[...]... Vagus nerve Upper abdominal T7, 8, 9, 10 T7, 8, 9, 10 T7, 8, 9, 10 Lower abdominal T10, 11 , 12 T10, 11 , 12 T10, 11 , 12 Cremasteric L1 Femoral nerve Genitofemoral nerve Plantar S1, 2 Tibial nerve Tibial nerve Anal S4, 5 Pudendal nerve Pudendal nerve Light Midbrain Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Accommodation Occipital cortex Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Ciliospinal T1, 2 A sensory nerve Cervical sympathetics... nerve XII (hypoglossal nerve) 8 8 8 10 11 13 14 15 18 19 21 22 23 25 27 Cortical and subcortical structures Aphasia and anatomical localization Brodmann areas Frontal lobe lesions Hydrocephalus Papez circuit Substantia nigra 28 28 29 30 30 32 32 Spinal cord Ascending fiber systems in the spinal cord Descending fiber systems in the spinal cord 33 33 34 1 2 Chapter 1 Neuropathology 35 Central nervous system... addition to the primary sign/symptom listed in the differential s title In other words, in the ataxia DDx, the clinical signs and symptoms listed for, say, SCA1, are in addition to the primary symptom of ataxia In general, major diagnoses or diagnostic categories will be numbered (1, 2, 1. 1, 1. 2, 1. 1 .1, etc.) Clinical characteristics and information about a diagnosis or category will be bulleted (•, ◆,... Occipital lobe 12 Chapter 1 Monocular visual loss: acute or transient 1 Vascular ◆ Typically a central or branch retinal artery occlusion of the ophthalmic artery 1. 1 Embolism: cardiac origin or commonly artery-to-artery emboli from ipsilateral internal carotid disease 1. 2 Atherosclerosis: resulting in critical stenoses, associated with hypertension and diabetes 1. 3 Migraine with scotoma 1. 4 Vasculitis:... if a diagnosis is made but the clinical symptomatology is atypical or changing, or the response to intervention is different from what is normally anticipated, the clinician must revisit the original differential diagnosis to ensure that the correct etiology is not missed Approaching neurological differential diagnosis Many generalists and neurological trainees may initially approach neurological diagnosis. .. visual cortex (typically central sparing or field cut) 2 Ocular etiologies 2 .1 Bilateral papilledema Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology 13 2.2 Bilateral disc drusen 2.3 Leber optic neuropathy 3 Chiasmal compression 3 .1 Neoplasm 3 .1. 1 Craniopharyngioma 3 .1. 2 Meningioma 3 .1. 3 Pituitary adenoma 3 .1. 4 Rathke cleft cyst 3.2 Vascular 3.2 .1 Aneurysm 3.2.2 Dolichoectatic anterior cerebral artery 3.3 Pituitary apoplexy... 1. 4 Vasculitis: temporal arteritis 1. 5 Vasospasm: migraine or hypertensive crisis 1. 6 Hypotension with critical arterial stenosis 2 Ocular 2 .1 Structural 2 .1. 1 Retinal detachment 2 .1. 2 Retinitis pigmentosa 2.2 Infectious: frequently associated with HIV infection 2.2 .1 Cytomegalovirus 2.2.2 Histoplasmosis 2.2.3 Toxoplasmosis Chronic, progressive monocular visual loss 1 Optic neuritis ◆ Accompanied by... is to clarify the possible diagnoses for a given neurological presentation, but in a fashion that prioritizes the differential diagnosis (DDx), based on the frequency of a particular disorder or on the potential for death/disability if the diagnosis is missed acutely This book is divided into chapters covering major points of neurological differential diagnosis Some chapters will include more descriptive... organisms Thus, E coli, for example, appears in italics only if it is part of a life-threatening diagnosis. ) xv xvi How to Use this Book Bold italics indicate diagnoses that are both common for the given differential and potentially immediately life threatening or disabling A diagnosis that is not in bold or italics does not imply that this diagnosis is unimportant These diagnoses are either less common... autosomal dominant; AR = autosomal recessive; XL = X-linked ■ Neurological Differential Diagnosis: A Prioritized Approach Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Michael F Waters, Christopher C Giza, Copyright © 2005 Roongroj Bhidayasiri, Michael F Waters and Christopher C Giza Chapter 1 Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology Neuroanatomy and normal functions General Blood-brain barrier Major brain structures and functions . index. ISBN -1 3 : 97 8 -1 -4 05 1- 2 03 9-5 (alk. paper) ISBN -1 0 : 1- 4 05 1- 2 03 9-8 (alk. paper) 1. Nervous system Diseases Diagnosis Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Diagnosis, Differential Hand- books, manuals,. 2005 616 .8’0475 dc22 20050 011 89 ISBN 13 : 97 8 -1 -4 05 1- 2 03 9-5 ISBN 10 : 1- 4 05 1- 2 03 9-8 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 10 /13 pt Minion by Sparks, Oxford. Neurology, 268 9 Neuro-ophthalmology and Neuro-otology, 294 10 Neuro-oncology, 323 11 Pediatric Neurology, 345 12 Neurogenetics, 382 13 Neuroradiology, 403 14 Spinal Cord Disorders, 443 15 Diagnostic