Mobile messaging technologies and services phần 10 potx

performed against the latest version of the ETS. A number of test reports provide the outcome of the test sessions.  Bilateral testing between manufacturers: this method is similar to an OMA test fest except that it involves only two vendors and tests are usually conducted in the premises of one of the vendors.  Testing by an OMA approved test house: this method consists of mandating a third party to conduct interoperability tests on behalf of OMA members. Once interoperability tests have been successfully conducted for a given device, then the device vendor can claim that the device conforms to a given MMS enabler release. This of course is a guarantee for the vendor’s customers that the device is interoperating efficiently with other devices also conforming to the same enabler release. 6.14 Implementations of Different Versions of the MMS Protocol As shown in this chapter, each MMS protocol data unit is marked with an MMS version (e.g., versions 1.0 or 1.1). A PDU of higher version may have more parameters than the equivalent PDU marked with a lower version. Furthermore, certain PDU for a given version may not have any equivalent PDU in the protocol of a lower version (e.g., the dedicated PDU for read reports is defined in MMS version 1.1 but is not available in MMS version 1.0). Communicating MMS devices (MMSC and MMS clients) can conform to different versions of MMS (an MMS client conforms to MMS 1.0 communicating with an MMSC conforming to MMS 1.1). Consequently, the MMS standard [OMA-MMS-Enc] (from version 1.1) includes a number of rules for ensuring that such heterogeneous MMS devices interoperate effectively. The MMS version marking a PDU over the MM1 interface (value assigned to the X-MMS- Version parameter) is composed of a major version number and a minor version number as shown in Figure 6.62. Two scenarios can occur for communicating MMS devices conforming to different versions of the MMS protocol: 1. Devices conform to the same major version number but to a different minor version number: an MMS device (MMS client or MMSC) can respond to a received PDU with a PDU marked with a different minor version number but with the same major version number. An MMS device may therefore receive a PDU containing unrecognized MMS Version 1.0 Minor version number Major version number Figure 6.62 Structure of the MMS version 392 Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services parameters. In this context, a receiving MMS client ignores the unrecognized parameters whereas a receiving MMSC passes unrecognized parameters unchanged (without inter- pretation). It may happen that the PDU itself is not recognized by the receiving device (unknown value assigned to the X-MMS-Message-Type parameter). In this context, the MMS client responds with a M-NotifyResp.ind PDU containing a status value set to ‘‘Unrecognised’’ whereas the MMSC responds with an M-Send.conf PDU with a response value set to ‘‘Error-unsupported-message.’’ 2. Devices conform to the different major version numbers: because the behavior of devices conforming to different major version numbers is it expected to be very different, interoperability between such devices is not ensured. In this cont ext, the MMS client which receives a PDU marked with a major version number which it does not support responds with an M-NotifyResp.ind marked MMS version 1.0 with a status value set to ‘‘Unrecognised.’’ On the other way round, the MMSC which receives a PDU marked with a major version number it does not support responds with the M- Send.conf PDU marked MMS version 1.0 with a response status set to ‘‘Error- unsupported-message.’’ In the case where a receiving device supports multiple major version numbers including the one of the received PDU, it responds to the received PDU with a PDU marked with the same major version number. Note that, at the time of writing, all MMS devices available on the market (MMSCs and MMS clients) conform to the same major version number which is 1. However, MMS devices conform to protocol versions which can have different minor version numbers (e.g., 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, and now 1.3). Multimedia Messaging Service 393 References Organizations Involved in the Development of Standards and Recommendations 3G Americas http://www.3gamericas.org/ 3G.IP http://www.3gip.org/ European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI) http://www.etsi.org/ Fixed Line MMS Forum (F-MMS) http://www.fixedlinemms.org/ Global Certification Forum (GCF) http://gcf.gsm.org/ GSM Association (GSMA) http://www.gsmworld.com/ Global mobile Suppliers Association (GSA) http://www.gsacom.com/ International Telecommunication Union (ITU) http://www.itu.org Internet Engineering Task Force http://www.ietf.org IPv6 Forum http://www.ipv6forum.com/ MIDI Manufacturers Association http://www.midi.org Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) http://www.openmobilealliance.org SMS Forum http://www.smsforum.net Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) http://www.3gpp.org Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) http://www.3gpp2.org UMTS Forum http://www.umts-forum.org WAP Forum (now Open Mobile Alliance) http://www.openmobilealliance.org Wireless Village (now Open Mobile Alliance) http://www.openmobilealliance.org World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) http://www.w3c.org Standards 3GPP Documents [3GPP-01.01] 3GPP TS 01.01, GSM Release 1999 specifications [3GPP-11.11] 3GPP TR 11.11, Specification of the SIM–ME interface [3GPP-21.101] 3GPP TS 21.101, 3rd Generation mobile system Release 1999 specifications [3GPP-21.102] 3GPP TS 21.102, 3rd Generation mobile system Release 4 specifications Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services Second Edition Gwenae ¨ l Le Bodic # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-01143-2 [3GPP-21.103] 3GPP TS 21.103, 3rd Generation mobile system Release 5 specifications [3GPP-21.900] 3GPP TR 21.900, 3GPP working methods [3GPP-21.905] 3GPP TR 21.905, System aspects, vocabulary for 3GPP specifications [3GPP-21.910] 3GPP TS 21.910, Multi-mode UE issues: categories, principles, and procedures [3GPP-22.060] 3GPP TS 22.060, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), stage 1 [3GPP-22.105] 3GPP TS 22.105, Services and service capabilities [3GPP-22.121] 3GPP TS 22.121, The Virtual Home Environment (VHE), stage 1 [3GPP-22.127] 3GPP TS 22.127, Open Service Architecture (OSA), stage 1 [3GPP-22.140] 3GPP TS 22.140, Multimedia messaging service, stage 1 [3GPP-22.141] 3GPP TS 22.141, Presence service, stage 1 [3GPP-22.228] 3GPP TS 22.228, Service requirements for the IP multimedia, core network subsystem, stage 1 [3GPP-22.340] 3GPP TS 22.340, IP multimedia system messaging, stage 1 [3GPP-22.940] 3GPP TS 22.940, IMS messaging, stage 1 [3GPP-23.002] 3GPP TS 23.002, Network architecture [3GPP-23.011] 3GPP TS 23.011, Technical realization of supplementary services [3GPP-23.038] 3GPP TS 23.038, Alphabets and language-specific information [3GPP-23.039] 3GPP TR 23.039, Interface protocols for the connection of SMSCs to SMEs [3GPP-23.040] 3GPP TS 23.040, Technical realization of the short message service [3GPP-23.042] 3GPP TS 23.042, Compression algorithm for text messaging services [3GPP-23.060] 3GPP TS 23.060, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), stage 2 [3GPP-23.101] 3GPP TS 23.101, General UMTS architecture [3GPP-23.127] 3GPP TS 23.127, Virtual Home Environment/Open Service Architecture, stage 2 [3GPP-23.140] 3GPP TS 23.140, Multimedia messaging service, functional description, stage 2 [3GPP-23.140] 3GPP TS 23.140, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), stage 2 [3GPP-23.228] 3GPP TS 23.228, IP multimedia subsystem, stage 2 [3GPP-23.841] 3GPP TS 23.841, Presence service, stage 2 [3GPP-24.011] 3GPP TS 24.011, Point-to-point SMS support on mobile radio interface [3GPP-26.140] 3GPP TS 26.140, Multimedia messaging service, media formats, and codecs [3GPP-26.233] 3GPP TS 26.233, Transparent end-to-end packet-switched streaming service, general description [3GPP-26.234] 3GPP TS 26.234, Transparent end-to-end packet-switched streaming services protocols and codecs [3GPP-27.005] 3GPP TS 27.005, Use of DTE–DCE interface for CBS [3GPP-31.102] 3GPP TS 31.102, Characteristics of the USIM application [3GPP-31.111] 3GPP TS 31.111, USIM Application Toolkit (USAT) [3GPP-32.200] 3GPP TS 32.200, Telecommunication management, charging management, charging principles [3GPP-32.235] 3GPP TS 32.235, Telecommunication management, charging management, charging data description for application services [3GPP-41.102] 3GPP TS 41.102, GSM Release 4 specifications [3GPP-41.103] 3GPP TS 41.103, GSM Release 5 specifications [3GPP-43.041] 3GPP TS 43.041, Example protocol stacks for interconnecting SMSCs and MSCs [3GPP-51.011] 3GPP TS 51.011, Specification of the SIM–ME interface 3GPP2 Documents [3GPP2-C.P0045] C.P0045–MMS media formats and codecs, 3GPP2, draft [3GPP2-S.R0064.0] S.R0064-0–Multimedia messaging service, 3GPP2, November 2002 [3GPP2-S0016.000] X.S0016.000–MMS specification overview, 3GPP2, April 2003 [3GPP2-S0016.200] X.S0016.200–MMS stage 2, functional description, 3GPP2, April 2003 [3GPP2-S016.310] X.S0016.310–MMS MM1 stage 3 using OMA/WAP, 3GPP2, April 2003 [3GPP2-S016.340] X.S0016.340–MMS MM4 stage 3 intercarrier interworking, 3GPP2, April 2003 [3GPP2-S016.370] X.S0016.370–MMS MM7 VASP interworking stage 3 specification, 3GPP2, April 2003 396 Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services ITU Documents [ITU-E.164] ITU-T E.164, The international public telecommunication number plan, ITU, May 1997 [ITU-E.212] ITU-T E.212, The international identification plan for mobile terminals and mobile users, ITU, November 1998 [ITU-H.263] ITU-T H.263, Video coding for low bit rate communication, ITU, February 1998 [ITU-I.130] ITU-T I.130, Method for the characterization of telecommunication services supported by ISDN and network capabilities of an ISDN, ITU, November 1998 IETF Documents [RFC-821] Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), August 1982 [RFC-822] Standard for the format of ARPA Internet text messages, IETF, August 13, 1982. Note that [RFC-2822] obsoletes [RFC-822] [RFC-1730] Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), version 4, December 1994 [RFC-1766] Tags for the identification of languages, March 1995 [RFC-1806] Communicating presentation information in Internet messages, the Content-Disposition header, IETF, June 1995 [RFC-1889] RTP: a transport protocol for real-time applications, IETF, January 1996 [RFC-1893] Enhanced mail system status codes, IETF, January 1996 [RFC-1939] (STD 0053) Post Office Protocol (POP), version 3, May 1996 [RFC-2026] The Internet standards process–Revision 3, IETF, October 1996 [RFC-2045] Multipurpose Internet mail extensions, part 1: format of Internet message bodies, IETF, November 1996 [RFC-2046] Multipurpose Internet mail extensions, part 2: media types, IETF, November 1996 [RFC-2047] Multipurpose Internet mail extensions, part 3: message header extensions for non-ASCII text, IETF, November 1996 [RFC-2048] Multipurpose Internet mail extensions, part 4: registration procedures, IETF, November 1996 [RFC-2049] Multipurpose Internet mail extensions, part 5: conformance criteria and examples, IETF, November 1996 [RFC-2279] UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646, IETF, January 1998 [RFC-2326] Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP), April 1998 [RFC-2327] Session description protocol, IETF, April 1998 [RFC-2387] The MIME multipart/related content-type, August 1998 [RFC-2392] Content-ID and Message-ID uniform resource locators, IETF, August 1998 [RFC-2396] Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs): generic syntax, August 1998 [RFC-2557] MIME encapsulation of aggregate documents, IETF, March 1999 [RFC-2616] HyperText Transfer Protocol–HTTP/1.1, June 1999 [RFC-2617] HTTP authentication: basic and digest access authentication, IETF, June 1999 [RFC-2633] S/MIME message specification, version 3, June 1999 [RFC-2821] Simple mail transfer protocol, IETF, April 2001 [RFC-2822] Internet message format, IETF, April 2001 [RFC-2916] E.164 number and DNS, IETF, September 2000 [RFC-3261] Session initiation protocol, IETF, June 2002 [RFC-3267] Real-time transport protocol payload format and file storage format for the AMR and AMR-WB audio codecs, IETF, June 2002 [RFC-3501] Internet message access protocol–version 4 rev1, IETF, March 2003 OMA Document [OMA-ClientProv] OMA client provisioning enabler release, including: - Provisioning architecture overview - Provisioning content References 397 - Provisioning bootstrap - User agent behavior [OMA-DevMan] OMA device management enabler release, including: - SyncML device management bootstrap - Device management conformance requirements - Notification initiated session - SyncML device management protocol - SyncML representation protocol device management usage - SyncML device management security - SyncML device management standardized objects - SyncML device management tree and description [OMA-DRM] OMA DRM enabler release - Digital rights management [OMA-DRM-CF] OMA DRM enabler release - Content format [OMA-MMS-Arch] OMA multimedia messaging service enabler release - Architecture overview [OMA-MMS-Conf] OMA multimedia messaging service enabler release - Conformance document [OMA-MMS-CTR] OMA multimedia messaging service enabler release - Client transactions [OMA-MMS-Enc] OMA multimedia messaging service enabler release - Encapsulation protocol [OMA-MMS-ICS] OMA multimedia messaging service enabler release - Enabler implementation conformance statement [OMA-STI] OMA standard transcoding interface specification [OMA-UAProf] OMA user agent profile enabler release - User agent profile [OMA-WSP] Wireless session protocol UMTS Forum Documents [UF-Rep9] UMTS Forum Report no. 9: The UMTS third generation market–Phase I: structuring the service revenues opportunities, UMTS Forum, October 2000 [UF-Rep13] UMTS Forum Report no. 13: The UMTS third generation market–Phase II: structuring the service revenue opportunities, UMTS Forum, April 2001 WAP Forum Documents [WAP-174] WAP user agent profile, WAP Forum, November 1999 [WAP-190] Wireless application environment specification, March 2000 [WAP-203] Wireless session protocol specification, May 2000 [WAP-205] Multimedia messaging service, architecture overview, WAP Forum, April 2001 [WAP-206] Multimedia messaging service, client transactions, WAP Forum, June 2001 [WAP-209] Multimedia messaging service, encapsulation protocol, WAP Forum, June 2001 [WAP-219] TLS profile and tunneling, WAP Forum, April 2001 [WAP-224] Wireless transaction protocol, WAP Forum, July 2001 [WAP-229] Wireless Profiled HTTP (WP-HTTP), WAP Forum, March 2001 [WAP-230] Wireless session protocol specification, WAP Forum, July 2001 [WAP-237] Wireless application environment defined media type, WAP Forum, May 2001 [WAP-250] WAP push architectural overview, WAP Forum, May 2001 [WAP-274] (draft) WAP MMS architecture overview, version 1.1, WAP Forum, April 2002 (also available from OMA as document titled MMS Architecture) 398 Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services [WAP-275] (draft) WAP MMS client transactions, version 1.1, WAP Forum, April 2002 (also available from OMA as document titled MMS Client Transactions) [WAP-276] (draft) WAP MMS encapsulation protocol, version 1.1, WAP Forum, April 2001 (also available from OMA as document titled MMS Encapsulation Protocol) [WAP-277] XHTML mobile profile, WAP Forum, October 2001 W3C Documents [W3C-HTML4] (W3C recommendation) HTML 4.01, W3C, December 1999, http://www.w3.org/ TR/html4/ [W3C-PNG] (W3C recommendation) Portable network graphics 1.0, W3C, October 1996, http:// www.w3.org/TR/REC-png.html [W3C-SMIL] (W3C recommendation) Synchronized multimedia integration language 2.0, W3C, August 2001, http://www.w3.org/TR/smil20 [W3C-SOAP] (W3C note) Simple object access protocol 1.1, W3C, May 2000, http://www.w3.org/TR/ SOAP [W3C-SOAP-ATT] (W3C note) SOAP messages with attachments, W3C, December 2000, http://www.w3. org/TR/SOAP-attachments [W3C-sRGB] A standard default color space for the Internet 1.10, W3C, November 1996, http:// www.w3.org/Graphics/Color/sRGB [W3C-SVG] (W3C note) Scalable vector graphics 1.0, W3C, September 2001, http://www.w3.org/TR/ SVG [W3C-XHTML-Basic] (W3C recommendation) XHTML basic profile, W3C, December 2000, http://www.w3. org/TR/xhtml-basic/ Other Documents [GSMA-IR.34] IR.34–Inter-PLMN backbone guidelines, GSM Association, March 2003 [GSMA-IR.52] IT.52–MMS interworking guidelines, GSM Association, February 2003 [IANA-MIBEnum] Character sets–IANA, http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets [IMC-vCalendar] vCalendar–The electronic calendaring and schedulingformat1.0, Internet MailConsortium, September 1996, http://www.imc.org/pdi/vcal-10.doc [IMC-vCard] vCard–The electronic business card format 2.1, Internet Mail Consortium, September 1996, http://www.imc.org/pdi/vcard-21.doc [IRDA-iMelody] iMelody, specifications for Ir Mobile Communications, version 1.2: Infrared Association, October 2000 [MMA-MIDI] The complete MIDI 1.0 detailed specification, version 96.1, MIDI Manufacturers Association, 1996 [MMA-SP-MIDI] Scalable polyphony MIDI specification and device profiles, version 1.0a, MIDI Manufacturers Association, May 2002 [US-ASCII] Coded Character Set–7-bit American Standard Code for Information Interchange, ANSI X3.4-1986 References 399 Appendices Appendix A SMS TP-PID Values for Telematic Interworking For enabling SMS interworking with various telematic devices, the following set of protocol identifiers (TP-Protocol-Identifier) can be used: Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services Second Edition Gwenae ¨ l Le Bodic # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-01143-2 Table A.1 Protocol identifiers for telematic interworking TP-PID value (hex) Description 0x20 Type of telematic device is defined by the message destination or originator address. 0x21 Telex (or teletex reduced to telex format). 0x22 Group 3 telefax. 0x23 Group 4 telefax. 0x24 Voice telephone (i.e. conversion to speech). 0x25 European Radio Messaging System (ERMES). 0x26 National paging system (type known to the service center). 0x27 Videotext such as T.100 or T101. 0x28 Teletex, carrier unspecified. 0x29 Teletex, in PSPDN. 0x2A Teletex, in CSPDN. 0x2B Teletex, in analog PSTN. 0x2C Teletex, in digital ISDN. 0x2D Universal Computer Interface (UCI). 0x2E 0x2F Reserved (2 values). 0x30 Message handling facility (type known to the service center). 0x31 Public X.400-based message handling system. 0x32 Internet electronic mail (see section). 0x33 0x37 Reserved (5 values). 0x38 0x3E SC specific use (7 values). 0x3F GSM or UMTS mobile station. The SMSC converts the short message into a coding scheme which is understandable by the GSM/UMTS mobile station. [...]... within one octet, the half-octet with bits numbered 03 represents the most signicant digit Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services 404 Each half-octet can take the following values: Table B.2 Semi-octet representation Half-octet value 0000 0001 0 010 0011 0100 0101 0 110 0111 100 0 100 1 101 0 101 1 1100 1101 1 110 1111 Decimal digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 * # a b c Used as ll bits The example below shows... signicant bit is set to 1 and the second most signicant bit is set to 0 The table below summarizes relationships between UTF8 and UCS4: Table C.4 Relationships between UTF8 and UCS4 UTF8 octet sequence (binary) UCS4 range (hexadecimal) Description 0xxxxxxx 0000 0000 to 0000 007F 110xxxxx 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 111110xx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 1111110x 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 0000 0080 to... symbols over 3 octets 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 0001 0000 to 001F FFFF Used to encode symbols over 4 octets 0020 0000 to 03FF FFFF Used to encode symbols over 5 octets 0400 0000 to 7FFF FFFF Used to encode symbols over 6 octets 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services 408 Appendix D EMSiMelody Grammar The iMelody format is used in EMS and MMS messaging systems The... Command Line Interface ă Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services Second Edition Gwenael Le Bodic # 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-01143-2 418 CLP CN CO CPI CR CSCF CSD CSP CSPDN CWTS DCF DF DID DIG DM DNS DRM DS EAIF EDGE EEPROM EF EFI EFR EICS EIR EMS ENUM ERMES ESME ETP ETR ETS ETSI EWG FDD FF F-MMS FQDN GCF GGSN GIF GM GMT GPRS GPS Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services Command Line... 0x52 0x53 0x54 0x55 ỵ , / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < ẳ > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U 0x00 Decimal Hexadecimal Character 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 0x56 0x57 0x58 0x59 0x5a 0x5b 0x5c 0x5d 0x5e 0x5f 0x60 0x61 0x62 0x63 0x64 0x65 0x66 0x67 0x68 0x69 0x6a 0x6b... Multimedia Messaging Service MMS Center MMS Environment MMS Interoperability group MMS User Agent Mobile Network Code Mobile Number Portability Mobile- station-Not-Reachable-Flag Mobile- station-Not-Reachable-for-GPRS Mobile- station-Not-Reachable-Reason Motion Picture Experts Group Mobile Protocols Group, OMA group Mobile Station Most Signicant Bit Mobile Switching Center Messaging Service Control Function Mobile. .. TP-MR TP-MTI Mobile Messaging Technologies and Services SIP for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions Specication Implementation Note Session Initiation Protocol Service Loading Short Message Application Protocol Server -Mobile Core Network Protocol Short Message Entity Standard MIDI File Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Short Message -Mobile Originated Short Message -Mobile Terminated... Instant Messaging Interactive Mail Access Protocol International Mobile Equipment Identity Immediate Messaging and Presence Services IP Multimedia Subsystem International Mobile Subscriber Identity International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 Integrated Services Digital Network Interoperability Interoperability Testing Internet Protocol Interworking Roaming Expert Group, GSMA group Integrated Services. .. Lempel-Ziv-Storer-Szymanski Mobile Application Group, OMA group Mobile Application Part Mobile Country Code Mobile- station-memory-Capacity-Exceeded-Flag Mobile COMmerce, OMA group 419 420 MDI ME MExE MF MGCF MGIF MGW MRF MIDI M-IMAP MIME MIP MMA MMAP MMBox MMoIP MMS MMSC MMSE MMS-IOP MMS UA MNC MNP MNRF MNRG MNRR MPEG MPG MS MSB MSC MSCF MSISDN MTA MTU MUA MWI MWIF MWS NSS ODI OMA OPS OSA OSS OTA Mobile Messaging Technologies. .. Messaging Technologies and Services Message Distribution Indicator Mobile Equipment Mobile Execution Environment Master File Media Gateway Control Function Mobile Games Interoperability Forum Media Gateway Media Resource Function Musical Instrument Digital Interface Mobile IMAP Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions Maximum Instantaneous Polyphony MIDI Manufacturers Association Mobile Messaging Access Protocol . 0001111 b6 0 0 1100 11 b5 0 101 0101 b4 b3 b2 b1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 00000 | 00011 0 0102 00113 0100 4 ^ 0101 5 s 0 1106 01117 100 08 { 100 19 } 101 010 Page break 101 111 Esc* 1100 12 [ 1101 13 $ 1 1101 4 ] 111115. #3CScs 0100 4 e ` Ô4DTdt 0101 5 e %5EUeu 0 110 6 u ` &6FVfv 0111 7 ` ẫ 7GWgw 100 0 8 o ` ặ (8HXhx 100 1 9 cá )9IYiy 101 010 LF *:JZjz 101 111 ; Esc* ỵ ;KA ă ka ă 1100 12 ứặ,< Lo ă lo ă 1101 13. b7 and the least significant bit is b1. Table B.2 Semi-octet representation Half-octet value Decimal digit 0000 0 0001 1 0 010 2 0011 3 0100 4 0101 5 0 110 6 0111 7 100 0 8 100 1 9 101 0 * 101 1 # 1100