Wideband tdd wcdma for the unpaired spectrum phần 2 pptx

Acronyms 2G Second Generation 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project AAL ATM Adaption Layer AAL2 ATM Adaption Layer – Type 2 AAL5 ATM Adaption Layer – Type 5 ACIR Adjacent Channel Interface Ratio ACK Acknowledgement ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Power Ratio ACPR Adjacent Channel Power Ratio ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity AGC Automatic Gain Control ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part ARQ Automatic Repeat Request AS Access Stratum ASC Access Service Class ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BCCH Broadcast Control Channel BCFE Broadcast Control Functional Entity BCH Broadcast Channel BER Bit Error Rate BLE Block Linear Equalizer BLER Block Error Rate BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying BS Base Station BSC Base Station Controller BSS Base Station Subsystem BTS Base Transceiver Station CB Cell Broadcast CBR Constant Bit Rate CC Connection Control, Call Control xxx Acronyms CCCH Common Control Channel CCH Control Channel CCPCH Common Control Physical Channel CCTrCH Coded Composite Tr ansport Channel CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CFN Connection Frame Number CN Core Network CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRNC Controlling Radio Network Controller CS Convergence Sublayer, Circuit Switched CTCH Common Traffic Channel DB Decibel DCA Dynamic Channel Allocation DCCH Dedicated Control Channel, Dedicated Control Channel Messages DCFE Dedicated Control Functional Entity DCH Dedicated Channel De-MUX, DEMUX Demultiplexer DF Decision Feedback DFT Discrete Fourier Transform DL DownLink (Forward Link) DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel DRNC Drift Radio Network Controller DRNS Drift Radio Network Subsystem DRX Discontinuous Reception DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access DSCH Downlink Shared Channel DSP Digital Signal Processor DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel DTX Discontinuous Transmission EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute PIC Parallel Interference Canceller FACH Forward Access Channel, Forward Link Access Channel FCS Frame Check Sequence FDD Frequency Division Duplex FEC Forward Error Correction, Forward Error Control FER Frame Error Rate FFT Fast Fourier Transform FHT Fast Hadamarad Transform FN Frame Number FP Frame Protocol GHz Gigahertz GP Guard Period Acronyms xxxi GPRS General Packet Radio Service GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol HCS Hierarchical Cell Structure HGC Hierarchical Golay Correlator HO Handover Hz Hertz ID Identifier IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 IP Internet Protocol ISCP Interface Signal Code Power ITU International Telecommunications Union JD Joint Detection Kbps kilo-bits per second Ksps Kilo-symbols per second KHz KiloHertz L1 Layer 1 (physical layer) L2 Layer 2 (datalink layer) L3 Layer 3 (network layer) LAN Local Area Network MAC Medium Access Control MAI Multiple-Access Inteference MAP Mobile Application Part Mcps Mega Chip Per Second ME Mobile Equipment MHz Megahertz MIPS Million Instructions per Second MM Mobility Management MMSE-BLE Minimum Mean Square Error-Block Linear Equalizer MO Mobile Origination MS Mobile Station MSC Mobile Services Switching Center, Message Sequence Chart MT Mobile Termination MUD Multi-user Detection MUI Mobile User Identifier MUX, Mux Multiplexer NAS Non-Access Stratum NBAP Node B Application Part, Nobe B Application Protocol NRT Non-Real Time OPC Open loop Power Control OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (codes) PC Power Control xxxii Acronyms P-CCPCH, PCCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel PCH Paging Channel PCPCH Physical Common Packet Channel PDN Public Data Network PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel PDU Protocol Data Unit PHY Physical Layer PhyCH Physical Channel PI Paging Indication, Page Indicator PIC Parallel Interference Canceller PICH Page Indication Channel PL Puncturing Limit PLMN Public Land Mobile Network PN Pseudo Noise PNFE Paging and Notification Control Functional Entity PRACH Physical Random Access Channel PS Packet Switched PSC Primary Synchronization Code PSCCCH Physical Shared Channel Control Channel PSCH Physical Synchronization Channel, Physical Shared Channel PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying RAB Radio Access Bearer RACH Random (Reverse) Access Channel RAN Radio Access Network RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part RBC Radio Bearer Control RF Radio Frequency RFE Routing Functional Entity RL Radio Link RLC Radio Link Control RNC Radio Network Controller RNS Radio Network Subsystem RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity RRC Radio Resource Control RRM Radio Resource Management RSCP Received Signal Code Power RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator RT Real Time RU Resource Unit RX Receive, Receiver SAP Service Access Point Acronyms xxxiii S-CCPCH, SCCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel SCH Synchronization Channel SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel SDU Service Data Unit SF Spreading Factor SFN System Frame Number SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node SIC Successive Interference Canceller SIM Subscriber Identity Module SINR Signal-to-Interference-and-Noise-Ratio SIR Signal to Interference Ratio SMS Short Message Service SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SRNC Serving Radio Network Controller SRNS Serving Radio Network Subsystem SSC Secondary Synchronization Code STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity TCH Traffic Channel TD-SCDMA Time Division- Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access TDD Time Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TE Terminal Equipment TF Transport Format TFC Transport Format Combination TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator TFCS Transport Format Combination Set TFI Transport Format Indicator TFS Transport Format Set TPC Transmit Power Control TR Technical Report TrCH Transport Channel TS Time Slot TSG Technical Specification Group (3GPP) TSTD Time Switched Transmit Diversity TTI Transmission Timing Interval TX Transmit, Transmitter UARFCN UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number UARFN UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Number UE User Equipment UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UP User Plane URA UTRAN Registration Area USCH Uplink Shared Channel USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module (User Service Identity Module)) xxxiv Acronyms UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WG Working Group (3GPP) ZF-BLE Zero Forcing Block Linear Equalizer 1 Introduction The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the world-wide development of Digital Cellular Mobile Communication Standards. Growing out of existing regional analog mobile radio standards, these digital versions are commonly referred to as 2nd Generation (2G) mobile standards. Foremost among them is the pan-European Group Special Mobile (GSM) Standard, developed by the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI). This is followed by the TIA/EIA-54/-136 North American TDMA and TIA/EIA-95 cdmaOne Standards, developed by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) in the USA and the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) Standard, developed by the Japanese Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB). Driven by the rapid deployment and growth of these 2nd generation standards, and motivated by visions of a single worldwide mobile standard, the International Telecom- munications Union (ITU) began coordinating development of a 3rd Generation Mobile Radio Interface standard, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). During this process, a number of different radio technology proposals were put forward and considered by the ITU. However, the hope of a single worldwide radio standard did not materialize. Instead, the different proposals were unified into a ‘fam- ily’ of standards, each with its own unique characteristics. The individual parts of this ‘family’ were then relegated to the different proposing standards organizations for further development. With an eye towards worldwide coordination and cooperation, ETSI, along with a number of other standards organizations, formed a new group called the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). This group was created specifically to develop 3G mobile standards based on the modification and evolution of the GSM network and all its related radio technologies. This includes the existing GSM/GPRS TDMA-based radio technology and its evolved form, EDGE, as well as a ‘harmonized’ version of the ETSI Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) proposal, which encompassed two related wideband-CDMA (WCDMA) air interfaces – FDD and TDD. A variant of the TDD air interface using less RF bandwidth was later included. Similarly, with the TIA as lead, 3GPP2 was formed to develop specifications based on the evolution of the North American TIA/EIA-95 CDMA radio interface into cdma2000. Wideband TDD: WCDMA for the Unpaired Spectrum P.R. Chitrapu  2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-86104-5 2 Introduction This text concentrates on the WCDMA TDD radio interface standard being developed by 3GPP, officially called High Chip Rate (HCR) TDD, and commonly referred to as Wideband TDD (WTDD). We shall use these terms interchangeably. 1.1 WTDD TECHNOLOGY WTDD is a radio interface technology that combines the best of WCDMA and TDMA. As the name indicates, WTDD performs duplexing in the time domain by transferring uplink and downlink data in different timeslots. Thus, it requires only a single frequency for operation. In contrast, FDD duplexes the uplink and downlink into different frequencies, thus requiring a frequency pair. The single frequency of operation provides an intrinsic advantage for WTDD in both the short and the long term. Indeed, WTDD may become a key communications solution as the new spectrum is allocated for commercial use. Within WTDD, the number of timeslots allocated for the uplink and downlink can be arbitrarily set and even changed during operation in response to varying traffic demands. This inherent flexibility of WTDD makes it ideally suited for supporting asymmetric data traffic, such as web browsing. The WTDD radio interface forms a part of the over-the-air link between the user equipment and the UMTS Radio Access Network, which, in turn, connects to the core network of a complete UMTS system. Together with the UMTS Radio Access and Core Networks, the WTDD radio interface supports a variety of services, including voice and data applications at a range of data rates up to 2 Mbps with the potential to go even higher. It is also worth mentioning that WCDMA TDD and FDD have a lot in common, so that dual mode devices or equipment can be developed with only a marginal cost increase. 1.2 OTHER ADVANCED RADIO INTERFACE TECHNOLOGIES There are a number of new radio interfaces with advanced capabilities like WTDD. In many cases these are complementary to WTDD, so that dual mode user equipment may be efficiently built, and close network interworking is possible. First and foremost is WCDMA FDD, the other radio interface being developed by 3GPP, which is very closely coupled to and complementary to WTDD. Both radio inter- faces share the same WCDMA principle and many of the same parameters, such as chip rates. Network interworking, including handovers, between WCDMA FDD and WTDD has been well studied and standardized. Coexistence between the two radio interfaces has also been extensively studied and understood in terms of minimal mutual interference. 3GPP has also standardized a variant of WTDD which occupies less RF spectrum compared to WTDD. Officially called Low Chip Rate TDD (LCR-TDD) because the ‘chip rate’ (which determines the RF bandwidth of a CDMA signal) is 1.28 Mcps com- pared to 3.84 Mcps for WTDD, this variant is sometimes called Narrowband TDD. It is also referred to as Time Division-Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) because uplink synchronization is required, unlike in WTDD. Wideband TDD and narrowband TDD have comparable capabilities and it is expected that both will be deployed, although not together. A more detailed comparison of these two forms of TDD is given in the last chapter of this book. 3GPP Standards for Wideband TDD (WTDD) 3 Another set of radio interfaces, developed for Wireless LAN applications by the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee operate in license-exempt frequency bands in the 2.4 and 5 GHz range. Referred to as 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11 g, these are very high speed (11–54 Mbps) radio interfaces designed for data applications at short range. Again, a detailed comparison with WTDD is given in the last chapter of this book. Also within IEEE 802 are other high-speed radio interfaces currently being devel- oped for Wireless Wide Area and Metropolitan Area Networks (such as 802.16), and for Wireless Personal Area Networks (802.15). Finally, there are the radio interfaces being developed by 3GPP2. These are also CDMA based and are being evolved from the US TIA/EIA-95 CDMA standard. Generally referred to as cdma2000, there are various exten- sions such as cdma2000 1x EV-DO, cdma2000 1x EV-DV, and cdma2000 3x. These radio interfaces are outside the scope of this book. 1.3 3GPP STANDARDS FOR WIDEBAND TDD (WTDD) WTDD is part of a set of specifications generated by the 3GPP organization (www.3gpp.org), a partnership project between several regional standards organizations. This standardization work is performed within 3GPP by a number of Technical Specification Groups (TSGs). The specifications developed by the various working groups are classified and numbered into the following categories, as shown in Table 1.1. Each of these ‘Numbered Series’ contains both Technical Specifications (TSs) and Technical Reports (TRs). The TSs are the normative documents that actually define the standard. TRs are mainly for information. For example, the 25 series of documents deals with the Radio Aspects of both WCDMA FDD and TDD. Within this series, the current WTDD specifications are grouped as shown in Table 1.2. In Table 1.2, the acronym HSDPA stands for High Speed Downlink Packet Access, which is a recent packet-oriented initiative that employs advanced radio techniques such as Adaptive Modulation and Coding. This illustrates the fact that the specifications are Table 1.1 Classification and numbering of 3GPP specs Subject of specification series Series Requirements 21 series Service aspects 22 series Technical realization 23 series Signaling protocols – UE to Network 24 series Radio aspects 25 series CODECs 26 series Data 27 series Signaling protocols – RNS to CN 28 series Signaling protocols – intra-fixed network 29 series User Identity Module (SIM/USIM) 31 series OandM 32series Security aspects 33 series SIM and test specifications 34 series Security algorithms 35 series 4 Introduction Table 1.2 TDD specifications Subject TS Number(s) Layer-1 25.201, 25.102, 25.105, 25.221 through 25.225 Layer-2 25.321 through 25.324 Layer-3 25.331 Iub 25.426, 25.427, 25.430 through 25.435. Iur 25.420 through 25.427 Iu 25.402, 25.410 through 25.415, 25.419 Others Protocols (25.301) Procedures (25.303, 25.304) RRM (25.123) Testing (25.142) UE Capabilities (25.306) UTRAN (25.401) MBMS (25.346) HSDPA (25.308), OAM (25.442), etc. constantly evolving to incorporate new features and capabilities. As such, they are also categorized by Release numbers: Release 99 was the first complete release of TSs, fol- lowed by Release 4 and 5. Release 6 is presently under development. 1.4 OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK In the next chapter, we begin with an overview of the UMTS System architecture, includ- ing the WTDD-based Radio Access Network. We also discuss briefly the services provided by the UMTS system and supported by the WTDD Radio Interface. In Chapter 3, we present the fundamental concepts of the WCDMA-TDD technology, as implemented in the standard. Chapters 4 and 5 are devoted to detailed presentations of the Radio Interface and Radio Procedures as defined in the 3GPP standards. In contrast, Chapters 6 and 7 are devoted to implementation technologies of the Receiver and Network Optimization (i.e. Radio Resource Management). We present various deployment scenarios and solutions in Chapter 8. Finally, we con- clude the book with Chapter 9, which briefly describes WLAN and TD-SCDMA Radio Interface Technologies and compares them with WTDD Radio Interface. [...]... its SRNS, the RNS controlling the resources is known as the Drift RNS (DRNS) for the user The function in the RNC of the DRNS providing the interface over the Iur between the SRNS and the DRNS for this user is known as its Drift RNC (DRNC) Since the resources for this user are now provided by the DRNS, the CRNC function for this user is in the RNC in the DRNS This is depicted in the Figure 2. 6 Both... referred to as LCR -TDD (Low Chip Rate TDD) or Narrowband -TDD or TD-SCDMA, in contrast to the HCR -TDD (High Chip Rate TDD) or Wideband- TDD (The name TD-SCDMA stands for Time Domain – Synchronous CDMA, reflecting the fact that this standard also requires explicit Uplink Synchronization) There are many intrinsic advantages of the TDD Radio Interface For example, the number of timeslots for Uplink and Downlink... independent of the technology selected for the TNL Figures 2. 9, 2. 10 and 2. 11 are the User Plane and Control Plane protocol architectures of the Iub, Iu-CS and Iu-PS interfaces respectively [3, 4] The Iub RNL User Plane frame protocols “frame” the user plane data for the different transport channels for transfer between the Node B and the RNC The framing is an encapsulation (in a structured format) to... Plane Q .26 30 .2 SCCP Q .21 50.1 MTP3b MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCF-NNI SSCOP SSCOP AAL5 AAL5 AAL2 ATM Physical Layer Figure 2. 10 Iu-CS Interface Protocol Structure The Iu-CS TNL Control Plane consists of the ALCAP protocol (Q .26 30 .2) and adaptation layer Q .21 50.1 for setting up AAL2 bearer connections These operate on top of of SS7 protocols The TNL User Plane uses an AAL2 connection for each CS service The Iu-PS... signaling information Specifically, the signaling information consists of the TPC bits (Transmit Power Control bits, either 0 or 2) and TFCI bits (Transport Format Combination Indicator bits, either 0, 4, 8, 16 or 32) The location of these bits is shown in Figure 3.4 Since these signaling bits are part of the data field, it follows that they are spread with the same spreading factor as the data bits, with the. .. “UMTS Networks”, John Wiley, 20 01 3GPP, TSG Services and System Group, “3G TS 23 .0 02 v3.6.0 Network Architecture”, 20 02 09 3GPP, TSG Services and System Group, “3G TS 23 .0 02 v4.8.0 Network Architecture”, 20 03–06 3GPP, TSG Services and System Group, “3G TS 23 .107 v4.6.0 Quality of Service (QoS) Concept and Architecture (Release 4)”, 20 02 12 3 Fundamentals of TDD- WCDMA TDD- WCDMA is a radio interface technology... of the ALCAP protocol (Q .26 30 .2) and adaptation layer Q .21 50 .2 for setting up AAL2 bearer connections The TNL User Plane uses AAL2, over ATM, as transport technology The Iu Interface protocol structures for CS data and PS data are shown separately For both protocol structures, the RNL User Plane frame protocol is Iu-UP and the RNL Control Plane protocol is RANAP Iu-UP frames the user plane data for. .. protocols to frame the user plane data for the different transport channels for transfer between two RNCs The RNL control plane protocol is the RNSAP This is used for the transfer of resource requests, replies, measurements and status between the two RNCs Similar to the Iub and Iu interfaces, the TNL Control Plane includes the ALCAP protocols that are needed to set up the transport bearers for the TNL User... different spectrum blocks for Uplink and Downlink In contrast, the TDD Radio Interface uses different time-slots in the same spectrum block for Uplink and Downlink Both FDD and TDD use WCDMA for modulation and multiple access, with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps and a nominal radio bandwidth of 5 MHz During the course of the standards, a lower chip rate version of TDD was developed at 1 .28 Mcps This variant of TDD. .. and handling of the data The frame protocols carry Access Stratum and Non Access Stratum protocol signaling, as well as PS/CS bearer data, to/from the UE The RNL control plane protocol, NBAP, is used for communication between the RNC and the Node B for the purpose of setting up and releasing resources in the Node B as well as for passing status information between the RNC and the Node B The Iub TNL Control . Number(s) Layer-1 25 .20 1, 25 .1 02, 25 .105, 25 .22 1 through 25 .22 5 Layer -2 25. 321 through 25 . 324 Layer-3 25 .331 Iub 25 . 426 , 25 . 427 , 25 .430 through 25 .435. Iur 25 . 420 through 25 . 427 Iu 25 .4 02, 25 .410 through 25 .415,. through 25 .415, 25 .419 Others Protocols (25 .301) Procedures (25 .303, 25 .304) RRM (25 . 123 ) Testing (25 .1 42) UE Capabilities (25 .306) UTRAN (25 .401) MBMS (25 .346) HSDPA (25 .308), OAM (25 .4 42) , etc. constantly. with the TIA as lead, 3GPP2 was formed to develop specifications based on the evolution of the North American TIA/EIA-95 CDMA radio interface into cdma2000. Wideband TDD: WCDMA for the Unpaired Spectrum