Introduction to Medical Immunology - part 10 doc

Combined immunodeficiencies, 591-596 Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (cALLA), 170 Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen (CALLA), 571 Common variable immunodeficiency (acquired hypogammaglobulinemia), 583, 585-586 Compatibility testing, 457 Competitive binding, 274, 275 Complement, activation, 5, 99, 131-132, 481 alternative pathway, 137, 148-151, 240 classical pathway ( see Classical complement pathway) consequences of, 99 exaggerated, pathological situations of, 153-156 in Goodpasture's syndrome, 421 antigen-antibody reactions, 137 cascade, 137 catabolic rates of, 156 components, 137 deficiencies, 157, 248, 596-597 functions, 137-138 levels, in disease, 156-157 metabolism, 156-157 microbial anticomplementary mechanisms, 157-158 synthetic rates of, 156 see also specific complement components Complement activators, proteolytic enzymes, 148 Complementarity-determining regions, 84 Complement-based assays, for soluble immune complex screening, 487-488 Complement fixation tests, 270-271 Complement inhibitors, 141, 153 Complement receptor (CR), 1, 146-147, 150-153, 239, 244, 319 2, 152, 153 3, 152, 153, 239 4, 152, 153 in human cell membranes, 151-153 in immune complex development, 484 Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), 53, 218 Concanavalin A (ConA), 305 Congenital thymic aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome), 589, 590 Conjugate monoclonal antibodies, 546 Conjugate vaccines, 230-231 Constant region homogeneity, 105 Constant regions, 80-82 Contact hypersensitivity, experimental, 426-427 in humans, 427 induction, 426 Contact sensitivity, 298-299 Coombs test, direct, 455, 456, 463, 465, 467 indirect, 269, 456, 457 Copolymer-1 (COP-1; copaxone), 378 Co-receptors, addition of, 168-169 association with, 164 TcR2, 177 in TcR complex, 175 Cortex, of lymph node, 16 Page 629 [Cortex] of thymus, 21 Corticosteroids, for systemic lupus erythematosus, 394 Corynebacterium parvum, 511 Co-stimulatory molecules, 66 Counterimmunoelectrophoresis, 260, 261 C1q, 139 C1q receptor, 240 C1r, 139 Crabbés syndrome, 587 CR1 antibodies, 387 C-reactive protein, 240, 241 C1 receptors, 142 Cromolyn, 449 Cross-immunization, 346 Cross-match, for blood transfusion, 457-458 for bone marrow transplantation, 519 Cross-reactions, antibody-antigen, 125-126 disease susceptibility and, 354 natural antibodies and, 242 with tissue antigens, 253 Cross-reactive autoantibodies, 386 Cross-reactive idiotypes, 353 Cross-regulation, of T-helper subsets, 212-213 Cryoglobulinemia, essential or idiopathic, 487 Cryoglobulins, 485-487 C1s, 139 CsA (cyclosporine A), 523 CTLA-4, 171 Cutaneous hypersensitivity, 6 Cycle-active agents, 498-499 Cyclooxygenase blockers, 600 Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), clinical applications, 504, 505 inhibition of signal transduction, 500, 523 for systemic lupus erythematosus, 394 Cyclosporine A (Sandimmune; CsA), clinical applications, 504-505, 505 inhibition of signal transduction, 500-503, 523 Cytochrome C reduction, 326 Cytokines, assays, 307-309 biological activity, 196-197 in B-lymphocyte activation, 219 chemotactic (chemokines), 247 down-regulatory, 221 fusion, custom-made, 545 genes, 199-200 proinflammatory, 195, 197-199, 428 receptors, 200-201 sources, cellular, 196-197 structure, 199-200 synthesis, down-regulation of, 497-498 targets, 196-197 see also specific cytokines Cytokine syndrome, 524 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 251, 605 Cytopenia, autoimmune, 349, 420 Cytotoxic agents, clinical applications, 504-505 Cytotoxic antibodies, 526 Cytotoxic cells, 4, 5 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity, 418, 420-422 Cytotoxic response, MHC-I and, 40 Cytotoxicity, T-cell-mediated, 13, 207 Cytoxan ( see Cyclophosphamide) D D4, 420 DAF (decay-accelerating factor), 147, 155 DAG (diacylglycerol), 62 D antigen, 454 Decay-accelerating factor (DAF), 147, 155 Defense mechanisms, model, immune deficiency syndromes as, 247-248 nonspecific, 2, 239-241 specific, 2 against tumors, 539-541 Degranulation, 326 Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), cell-mediated, systemic consequences of, 428 clinical manifestations, 417, 418 contact hypersensitivity reactions, 427 cutaneous reactions, 6 experimental studies, 425-427 homograft rejection, 428 Jones-Mote reaction, 427-428 prototype, 425 systemic consequences, 428 T helper lymphocytes in, 201-202 transfer of, 425 in vivo testing of, 297-299 Dendritic cells, CR2 expression and, 152 functions, 65 morphology, 14, 15 Desensitization, 495 Page 630 Diabetes mellitus, animal models of, 357 DQ molecules and, 44 insulin-resistant, 349 MHC and, 43 pathogenesis, 367-369 Diacylglycerol (DAG), 62 Dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE), 510 Differential homing, 27 Differentiation genes, 537 DiGeorge syndrome (congenital thymic aplasia), 589, 590 2-Dinitrophenyl (2-DNP), 55-56 Dipeptidylpeptidase IV (CD26), 180, 299 Diphtheria toxoids, 287-288 Direct antibody assay, 277 Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs), 456, 463, 465, 467 Direct hemagglutination, 455 Discrimination, self vs. nonself, 6-7 Disodium cromoglycate, 449 Disulfide bonds, reduction, 76 Disulfide-interchanging enzyme, 93 DJ complex, 106 DLE (dialyzable leukocyte extract), 510 DNA antibodies, 272 DNA-histone complex antibodies, 386 DNA polymorphisms, 113 DNA vaccines, 232 DNP, hapten-carrier effect in irradiated animals, 56-58 Donor-recipient matching, for organ transplantation, 517-519 Double diffusion method (Ouchterlony's technique), 259-260 Double positives, 175 Down-regulation, of immune response, 345-346 DP alleles, 37 DQ alleles, 37 DQ locus, 44 DQw5, 42 DR alleles, 37 DR1 β chains, in rheumatoid arthritis, 406-407 Drug abuse, immunosuppression of, 603 Drug-induced disorders, hemolytic anemia, 467-470 systemic lupus-like syndrome, 392 thrombocytopenia, 469 Drug-protein conjugates, 52 Drugs ( see specific drugs) DTH ( see Delayed-type hypersensitivity) Dysgammaglobulinemia, 283, 284 E E4, 420 EAE (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis), 356-357, 377 EBV [ see Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)] ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis), 444 Eczema, with immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia, 595-596 Effector cells, cytotoxic, 309 in immune response, 2, 3 lymphocytes as, 5-6 mechanisms, in antibody-dependent anti-infectious, 243-244 in experimental contact hypersensitivity, 426-427 EIA ( see Enzymoimmunoassay) ELAM-1 (endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; E-selectin), 26, 197 Elastase, 321 Electrophoresis, in B-cell dyscrasia diagnosis, 554 Electrostatic bonds, 121 EM allotypes (IgE heavy-chain allotypes), 113 Endarteritis, 401 Endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1; E-selectin), 26, 197 Enhancement, immunological, 541 Enhancing antibodies, 609 Env, 605 Envelope glycoproteins, 606 Environment, autoimmune disease pathogenesis and, 354-356 control, in immediate hypersensitivity prevention, 446 systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis and, 392 Enzyme-linked immunoassay test (ELISA), for anti-HIV antibodies, 612-613 Enzymoimmunoassay (EIA), advantages, 279-280 competitive, 277 cytokine, 307 limitations, 279-280 rapid diagnosis, 278-279 Eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), 444 Page 631 Eosinophilic cationic protein, 446 Eosinophils, in cytotoxic reactions, 244 functions, 15-16 in immediate hypersensitivity, 445-446 Epinephrine, 448 Epithelial cells, synthesis of secretory component, 93 Epitope ( see Antigenic determinants) Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1, 574 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), B-cell lymphoma associated with, 574 immunosuppressive effects, 251 post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, 527-528 Equilibration phase, 225, 226 Equilibrium constant, 122 Equilibrium dialysis, 122-123 Equivalence, 127-128 Equivalence zone, 127 Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of newborn), 461-464 Erythropoietin, 614 E-selectin (endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule), 26, 197 Exotoxins, bacterial, 252 Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), 356-357, 377 Experimental contact hypersensitivity, 426-427 Experimental models, of serum sickness, 475 F Fab fragment, 76, 77, 78 F(ab') 6 fragment, 78 Fab region, 83 Fabricius, bursa of, 11 Factor B, 149, 150 Factor D, 150 [...]...Factor H, 150, 153 Factor I, C3 activation, 143 C3b cleavage, 146, 15 0-1 51 C3b inhibition, 153 cofactors, 150 deficiency, 59 6-5 97 Fc fragment, 76, 77, 78 Fc receptors, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and, 244 binding, 9 9-1 01 Fcε, 10 0-1 01 Fcδδ, 319 binding, 9 9-1 01 in immune complex development, 484 Fcε-RI, 44 1-4 42 Fcε-RII, 442 IgG-specific, 9 5-9 6 mediation of cell activation,... switching, 108 complement activation, 99 constant regions, 8 0-8 2 domains, 8 2-8 3 fractional turnover rate, 95 genes, allelic and isotypic exclusion, 11 4-1 15 chromosome 2, 105 , 106 chromosome 14, 105 , 106 , 107 chromosome 22, 105 , 106 rearrangements of, 10 5-1 08, 114, 16 7-1 68 genetics, 10 5-1 16 half-life, 95 heavy chains (see Heavy chains) light chains (see Light chains) membrane changes during B-cell maturation/activation,... study, 24 7-2 48 Immune elimination, 225, 226 Immune recognition, 58 Immune response, abnormal, consequences of, 25 2-2 53 in systemic lupus erythematosus, 39 1-3 92 anti-idiotypic, 346 avoidance, 24 8-2 52 characteristics, 2 down-regulation of, 34 5-3 46 immunoglobulin allotypes and, 115 induction, antigen processing/presentation and, 5 9-6 0 antigen receptors and, 5 8-5 9 B lymphocytes and, 65 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes... stages, 2-3 suppressor cells and, 21 2-2 13 Immune surveillance, 10, 54 0-5 41 Immune system, cells of, 3-4 , 1 1-1 6 discrimination, self vs nonself, 6-7 HIV and, 60 7-6 12 interactions, 8, 540 modulators (see Immunomodulators) tumor cells and, 542 see also specific cells Immunity, antibody-mediated (see Humoral immune response) cell-mediated (see Cell-mediated immunity) terminology, 1 Immunization, active, 21 7-2 18,... levels, 30 8-3 09 ILs (see Interleukins) Immediate hypersensitivity, atopy and, 420 case example, 43 4-4 35, 44 9-4 50 characteristics, 417, 418, 433 clinical manifestations, 419, 43 3-4 35 defined, 5 drug therapy, 44 7-4 49 eosinophils in, 44 5-4 46 experimental models, 41 8-4 19 historical background, 41 8-4 19 pathogenesis, 41 9-4 20 IgE antibodies and, 43 6-4 38 sequence of events in, 43 5-4 36 prevention, 44 6-4 47 Immune... regions, gene rearrangements, 10 5-1 08 see also specific types of immunoglobulin Immunoglobulin-α (CD79a), 65, 168 Immunoglobulin-β (CD79b), 65, 168 Immunoglobulin-A (IgA), biosynthesis, 9 3-9 5 characteristics, 79 deficiency, 28 4-2 85, 583, 58 6-5 87 dimeric, 92 half-life, 95 heavy-chain allotypes, 113 J chain, 92 polymeric, in B-cell dyscrasia, 557, 558 secretion, 93 secretory, 8 5-8 6 biosynthesis of, 92 serum... fixation tests, 27 0-2 71 enzymoimmunoassay, 27 7-2 80 immunofluorescence, 27 1-2 74 precipitation assays, 25 9-2 67 principles, general, 259 radioimmunoassay, 27 4-2 77 Immunosuppression, adverse consequences, 50 5-5 06 with drug abuse, 603 in HTLV-1-associated T-cell leukemia, 573 with infections, 60 3-6 05 organ transplantation and, 52 2-5 28 for rheumatoid arthritis, 411 side effects, 52 7-5 28 drug-induced (see Immunosuppressive... example, 579 classification, 581 combined, 59 1-5 96 with ataxia-telangiectasia, 59 3-5 94 SCID, 59 1-5 93 with thrombocytopenia and eczema, 59 5-5 96 complement deficiencies, 59 6-5 97 diagnostic studies, 58 0-5 81 history, 579, 580 physical examination, 579, 580 primary, 58 1-5 97 case example of, 597 cellular, 58 8-5 91 secondary, 597, 60 3-6 05 with burn injury, 60 0-6 01 case example of, 598 characteristics of, 598... 43 6-4 38 synthesis, genetic control of, 439 T-cell/B-cell cooperation in, 440 synthetic rate, 96 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), antibodies, 272 blocking antibodies, 44 6-4 47 characteristics, 79 complement-binding sequences, 131 functional topography, 7 6-7 7 half-life, 95 heavy-chain allotypes, 11 1-1 13 IgM-IgG switch, 220, 223 placental transfer, 9 7-9 9 plasma elimination curve, 96 proteolytic digestion, 7 5-7 6... HTLV-1-associated T-cell leukemia, case example, 56 8-5 69, 57 4-5 75 pathogenesis, 57 2-5 73 Human aggregate-free globulin (HAGG), 339 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), antigenic variation, 251 enzymoimmunoassay test, 278 immunoprophylaxis, 61 4-6 16 immunosuppressive effects, 252 infection, active immunization for, 510 asymptomatic stage of, 60 9-6 10 decline of immune functions in, 61 0-6 12 early stages of, 60 8-6 09 escape . 420 Cytotoxic agents, clinical applications, 50 4-5 05 Cytotoxic antibodies, 526 Cytotoxic cells, 4, 5 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity, 418, 42 0-4 22 Cytotoxic response, MHC-I and, 40 Cytotoxicity, T-cell-mediated,. cytotoxicity and, 244 binding, 9 9-1 01 Fc ε , 10 0-1 01 Fc δδ , 319 binding, 9 9-1 01 in immune complex development, 484 Fc ε -RI, 44 1-4 42 Fc ε -RII, 442 IgG-specific, 9 5-9 6 mediation of cell activation,. activity, 19 6-1 97 in B-lymphocyte activation, 219 chemotactic (chemokines), 247 down-regulatory, 221 fusion, custom-made, 545 genes, 19 9-2 00 proinflammatory, 195, 19 7-1 99, 428 receptors, 20 0-2 01 sources,