Engl J Med 1992;327:1643 — 1648. Prasad K, Volmink J, Menon GR. Steroids for treating tuberculous meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;3:CD002244. Raschilas F, Wolff M, Delatour F, et al. Outcome of and prognostic factors for herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients: results of a multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:254 — 260. Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: a meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev 2000;23:175 — 204; discussion 205. Rotbart HA, Webster AD. Treatment of potentially life-threatening enterovirus infections with pleconaril. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:228—235. Schuchat A, Robinson K, Wenger JD, et al. Bacterial meningitis in the United States in 1995: Active Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med 1997;337:970 — 976. Tedder DG, Ashley R, Tyler KL, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection as a cause of benign recurrent lymphocytic meningitis. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:334 — 338. Thwaites GE, Chau TT, Stepniewska K, et al. Diagnosis of adult tuberculous meningitis by use of clinical and laboratory features. Lancet 2002;360:1287 — 1292. van der Horst CM, Saag MS, Cloud GA, et al. Treatment of cryptococcal meningitis associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group and AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:15 — 21. Wheat J, Sarosi G, McKinsey D, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of patients with histoplasmosis: Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:688 — 695. Wheat LJ, Batteiger BE, Sathapatayavongs B. Histoplasma capsulatum infections of the central nervous system: a clinical review. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990;69:244—260. Whitley RJ, Soong SJ, Linneman C Jr., et al. Herpes simplex encephalitis: clinical assessment. JAMA 1982;247:317—320. Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A. Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition A ABCR drugs, for MS 186–187 Abscess bacterial brain 531–532 531 cranial epidural 533 – 534 (includes CRANIAL SUBDURAL EMPYEMA and CRANIAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS) spinal epidural 534 – 535 (includes CRANIAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS and SPINAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS) Abulia 415 Acetaminophen (paracetamol), for chronic pain 326 Acetazolamide as AED 45 for ataxia 75 in neuromuscular junction myopathies 298 (includes POTASSIUM-SENSITIVE PERIODIC PARALYSIS and PARAMYOTONIA CONGENITA) 299 (includes PARAMYOTONIA CONGENITA and ACETAZOLAMIDE-RESPONSIVE MYOTONIA and FAMILIAL HYPOKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS) 301 (includes FAMILIAL HYPOKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS and KLEIN — LISAK — ANDERSEN OR ANDERSEN — TAWIL SYNDROME) 302 (includes KLEIN — LISAK — ANDERSEN OR ANDERSEN — TAWIL SYNDROME and MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA) Acetazolamide-responsive myotonia 299 (includes PARAMYOTONIA CONGENITA and ACETAZOLAMIDE-RESPONSIVE MYOTONIA and FAMILIAL HYPOKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor poisoning 501 – 502 (includes CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING and ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR POISONING) Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in frontotemporal dementia 433 for myasthenia gravis 262 – 263 in myasthenic syndromes 268– 269 Acid maltase deficiency 306 – 307 (includes CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES and ACID MALTASE DEFICIENCY) Acidosis, in neuromuscular junction myopathies 303 (includes MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA and CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES) Acoustic neuroma 138 (includes NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMORS and CRANIAL AND SPINAL NERVE TUMORS) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), dementia of 439 – 440 (includes NONNEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA and DEMENTIA DUE TO INFECTIOUS PROCESSES) Acromegaly 150 ACTH See Adrenocorticotropic hormone Actigraphy 94 Activated partial prothrombin time (aPTT), in hemorrhagic stroke 383 Acute confusional state (ACS) 410 (includes Behavioral Neurology and Dementia and DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP) 204 205 Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) 204 205 Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) 204 205 Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) 11 Acute symptomatic seizure 34 Acyclovir in encephalitis 537 (includes ENCEPHALITIS and NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS) in HVZ infection 229 (includes HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS—ASSOCIATED POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY and HERPES VARICELLA ZOSTER — RELATED NEUROPATHY) for vestibular neuritis 72 in viral meningitis 530 (includes VIRAL MENINGITIS and BACTERIAL BRAIN ABSCESS) Addison disease 483 Adenoma, pituitary 149 – 152 (includes CYSTS AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS and TUMORS OF THE SELLAR REGION) Adie pupil 451 (includes ASYMMETRIC PUPILS and DEGENERATIVE MYOPATHIES) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in MS 185 for West syndrome 49 Advanced sleep-phase syndrome (ASPS) 109 Advanced trauma life support (ATLS) 14 (includes HEAD INJURY and ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY) Aerobic exercise program, for neuromuscular junction disorders 264 See also Exercise therapy Affective presentation, and chronic pain 322 – 323 (includes PROGNOSIS and DIAGNOSIS) Agitation, headaches associated with 345 (includes NOCTURNAL MIGRAINE and CLUSTER HEADACHE) AIDS dementia complex (ADC) 439 – 440 (includes NONNEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA and DEMENTIA DUE TO INFECTIOUS PROCESSES) Airway in AChE poisoning 502 (includes ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR POISONING and ALCOHOL) in head injury 13 in tetanus 203 (includes TETANUS and GUILLAIN — BARRÉ SYNDROME AND RELATED NEUROPATHIES) Akinesia 415 Alcoholism malnutrition associated with 502 (includes ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR POISONING and ALCOHOL) and vitamin B 1 deficiency 484 (includes HYPERKALEMIA and VITAMIN DEFICIENCY, DEPENDENCY, AND TOXICITY) Alcohol toxicity diagnosis of 503 treatment for 503 – 505 Alcohol use chronic 444 P.544 in stroke prevention 378 Alcohol withdrawal 504 – 505 Alcohol-withdrawal seizures 54 – 55 Aldosterone deficiency 483 Alopecia, in thallium poisoning 240 (includes PATHOGENESIS and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC INTOXICATION) 499 (includes HEAVY-METAL POISONING and CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING) Alpha 2 -agonists, in attention disorders 413 Alpha-interferon, for hepatitis C-related mixed cryoglobulinemia 221 (includes VASCULITIC NEUROPATHIES and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH SARCOIDOSIS) Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), in Alzheimer disease 430–431 Alprazolam (Xanax), for behavioral dysfunction 421 Alternative therapies in epilepsy 37 for pain of MS 184 – 185 Alzheimer disease diagnosis of 429 – 430 pathophysiology of 428 – 431 (includes DEMENTIA and NEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIAS) treatment of 430 – 431 Amantadine (Symmetrel) in chorea 402 in MS 183 in Parkinson disease 391 Amaurosis fugax 462 (includes ACQUIRED NYSTAGMUS AND RELATED CONDITIONS and AMAUROSIS FUGAX and ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY) American Association of Neurological Surgeons (AANS) 14 (includes HEAD INJURY and ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY) American Stroke Association 373 381 (includes CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS and HEMORRHAGIC STROKE) Aminopyridines, in neuromuscular junction disorders 269 (includes LAMBERT — EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME and BOTULISM) Amitriptyline for headache 352 (includes CHRONIC TENSION HEADACHE and TENSION-VASCULAR HEADACHE) in migraine prevention 342 for neck pain 82 for painful sensory neuropathies 228 Ammonia, in hepatic encephalopathy 477 (includes Toxic and Metabolic Disorders and HEPATIC (PORTOSYSTEMIC) ENCEPHALOPATHY) 478 (includes HEPATIC (PORTOSYSTEMIC) ENCEPHALOPATHY and HYPEROSMOLALITY AND HYPERTONICITY) Amnestic syndrome 416 Amphetamines See also Stimulant medications for idiopathic CNS hypersomnolence 99 toxicity of 511 – 512 (includes BARBITURATE INTOXICATION and STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, PHENCYCLIDINE)) Ampicillin, for meningitis 358 (includes MENINGITIS and SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE) See also Antibiotic therapy Amyloid deposition, in inflammatory myopathies 277 Amyloidosis familial 236 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH POEMS SYNDROME and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY AMYLOIDOSIS) neuropathy associated with 236 – 237 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH POEMS SYNDROME and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY AMYLOIDOSIS) primary 236 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH POEMS SYNDROME and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY AMYLOIDOSIS) secondary 236 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH POEMS SYNDROME and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY AMYLOIDOSIS) Amyloid polyneuropathies, familial (FAP) 249 (includes HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHIES and FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHIES) 252 (includes FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHIES and FABRY DISEASE) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) diagnosis of 194 – 195 (includes HEREDITARY SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA and AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS) treatment for 195 – 197 Amyotrophy, diabetic 231 (includes DIABETIC DISTAL SYMMETRIC SENSORY AND SENSORIMOTOR POLYNEUROPATHY and DIABETIC RADICULOPLEXUS NEUROPATHY) Analgesia See also Pain for back pain 90 for headache 336 (includes Headache and Facial Pain and TENSION HEADACHE) 352 (includes CHRONIC TENSION HEADACHE and TENSION-VASCULAR HEADACHE) in radiculopathy 82 in SAH 384 Andersen disease 309 (includes DEBRANCHER ENZYME DEFICIENCY and BRANCHING ENZYME DEFICIENCY) Anemia, pernicious 487 See also Vitamin deficiencies Aneurysm, optic neuropathy due to 465 (includes DIABETIC ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY (AION) and COMPRESSIVE AND INTRINSIC OPTIC NEUROPATHIES DUE TO TUMOR AND ANEURYSM and LEBER HEREDITARY OPTIC NEUROPATHY (LHON)) Aneurysm repair, in SAH 384 Angiography in brain death 24 in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 381 (includes CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS and HEMORRHAGIC STROKE) in SAH 384 in stroke 371 372 Angiokeratomas, in Fabry disease 252 (includes FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHIES and FABRY DISEASE) Angioplasty, risk factors for 377 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, in stroke prevention 377 Ankylosing spondylitis 77 Anterior cord syndrome 16 Antibiotics in bacterial meningitis 522 523 in brain abscess 532 (includes BACTERIAL BRAIN ABSCESS and CRANIAL SUBDURAL EMPYEMA) in cranial epidural abscess 534 (includes CRANIAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS and SPINAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS) for meningitis 358 (includes MENINGITIS and SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE) in spinal epidural abscess 535 (includes SPINAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS and ENCEPHALITIS) in subdural empyema 533 (includes CRANIAL SUBDURAL EMPYEMA and CRANIAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS) Antibodies fluorescent treponema 441 in GBS 205 in Isaac syndrome 215 (includes MULTIFOCAL ACQUIRED DEMYELINATING SENSORY AND MOTOR (MADSAM) NEUROPATHY and ISAAC SYNDROME (SYNDROME OF CONTINUOUS MUSCLE FIBER ACTIVITY)) in multifocal motor neuropathy 212 in neuromuscular junction disorders 261 268 in neuropathy associated with MGUS 238 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHY OF UNCERTAIN SIGNFICANCE (MGUS) and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH LEAD INTOXICATION) in paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy 234 (includes PARANEOPLASTIC SENSORY NEUROPATHY/GANGLIONOPATHY and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH POEMS SYNDROME) paraneoplastic syndromes associated with 165 166 (includes PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES OF THE BRAIN AND CEREBELLUM and PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES OF THE EYE) in vasculitic neuropathies 219 Antibody testing, in paraneoplastic syndromes 164 (includes NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMIC CANCER and PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES OF THE BRAIN AND CEREBELLUM) Anticholinergic drugs in MS 184 in Parkinson disease 391 – 382 toxicity associated with 512 – 513 (includes STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, PHENCYCLIDINE) and ANTICHOLINERGIC AND POLYCYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TOXICITY) Anticholinesterase drugs, for myasthenia gravis 262 262 Anticoagulation in amaurosis fugax 462 (includes ACQUIRED NYSTAGMUS AND RELATED CONDITIONS and AMAUROSIS FUGAX and ANTERIOR ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY) for arterial dissection 378 for cerebral venous sinus thrombosis 381 (includes CEREBRAL VENOUS SINUS THROMBOSIS and HEMORRHAGIC STROKE) for stroke patients 374 in stroke prevention 376 379 – 380 TPA 373 374 375 Anticonvulsants for behavioral dysfunction 419 419 for brain tumors 119 in chorea 402 for essential tremor 397 in migraine prevention 341 342 as mood stabilizers 419 419 Antidepressants See also Tricyclic antidepressants for anxiety 414 425 in attention disorders 413 414 in chronic pain 330 for insomnia 106 in major depression 423–424 in vascular dementia 438 Antiemetic drugs, for vertigo 69 Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) acetazolamide as 45 in behavioral dysregulation 419 benzodiazepines as 45 – 46 in brain metastases 157 carbamazepine 39 – 40 in chronic pain 330 – 331 defined 34 in elderly 60 ESX as 45 FBM 44 – 45 gabapentin 41 lamotrigine 43 in lesional epilepsies 57 levetiracetam 44 methsuximide 44 oxcarbazene 40 phenobarbital 42 phenytoin 40–41 primidone 42 principles of use of 38–39 specific 39 teratogenicity associated with 57 tiagabine 41 topiramate 43 P.545 valproate 42 – 43 vitamin D deficiency associated with 491 zonisamide 44 Antiepileptic medications (AEMs), in Isaac syndrome 216 (includes ISAAC SYNDROME (SYNDROME OF CONTINUOUS MUSCLE FIBER ACTIVITY) and IDIOPATHIC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY) Antifungals 528 529 (includes FUNGAL MENINGITIS and VIRAL MENINGITIS) Antihypertensive therapy, for stroke patients 374 375 Antiinflammatory agents See also Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in Alzheimer disease 430 – 431 for migraine 347 (includes EXERTIONAL HEADACHE and HYPNIC HEADACHE) Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), in neuromuscular junction disorders 261 Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome 379 Antiplatelet therapy for stroke patients 374 in stroke prevention 376 377 379 – 380 Antipsychotic drugs for chorea 401 in Parkinson disease 394 Antiretroviral therapy in CNS toxoplasmosis 539 540 HAART 439 (includes NONNEURODEGENERATIVE DEMENTIA and DEMENTIA DUE TO INFECTIOUS PROCESSES) in HIV-associated dementia 538 Antiseizure prophylaxis, in TBI 16 Antiviral agents for ophthalmic zoster 361 (includes OPHTHALMIC ZOSTER and TEMPORAL ARTERITIS) in vasculitic neuropathies 220 for vestibular neuritis 72 in viral meningitis 530 (includes VIRAL MENINGITIS and BACTERIAL BRAIN ABSCESS) Anxiety 424 – 425 Apathy defined 415 in Korsakoff syndrome 445 Apnea central sleep 101 obstructive sleep 100 risk factors for 100 treatment of 100 – 101 Apnea testing, in brain death 23 Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps 372 Argyll-Robertson pupils, in neurosyphilis 441 Aripiprazole (Abilify) for behavioral dysfunction 421 for behavioral dysregulation 420 Arousal disorders 415 – 416 Arrhythmias in myotonic dystrophy 294 in neuromuscular junction myopathies 302 (includes KLEIN — LISAK — ANDERSEN OR ANDERSEN — TAWIL SYNDROME and MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA) 303 (includes MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA and CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES) in stimulant intoxication 512 (includes STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, PHENCYCLIDINE) and ANTICHOLINERGIC AND POLYCYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TOXICITY) in tricyclic intoxication 513 (includes ANTICHOLINERGIC AND POLYCYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT TOXICITY and SALICYLATE INTOXICATION) Arsenic intoxication diagnosis of 498–499 neuropathy associated with 240 – 241 (includes PATHOGENESIS and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC INTOXICATION) treatment of 499 (includes HEAVY-METAL POISONING and CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING) Arterial dissection, stroke caused by 378 – 379 Arterial lesions, and stroke 370 378 Arteritis giant cell 463 – 464 temporal 361 – 362 (includes OPHTHALMIC ZOSTER and TEMPORAL ARTERITIS) Ascorbic acid deficiency 490 Aspirin, in stroke prevention 376 Astrocytomas 116 grading for 118 high-grade 126 – 128 low-grade diffuse 122 123 pilocytic 121 (includes PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS and NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMORS) subependymal giant cell 125 surgery for 154 Ataxia 405 – 407 (includes HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS and OTHER DISORDERS OF MOVEMENT) 406 in CNS toxoplasmosis 539 Friedreich 405–406 (includes HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS and OTHER DISORDERS OF MOVEMENT) 407 hereditary 405 (includes HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENT DISORDERS and OTHER DISORDERS OF MOVEMENT) 406 inherited 75 in Miller-Fisher syndrome 207 (includes MILLER — FISHER SYNDROME and CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY DEMYELINATING POLYRADICULONEUROPATHY) progressive 406 P.546 Atherosclerosis 369 (includes Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disorders and ARTERIAL ISCHEMIC STROKE AND TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK) risk factors for 377 – 378 stroke caused by 370 Atomoxetine (Strattera), in attention disorders 412 – 413 Atonic seizure 35 Atrial fibrillation, in stroke patients 376 Atrophy, in neuromuscular junction myopathies 309 (includes DEBRANCHER ENZYME DEFICIENCY and BRANCHING ENZYME DEFICIENCY) Atropine in AChE poisoning 502 (includes ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITOR POISONING and ALCOHOL) in spinal cord injury 20 Attention, defined 410 (includes Behavioral Neurology and Dementia and DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) Attentional control strategies, for pain 333 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 410 (includes Behavioral Neurology and Dementia and DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) Attention disorders behavioral dysregulation 418 – 421 diagnosis of 411 executive dysfunction 413 414 415 of memory 416 – 418 outbursts 418 – 421 pathophysiology of 410 – 411 (includes Behavioral Neurology and Dementia and DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) presenting syndromes 410 (includes Behavioral Neurology and Dementia and DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS) treatment for 411 – 415 412 Attitudes, and pain 321 (includes PATHOPHYSIOLOGY and PROGNOSIS) Aura defined 33 (includes Epilepsy and EPILEPSY) migraine headache with 343–344 (includes MIGRAINE HEADACHE and MIGRAINE WITH AURA) Autoantibodies, in stiff person syndrome 200 – 201 See also Antibodies Autonomic dysfunction, in neuromuscular junction disorders 268 Autonomic neuropathies, hereditary 248 – 249 (includes CHARCOT — MARIE — TOOTH DISEASE and HEREDITARY SENSORY AND AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHIES) 250 – 251 Autoregulation, cerebral 27 – 28 28 Avonex for MS 186 – 187 for optic neuritis 468 Axon motor disease See Motor axon disease Azathioprine in CIDP 210 – 211 in inflammatory myopathies 279 – 280 for myasthenia gravis 264 – 265 in neuromuscular disorders 202 in neurosarcoidosis 222 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH SARCOIDOSIS and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH LEPROSY) Azidothymidine (AZT), in AIDS dementia 440 Azotemia 479 Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A. Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition B Back pain diagnosis of 86 – 89 in disc herniation 85 of lumbar disc degeneration 84 – 85 (includes NECK PAIN and BACK PAIN) myelopathy 83 – 84 83 of paraspinal muscle trauma/spasm 85 prognosis for 85 risk factors for 84 (includes NECK PAIN and BACK PAIN) in spinal epidural abscess 535 (includes SPINAL EPIDURAL ABSCESS and ENCEPHALITIS) surgery for 91 treatment for 89 – 90 89 tumors producing 154 Back syndrome, management algorithm for 89 Baclofen (Lioresal) in dystonia 399 for spasticity 408 in stiff man syndrome 409 in stiff person syndrome 201 (includes STIFF PERSON/STIFF LIMB SYNDROME and TETANUS) for trigeminal neuralgia 351 Bacterial index, in leprosy 223 Bacterial meningitis CSF findings in 522 diagnosis of 521 – 523 (includes Infections of the Central Nervous System and BACTERIAL MENINGITIS) pathophysiology of 521 (includes Infections of the Central Nervous System and BACTERIAL MENINGITIS) treatment of 522 523 – 524 523 Ball-bearing feeder device, in muscular dystrophy 291 (includes FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY and EMERY — DREIFUSS MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY) Barbiturate anesthesia, in status epilepticus 62 Barbiturate intoxication diagnosis of 509 pathophysiology of 508 (includes OPIATE ABUSE and BARBITURATE INTOXICATION) treatment for 509 – 511 withdrawal 511 (includes BARBITURATE INTOXICATION and STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, PHENCYCLIDINE)) Barosinusitis 337 (includes TENSION HEADACHE and SINUS HEADACHE) Basal cell nevus syndrome, brain tumor associated with 116 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) 284 – 287 (includes CRITICAL ILLNESS MYOPATHY (ACUTE QUADRIPLEGIC MYOPATHY) and DUCHENNE AND BECKER MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY) Bed rest, for back pain 89 Behavior and chronic pain 323 and pain 321 (includes PATHOPHYSIOLOGY and PROGNOSIS) Behavioral dysregulation diagnosis of 418 treatment for 418 – 420 419 421 Behavioral/environmental therapy for anxiety 425 for attentional disorders 415 for behavioral dysregulation 422 (includes DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS and OTHER NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS) for memory disorders 418 Behavior disorders, rapid eye movement associated with 112 Beliefs, and pain 321 (includes PATHOPHYSIOLOGY and PROGNOSIS) Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) 52 – 53 Benign positional vertigo (BPV) 66 diagnosis of 67 horizontal canal variant 71 particle-repositioning maneuver for 71 treatment for 70 71 Benserazide/levodopa, in Parkinson disease 392 Benzodiazepine-like substances, in hepatic encephalopathy 477 (includes Toxic and Metabolic Disorders and HEPATIC (PORTOSYSTEMIC) ENCEPHALOPATHY) Benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs) 104 106 in RLS 109 Benzodiazepines as AEDs 45 – 46 in alcohol withdrawal 504 505 (includes ALCOHOL and WERNICKE ENCEPHALOPATHY) for anxiety 421 425 for behavioral dysregulation 420 421 in chorea 402 in drug-withdrawal seizures 55 for essential tremor 397 P.547 in MS 184 poisoning with 511 (includes BARBITURATE INTOXICATION and STIMULANTS (AMPHETAMINES, COCAINE, PHENCYCLIDINE)) for REM sleep disorder 112 in stiff man syndrome 409 in tetanus 203 (includes TETANUS and GUILLAIN — BARRÉ SYNDROME AND RELATED NEUROPATHIES) in Tourette syndrome 404 Beta-adrenergic agonists, for neuromuscular junction myopathies 298 (includes POTASSIUM-SENSITIVE PERIODIC PARALYSIS and PARAMYOTONIA CONGENITA) Beta-blockers for behavioral dysregulation 420 for headache 354 in migraine prevention 341 342 347 (includes EXERTIONAL HEADACHE and HYPNIC HEADACHE) Beta-interferons, in MS 185 Betaseron, for MS 186 – 187 Bileaflet prosthetic valves 376 Biopsy See also Muscle biopsy; Stereotactic biopsy for CNS lymphoma 145 in inflammatory myopathies 277 in leptomeningeal metastases 162 temporal artery 362 (includes TEMPORAL ARTERITIS and PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI) Biot breathing, in coma 4 BiPAP in myasthenic syndromes 275 (includes CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES and INFLAMMATORY MYOPATHIES) for myotonic dystrophy 295 (includes MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY TYPE 1 (DM1) and MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY TYPE 2 OR PROXIMAL MYOTONIC MYOPATHY and MYOTONIA CONGENITA) Biphosphonates, for myasthenia gravis 264 Bladder syndrome, in cervical spondylosis 80 Blastomyces dermatitidis 527 (includes TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS and FUNGAL MENINGITIS) 528 Blinking, in coma 3 Blood clotting, in salicylate intoxication 514 See also Anticoagulation Blood pressure, in stroke patients 373 See also Hypertension Bone scan, spinal metastases on 160 See also Computed tomography Boston overlap hard-shell brace 18 Botox (Oculinum), for dystonia 400 Botulinum toxin (Botox) for dystonia 400 for neck pain 82 for spasticity 408 Botulism 269 – 272 (includes LAMBERT — EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME and BOTULISM) 273 (includes TICK PARALYSIS and CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES) clinical presentation of 270 – 271 diagnosis of 271 – 272 food-borne 269 – 272 (includes LAMBERT — EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME and BOTULISM) hidden 270 inadvertent 270 infant 269 – 272 (includes LAMBERT — EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME and BOTULISM) treatment for 272 (includes BOTULISM and TICK PARALYSIS) wound 270 Braces Jewett 18 in spinal cord injury 18 Brachalgia 79 Brachial plexopathy, as cancer treatment complication 176 Bracing in muscular dystrophy 286 in neuromuscular junction myopathies 306 (includes CONGENITAL MYOPATHIES and ACID MALTASE DEFICIENCY) for spinal muscular atrophy 192 (includes SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES and HEREDITARY SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA) Bradykinesia, in Parkinson disease 389 Brain bacterial abscess of 531 – 532 531 paraneoplastic syndromes of 165 – 166 sequelae of radiation therapy to 173 – 174 tumors of diagnosis of 117 – 118 epidemiology of 115 (includes Neurooncology and PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS) genetic syndromes associated with 115 (includes Neurooncology and PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS) 116 – 117 116 pathophysiology of 115 – 116 (includes Neurooncology and PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS) prognosis of 117 risk factors for 115 (includes Neurooncology and PRIMARY BRAIN TUMORS) surgery for 120 treatment for 119 – 121 Brain death confirmatory tests for 24–25 diagnosis of 21 – 23 (includes ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY and BRAIN DEATH) mechanical ventilation in 25 neurologic states mimicking 24 pathophysiology of 21 (includes ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY and BRAIN DEATH) requirements for 23 P.548 Brain injury, EDS caused by 101 – 102 See also Traumatic brain injury Brain metastases 155 – 158 (includes SPINAL CORD TUMORS and NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF SYSTEMIC CANCER) Brainstem infarction 68 74 Brainstem reflexes, absence of 22 Brain Trauma Foundation 14 (includes HEAD INJURY and ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY) Branching enzyme deficiency 309 – 310 (includes DEBRANCHER ENZYME DEFICIENCY and BRANCHING ENZYME DEFICIENCY) Breakthrough pain, defined 319 (includes Chronic Pain and BACKGROUND) Breathing in head injury 13 sleep-disordered 99–101 British anti-Lewsite (BAL) for arsenic intoxication 241 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC INTOXICATION and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY) for lead intoxication 239 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH LEAD INTOXICATION and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH THALLIUM INTOXICATION and PATHOGENESIS) for lead toxicity 494 – 495 Bromocriptine in neuroleptic malignant syndrome 519 in Parkinson disease 392 for tumors of sellar region 151 152 Brown-Sequard syndrome 16 Bulking agents, in idiopathic autonomic neuropathy 217 (includes IDIOPATHIC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY and VASCULITIC NEUROPATHIES) Bupropion (Wellbutrin) in attention disorders 413 in major depression 423 – 424 in neurodegenerative dementias 434 Burning sensation in arsenic intoxication 241 (includes NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH ARSENIC INTOXICATION and NEUROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY) in Fabry disease 252 (includes FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHIES and FABRY DISEASE) Burns-Garland syndrome 231 (includes DIABETIC DISTAL SYMMETRIC SENSORY AND SENSORIMOTOR POLYNEUROPATHY and DIABETIC RADICULOPLEXUS NEUROPATHY) Bursitis, trochanteric 88 Buspirone (Buspar) for anxiety 414 425 in ataxia 407 “ Butterfly glioma ” 126 [...]... POISONING) Insomnia acute 104 105 fatal familial 442 in fibromyalgia syndrome 325 (includes DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT) management algorithm for 105 parasomnias 110 111 (includes INSOMNIA and PARASOMNIAS) pathophysiology for 103 (includes DISORDERS OF EXCESSIVE SOMNOLENCE and INSOMNIA) 104 106 107 pharmacologic treatments for 106 primary 105 106 107 secondary to psychiatric disorders 104 106 105 Interferon (IFN)... SYSTEM LYMPHOMA) of epilepsy 35 of intracranial neoplasms 149–150 (includes CYSTS AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS and TUMORS OF THE SELLAR REGION) of lead poisoning 493 of leptomeningeal metastases 161 of low-grade astrocytomas 122–123 of multiple sclerosis 180 of neuroepithelial tumors 131 of spinal/vertebral metastases 159 Epidermoid cyst 148 149 (includes CYSTS AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS and TUMORS OF THE SELLAR... Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition J “Jackknife seizures” 48 Jet lag 109 Jewett brace 18 Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care, of AANS 14 (includes HEAD INJURY and ACUTE SPINAL CORD INJURY) Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) 53–54 Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition K Kearn-Sayre syndrome... 509– 510 in Parkinson disease 394 P.559 Hypothermia, compared with brain death 24 Hypoventilation, sleep-related 99 100 101 Hypovolemic shock, in spinal cord injury 19 Hysteria, vision loss associated with 474 Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition I Idiopathic autonomic neuropathy 216–217 (includes ISAAC SYNDROME (SYNDROME OF CONTINUOUS... in neuromuscular junction myopathies 315 Eye movements, roving 6 Eyes in coma 2 misalignment of 5 paraneoplastic syndromes of 167 (includes PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES OF THE EYE and PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES OF THE SPINAL CORD) Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition F Fabry disease 252–253 (includes FAMILIAL AMYLOID POLYNEUROPATHIES... epilepsy 37 Klein-Lisak-Andersen syndrome 301–302 (includes FAMILIAL HYPOKALEMIC PERIODIC PARALYSIS and KLEIN—LISAK—ANDERSEN OR ANDERSEN—TAWIL SYNDROME) Korsakoff syndrome 444–445 Kugelberg-Welander disease 191 (includes Motor Neuropathies and Peripheral Neuropathies and SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES) Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th... Wilkins Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition G Gabapentin (Neurontin) in benign epilepsy 52 for chronic pain 331 in diabetes-related neuropathy 231 (includes DIABETIC DISTAL SYMMETRIC SENSORY AND SENSORIMOTOR POLYNEUROPATHY and DIABETIC RADICULOPLEXUS NEUROPATHY) in epilepsy 39 for painful sensory neuropathies 228 pharmacodynamics of 41 in RLS 109 for trigeminal neuralgia... mal seizures 34 Graves disease, myopathy of 453 (includes TRAUMA and MYOPATHY OF GRAVES DISEASE and MOTOR AXON DISEASE) Guanfacine (Tenex), in Tourette syndrome 404 Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) 24 169 204–206 273 (includes TICK PARALYSIS and CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES) Copyright ©2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition H Hachinski Ischemic... 182–183 Depression, major 422 (includes DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS and OTHER NEUROPSYCHIATRIC CONDITIONS) diagnosis of 423 treatment for 423–424 Dermatomyositis 171 (includes PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES OF THE MUSCLE and NEUROLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF CANCER TREATMENT) Dermoid cyst 148 149 (includes CYSTS AND TUMOR-LIKE LESIONS and TUMORS OF THE SELLAR REGION) Dexamethasone for brain tumors... syndrome 72 Dizziness classification of 65 P.553 diagnosis of 67–68 epidemiology of 65 in idiopathic autonomic neuropathy 216 (includes ISAAC SYNDROME (SYNDROME OF CONTINUOUS MUSCLE FIBER ACTIVITY) and IDIOPATHIC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY) pathophysiology of 65–66 prognosis for 66–67 treatment for 68–75 Dizziness, psychophysiologic defined 65 diagnosis of 67 pathophysiology of 66 prognosis for 66 treatment . 424 – 425 Apathy defined 415 in Korsakoff syndrome 445 Apnea central sleep 101 obstructive sleep 100 risk factors for 100 treatment of 100 – 101 Apnea testing, in brain death 23 Apparent. Williams & Wilkins Samuels, Martin A. Manual of Neurologic Therapeutics, 7th Edition B Back pain diagnosis of 86 – 89 in disc herniation 85 of lumbar disc degeneration 84 – 85 (includes. Brain bacterial abscess of 531 – 532 531 paraneoplastic syndromes of 165 – 166 sequelae of radiation therapy to 173 – 174 tumors of diagnosis of 117 – 118 epidemiology of 115 (includes Neurooncology