, 244 plasticity, 43 remodeling, principles of, 43 skeletal, 43, 244–245, 248 tissue mechanical actuators, 244 tissues, self-organizing, 254 viscoelastic properties, 43, 51, 53 whole surgically explanted, 244 Muscles, 366, 371, 373, 375 cardiac, 374 pneumatic, 374 skeletal, 373 smooth, 374 Musculo-skeletal system, 403 Mutation, 161, 173 Myocytes, 254 cardiac, 254–255 Myosin, 45–47, 49, 52 filaments, 45 heads, 46 molecules, 46 Myosins, 208 N Nafion1, 274 Nanobiotechnology, 231, 234 Nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS), 24 Nanomachine, 203, 205, 209 components, creation of, 202 Nano-materials, 229 Nanomedicine, 204 Nanometer coatings, 234 Nanorobot; see Nanorobotics Nanorobotics, 202, 204, see also Bio-nanorobotics field of, 203, 224 Nanoscaffold, 234 Nanosensors, 210 Nanostructures, 499 Nanotechnology, 202, 204, 224 field of, 223 research in, 205, 224 Nanotechnology, 466–467 Nanotubes (NT), 276 Nastic movements, 473–474, 481 Nebulin, 45 Necrosis, 251–252 cellular, 252 rapid, 252 Negative refractive index, 312, 323 Nematic structure, 349 Nephila clavipes, 367 Nerve, 246, 256; see also Nerve muscle interfaces motor, 258 Nerve muscle interfaces, 258 Network sensors, 337 Network, 404; see also Neural network interaction, 423 Neural network, 99, 116, 403–404 artificial, 404, 417, 421 cascade, 412 Neural superposition eye, 301–302 Neuronal network, 121 Neurones, 355 Nitric oxide, 410 Noncognitive functions, 63 Noncovalent weak interactions, 233 Nonlinear coordination transformation, 403 Nonlinear programming, 158 Novacor, 455, 457–458 Nucleotides, 229 Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_index Final Proof page dxxiii 6.9.2005 9:38pm Index 523 O Observability, 400 Observer theory, 400 Octopus, 497, 501–502, 509, 512 Offspring, 159 Offspring (Cont’d) characteristics of the, 163 fittest, 174 formation of, 162 identical, 161 mutated, 168 newly generated, 161 Ommatidia, 297–298, 303, 392 Oozing, 358 Open heart surgery, 453 Operational, 359 long term disablement, 359 passive deterrents, 359 Optic Nerve prostheses, 430 Optical activation, 268 Optics, 381, 391 Optimal control, 400, 409 problem, 401, 409 theory, 401 Optimal motion formation, 402, 410, 412, 423 Optimal regulator, 400 Optimalizing control, 401 Optimization, 158 Optimization algorithms, 501 Optimization tools, 501 Organ transplant, 450 Organic-inorganic composite (s), 365, 367, 369–370 Organized systems, 400 Orthotics, 42 Osmotic motors, 475–477, 479, 482, 491 Osmotic pressure, 475–476 Outbreeding depression, 163 Oxygenators, 451, 453 bubble, 453 disc, 451 hollow fiber nonpoprous, 454 membrane, 453 microporous hollow fiber, 454 P Parallel algorithms, 161 Parallel distributed, 410 Parents, 131, 138 Partial differential equation (pde), 405 Passive velocity field control (pvfc), 415 Passivity, 415–416 PDMS membrane, 293 PE condition, 417–418, 420–421 Penetrators, 11 sharp, 18 Pennation, 50 Peptide construction motifs, 232–234, 236 Peptide detergents, 230, 238–240 Peptide Lego, 233 Peptide nanofiber scaffolds, 230 Peptide surfactants, 230, 233, 236 Perflurocarbons Perfusion, 246, 252–253, 256–257 bioreactor, 257 Phenotype, 138, 244, 246, 251, 254, 257 encode a, 143 adult, 249, 256, 258 arrested or retrogade, 253 muscle, 246, 249, 256–257 neonatal, 248 skeletal muscle, 257 tissue, 253 Photonic crystals, 149 Photoreceptors, 428–429, 432 Physiological, 359 diversion, 360 neurochemical, 359 Physiological cross sectional area (PCSA), 50 PI control, 422 Piecewise affine (PWA) system, 423 Piezoelectricity, 271 Pith parenchyma, 483–484 Planetary robotics, 280 Planning, 401–402, 412 Plant movements, 474, 480, 482, 491 Plant pumps, 475–476 Pleated columns, 490 Plywood, 484 p-Median, 164, 166 Pneumatic activation, 268 Pole assignment principle, 400 Pollution, 507 Polyaniline (PAN), 275 Polydisperse, 367 Polymer cracking, 329–330 Polymer healing, 329 Polymer interactions, 367 Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF), 269 Pose sensitivity, 63 Power dissipation of implanted electronics, 440 P-proteins, 481 Precedence principle, 70, 91 interactions, 119 Programmed assembly, 231–232, 234 Projectile, 353, 355, 358 water stream, 358 Prosthesis, 431, 437, 440 cortical, 428–429 epiretinal, 431, 436 Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_index Final Proof page dxxiv 6.9.2005 9:38pm 524 Index intraocular retinal, 434 retinal, 429, 431–432, 435–436, 442–443 subretinal, 430–431 visual, 428 Pulse-width, 250, 260 Pumping mechanism, 12 Q Quadratic assignment, 174 Quasi-static, 435 Quick-freeze/deep-etch, 238 R Rationalizing logical procedures, 400 Recellularized, 244, 246–247, 255 ECM actuators, 247 Reconfigurable designs, 183, 195 robots, 147–148, 183–184 systems, 497 Redundancy, 402–403, 408, 423 kinematic, 405 problem, 405 Redundant d.o.f., 403 Regenerative medicine, 233, 235 Regulation, 400–401 Regulator problem, 400 Regulatory network representations, 143 Reinforcement learning, 60 delayed, 120 lack of, 63 Reliability, 401 Removal of population members, 161, 164 Replication fork of DNA, 365 Resistive heating, 324, 326–327, 332, 337 Respiratory failure, 450 Retinal prosthetic devices, 430, 434 Reversibility, 214, 218 Rheobase, 250 Rhododendron leaves, 488 Rhythmic movement, 423 Riblets, 371–372 Ribosome, 229–231, 233 bacterial, 234 Riot control agent, 358 chemical mace, 358 Robonaut, 37 Robot, 251, 259, 261 biomechatronic, 261 muscle actuated swimming, 260 systems, 261–262 Robotic arm lifter, 280 Robotic components, 205, 212; see also Nanorobotic components Robotics, 197, 402 bio-inspired, 197 economy of, 197 Robust adaptive control; see Control Robust control theories, 400 Robustness, 42, 51 Rotaxanes, 209 parent of, 209 S Sampling, 393 Sarcomere, 43, 44 activation of, 49 arrangement of, 47 damaged, 50 dependence of, 46 design of, 44, 47 force production of, 46 invertebrate, 47 length of, 46 local disruptions of, 51 organization of, 45 popping, 51 serial addition of, 49 use of, 52 vertebrate, 46 Sarcomeres, 373 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 45 Satellite cell, 255 Scheduling, 400, 423 Screens, 15 Self healing, 202, 220 Self replication, 218, 220–221, 224 concept of, 219, 223 mimetics of, 218 Self-assembling peptides, 232, 234–235 Self-assembly, 7, 10, 23 definition of, 9 guided device-to-substrate, 36 Self-balancing, 220 property of, 221–222 Self-organization, 254–255, 402, 404–405 algorithm, 405 Self-replicating mechanisms, 219 classification of, 219 Sensitive fern, 5, 6 Sensors, 497, 500, 501, 504, 507 Sensory Substitution devices, 430 Sensory-motor coordination, 403, 405, 407 Septicemia, 353 Sequence control, 400 Servomechanism problem, 400 Set covering, 158 Setae, 13 Shakey robot, 8 development of, 8 Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_index Final Proof page dxxv 6.9.2005 9:38pm Index 525 Shape memory alloys (SMA), 268 Shark skin, 366, 371–372 Sheets, b-, 367–368 Shells, 366, 369–370 Sherrington’s law, 402 Short-term memory, 66, 101, 112; see also Memory Side-effects of long term implantation, 433 Sigmoidal neurons, 136 Silk, 365, 367–370, 376 Silkworm, 365, 367–369 fibroin, 368 Simulated annealing, 159 Simulations of prosthetic vision, 432 Simulators, 502 Skin, 382–384, 386 Sliding filament, 46 Smart materials, 504 Smart prosthetics, 277 Smart Structures, 504, 508 Smooth muscle, 373–374, 376 Social behavior, 33; see also Biological behavior Social robotics, 178 Solid state aircraft, 281 Sound, 393 Source symbol, 67, 112, 116, 121, 125 neurons of a, 120 Spatulae, 372 Specific surface, 478–479 Speech recognition, 80, 86 Spherical aberration, 293, 295, 304 Spherical gradient-index sphere lens, 308 Spider web, 9, 15, 20 Spinal cord, 416 Spinal reflexes, 402 Split-ring-resonator, 321 Spring Roll, 271 Stable states, 105 x field, 107 STAR, 500, 502 State space methods, 400 Steepest descent, 158 illustrating the, 168 results of the, 172 Stem cells, 465 Stereoendoscopy, 303 Stereolithography, 279 Stiffness, 44 Stimulating electrodes, 431, 434–436 Structural compatibility, 230, 233–234 Structural health monitoring, 337 Sugars, 229 Superpositional compound eyes, 297–298, 303 Supervised learning, 404–405, 408 distal, 404 Supervision, 400–401 Suprachoroidal-transretinal stimulation (STS), 430 Surfaces, 381–382, 384–387, 389, 391–393 biomimetics, 394 functional, 383 hydrophobized, 382 self-cleaning, 390 Surveillance, 360 electrosensing, 360 Survival of the fittest, 158, 159 concept of, 160 principles of, 172 Swelling bodies, 477–478, 481 Symbol to action command association, 119, 122–123 Symbols, 58 active language, 63 active visual, 63 complex feature detector, 91 excitation of, 72 excited, 59 high level, 63 indices of, 67 multi, 80 multiple lower level, 102 primary layer, 95 small set of, 109 world of, 81 Synaptic modification, 111 mechanisms of, 112 plasticity, 410 Synchronization, 423 Synergy, 402, 406 Synthetic life, 6 Synthetic molecular motors, 209 System control engineering, 399 T Tabu search, 159, 162 Tactic movement, 474 Target symbol, 67, 112 high-frequency, 68 particular set, of a, 125 Teleoperation, 34 Telepresence, 34, 35 Template-based synthesis, 366 Tendon, 44, 244, 252, 255–256, 258 achilles, 50 elastic, 44 geometry, 246 long, 44, 47 muscle, 52 scaffold-based, 258 self-organizing, 258 Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_index Final Proof page dxxvi 6.9.2005 9:38pm 526 Index Thalamus, 58 cerebral cortex and, 58 portion of, 102 zone of, 100 Theory of vertebrate cognition, 99–100 Thermal activation, 268 Thermal effects, 436–437, 439–440, Thermal management, 328, 337 Thermoregulation, 381, 392 Thermo-reversibly cross-linked polymer, 329 Thoratec, 456–457 Tissue development, 245, 254, 257–259 skeletal muscle, 258 Tissue, 245, 247; see also Tissue interface avascularized, 257 cardiac, 255 damage, electrochemical, 253 engineering, 245 engineering of skeletal muscle, 245 longevity, 261 mechanical failure within, 252 muscle, 245 rejection, post-surgical, 247 three-dimensional, 248 vascularized, 257 Tissue engineering, 464–465, 467 Tissue interface, 244–248, 254, 256–257 architecture of, 247 engineered, 258 mechanical failure at, 252 Titin, 45, 50 Top-down, 231 approach, 230, 234 Topology conserving map, 405 Torsion motor, 482 Total artificial heart, 454, 459–461, 464 Total enumeration, 165 Total hip replacement, 461–462 Total knee replacement, 462 Toxicity, 251, 253 Tree representations, 138, 140 Tremor, 400 Triblock design, 368 Tropism, 474; see also Gravitropism Tropomyosin, 46 Troponin, 46 Turgor pressure, 479 Turn-on frequency, 312 Two-points boundary value problem U Ultrasonic/sonic driller/corer (USDC), 10 V Valine, 235, 236, 238 Van der Waals force, 385, 387 Van der Waal forces, 368, 373 Van der Waals interactions, 233 Variational method, 407 Vascular, 246, 256 bed, 244, 247, 252, 256–257 cardio, 249 neuro, pedicles, 246 tissue interface, 256 Velamen, 479 Ventricular assist devices, 454–455, 464 Venus fly trap, 5, 474, 482, 487 Vertebrate, 45, 46, 47 function of, 49 myosin filaments of, 46 skeletal muscle, 47 Virtual reality, 204 techniques, 203 Virtual robots, 502 Visual cognition, 91 W Water-mediated hydrogen bonds, 233 Wet adhesion, 13 Wetting, 381; see also anti-wetting, 390–391 Wheatgrass, 488 Whole arm cooperative manipulation, 403 Wiki online, 511 Wilting, 484, 490 Wire network, 1-, 333 Woodpecker, 496, 498–499 Workloop, 43 Z Z-disk, 45,46 Zuotin, 232, 236 Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_index Final Proof page dxxvii 6.9.2005 9:38pm Index 527 Figure 1.3 Bug-eating plants with traps that developed from their leaf. Figure 1.14 The spider constructs an amazing web made of silk material that for a given weight it is five times stronger than steel. Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 1 21.9.2005 9:31pm Figure 1.18 MACS crawling on a wall using suction cups. Figure 1.19 JPL’s Lemur, six-legged robots, in a staged operation. (Courtesy of Brett Kennedy, JPL.) Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 2 21.9.2005 9:32pm parallel serial 2 F F 2dL dL 2F F 2F F PP S S v 2v dL 2dL Figure 2.5 Functional effects of parallel (P) and serial (S) arrangement of sarcomeres. F represents force, v represents velocity, and dL represents the length ranges over which the muscle can generate force. Figure 4.2 Evolving a controller for physical dynamic legged machine. (a) The nine-legged machine is powered by 12 pneumatic linear actuators arranged in two Stewart platforms. The controller for this machine is an open-loop pattern generator that determines when to open and close pneumatic valves. (b) Candidate controllers are evaluated by trying them out on the robot in a cage, and measuring fitness using a camera that tracks the red foot (see inset). (c) Snapshots from one of the best evolved gates. (From Zykov, V., Bongard, J., Lipson, H., (2004) Evolving dynamic gaits on a physical robot, Proceedings of Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, Late Breaking Paper, GECCO’04. With permission.) Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 3 21.9.2005 9:32pm Linear Actuator Bar Ball Joint Infinite Plane Morphology (Body) Neuron Control (Brain) Synapse (a) (c) (d) (e) (f) (b) Figure 4.4 Evolving bodies and brains: (a) schematic illustration of an evolvable robot, (b) an arbitrarily sampled instance of an entire generation, thinned down to show only significantly different individuals, (c) phylogenetic trees of two different evolutionary runs, showing instances of speciation and massive extinctions from generation 0 (top) to approximately 500 (bottom), (d) progress of fitness versus generation for one of the runs. Each dot represents a robot (morphology and control), (e) three evolved robots, in simulation (f) the three robots from (e) reproduced in physical reality using rapid prototyping. (From Lipson, H., Pollack, J. B., (2000) Nature, 406, 974–978. With permission.) Figure 4.7 Artificial ontogeny: Growing machines using gene regulatory networks. (a) An example of cells that can differentiate into structural, passive cells (dark) or active cells (bright) which contains neurons responsible for sensing (T ¼ touch, A ¼ angle) and motor actuation (M). The connectivity of the neurons is determined by propagation of ‘‘chemicals’’ expressed by genes and sensors, who are themselves expressed in response to chemicals in a regulatory network. (b) Three machines evolved to be able to push a block, (c) The distribution of genes responsible for neurogenesis (red) and morphogenesis (blue) shows a clear separation that suggests an emergence of a ‘‘body’’ and a ‘‘brain’’. (From Bongard, J. C., Pfeifer, R., (2003) Evolving complete agents using artificial ontogeny, In: Hara, F., Pfeifer, R., (eds), Morpho-functional Machines: the New Species (Designing Embodied Intelligence), Springer-Verlag, New York, New York. With permission.) Bar-Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 4 21.9.2005 9:32pm [...]... University, U.K.) Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 15 FIGURE 10.10 21 .9 .20 05 9: 34pm Four-finger EAP gripper lifting a rock FIGURE 10.11 A new class of multi-limbed robots called Limbed Excursion Mobile Utility Robot (LEMUR) is under development at JPL (Courtesy of Brett Kennedy, JPL) Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies. .. 20 03: 11(18), 21 09 21 17 With permission) Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 18 Microdispensed SU-8 monomer (i) (ii) 21 .9 .20 05 9: 35pm Prepatterned SU-8 ring spatial confinement (vi) (iii) Lens assisted radial UV exposure (iv) (vii) (v) Flexible PDMS elastomer UV mask Photoresist SU-8 PDMS elastomer (b) Teflon@ like polymer Substrate Bar- Cohen. .. Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 12 A C D stim(V) Force(microN) 18 B 21 .9 .20 05 9: 33pm 16 14 12 10 8 6 stim (V) Force( mN) 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 time (sec) Figure 9. 1 (A) Self-organized skeletal muscle construct after 3 months in culture, length ~ 12 mm (B) Rat cardiac myocyte þ fibroblast monolayer in the process of delaminating and self-organizing... dynamic musculo-skeletal system Figure 16.8 Experiments of human motion formation in crank rotation tasks Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 24 (c) (d) 21 .9 .20 05 9: 37pm 0 400 f6 EMG5 0 400 f5 0 400 f4 0 400 f3 0 400 f2 IEMG EMG4 EMG3 EMG2 Muscle force (N) EMG6 EMG1 0 .2 0.4 0.6 0.8 Time (s) 1 1 .2 1.4 0 0 .25 0.5 0.75 1 Time (s) 1 .25 1.5 f1 Figure... micrograph showing wing-scale cross-section of the butterfly Morpho rhetenor (From Vukusic, P and J.R Sambles (20 03) Photonic structures in biology Nature 424 : 8 52 855 With permission) The high density of structures and high layer number creates an intense reflectivity of wing scales Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 23 21 .9 .20 05 9: 37pm Figure 16.1... permittivity of the structure (Right) Views of conducting elements to be fabricated within a composite panel Figure 12. 29 Illustration of a sensor embedded in a composite braid Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 22 21 .9 .20 05 9: 37pm Figure 13 .2 A cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) can change its appearance according to the background Here the animal changes... between neural (PC– 12) and myogenic (C2C 12) cell lines This co-culture system allows the study of synaptogenesis in culture (Photographs taken by members of the Functional Tissue Engineering Laboratory at the University of Michigan: Calderon, Dow, Borschel, Dennis.) Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 13 21 .9 .20 05 9: 33pm Figure 9. 3 Muscle Bioreactor... with the brain and (b) an electronically controlled insect Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 20 21 .9 .20 05 9: 35pm Figure 12. 6 Electric field (left) and magnetic field (right) patterns calculated for a unit cell of a coiled medium using ANSOFT-HFSS The wave is propagating in the x-direction and the fields on the two yz faces have 508 phase... response is observed when aligned in the perpendicular direction Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 21 21 .9 .20 05 9: 36pm Sample Port 1 Port 2 Figure 12. 13 (Left) Schematic and (right) photo of Focused Beam system for EM characterization from 5 to 40 GHz at UCSD’s CEAM Figure 12. 17 (Left) Unit cell of NIM The negative permeability is achieved... (5) During performance evaluations, the robot swam through a glucose-filled ringer solution to fuel muscle contractions Bar- Cohen : Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies DK3163_color plates Final Proof page 14 FIGURE 10 .2 21 .9 .20 05 9: 34pm Two-DOF Spring Roll (Courtesy of SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, U.S.A.) FIGURE 10 .9 An android head and a robotic hand that serve as biomimetic platforms . of, 21 9, 22 3 mimetics of, 21 8 Self-assembling peptides, 23 2, 23 4 23 5 Self-assembly, 7, 10, 23 definition of, 9 guided device-to-substrate, 36 Self-balancing, 22 0 property of, 22 1 22 2 Self-organization,. 25 6 25 7 bioreactor, 25 7 Phenotype, 138, 24 4, 24 6, 25 1, 25 4, 25 7 encode a, 143 adult, 24 9, 25 6, 25 8 arrested or retrogade, 25 3 muscle, 24 6, 24 9, 25 6 25 7 neonatal, 24 8 skeletal muscle, 25 7 tissue, 25 3 Photonic. machines, 20 4, 21 0, 22 9 23 0, 23 4; see also Biomolecular machines DNA-based, 20 5 field of, 20 4 natural, 20 4 Molecular mechanical methods, 21 5 Molecular self-assembly, 23 1 23 2, 23 4 definition, 23 3 Monkey-see/monkey-do