W Eva L. Feldman, Wolfgang Grisold James W. Russell, Udo A. Zifko Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases A Practical Guideline SpringerWienNewYork IV Eva L. Feldman Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA Wolfgang Grisold Department of Neurology, Ludwig Boltzman-Institute for Neurooncology, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital, Vienna, Austria James W. Russell Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA Udo A. Zifko Klinik Pirawarth, Bad Pirawarth, Austria This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by pho- tocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. © 2005 Springer-Verlag/Wien Printed in Austria SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com Typesetting: Grafik Rödl, 2486 Pottendorf, Austria Printing and Binding: Druckerei Theiss GmbH, 9431 St. Stefan, Austria, www.theiss.at Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN 10845698 Library of Congress Control Number: 2004109783 With partly coloured Figures ISBN 3-211-83819-8 SpringerWienNewYork IV Eva L. Feldmann Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA Wolfgang Grisold Department of Neurology, Ludwig Boltzman-Institute for Neurooncology, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital, Vienna, Austria James W. Russell Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA Udo A. Zifko Klinik Pirawarth, Pirawarth, Austria This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by pho- tocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for all the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. © 2005 Springer-Verlag/Wien Printed in Austria SpringerWienNewYork is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeroline.com Typesetting: Grafik Rödl, 2486 Pottendorf, Austria Printing and Binding: Druckerei Theiss GmbH, 9431 St. Stefan, Austria Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN 10845698 Library of Congress Control Number: 2004109783 With partly coloured Figures ISBN 3-211-83819-8 SpringerWienNewYork V Dedication This book is dedicated to Professor P. K. Thomas (London, UK), our friend, teacher and leader in neuromuscular diseases and to our families whose help and support made this book possible. Special acknowledgements are made to Dr. Mila Blaivas (Michigan), Dr. An- drea Vass (Vienna), Ms. Judy Boldt, Ms. Denice Janus, Ms. Piya Mahendru (Michigan), Ms. Claudia Steffek (Vienna), and Mr. Petri Wieder from Springer. The authors are grateful to Mr. James Hiller who provided financial assistance for the colour photographs. VII Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Cranial nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Olfactory nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Optic nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Oculomotor nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Trochlear nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Trigeminal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Abducens nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Facial nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Acoustic nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Vestibular nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Glossopharyngeal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Vagus nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Accessory nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Hypoglossal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Cranial nerves and painful conditions – a checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Cranial nerve examination in coma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Pupil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Multiple and combined oculomotor nerve palsies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Plexopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Cervical plexus and cervical spinal nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Brachial plexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Thoracic outlet syndromes (TOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Lumbosacral plexus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Radiculopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Cervical radiculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Thoracic radiculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Lumbar and sacral radiculopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Cauda equina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Mononeuropathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Mononeuropathies: upper extremities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Axillary nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Musculocutaneous nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Median nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Ulnar nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Radial nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Digital nerves of the hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Contents VIII Mononeuropathies: trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Phrenic nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Dorsal scapular nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Suprascapular nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Subscapular nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 Long thoracic nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Thoracodorsal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Pectoral nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Thoracic spinal nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Intercostal nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Intercostobrachial nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Iliohypogastric nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Ilioinguinal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Genitofemoral nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Superior and inferior gluteal nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Pudendal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Mononeuropathies: lower extremities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Obturator nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Femoral nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Saphenous nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Cutaneous femoris lateral nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Cutaneous femoris posterior nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Sciatic nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Peroneal nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Tibial nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Tarsal tunnel syndrome (posterior and anterior) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Anterior tarsal tunnel syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Sural nerve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Mononeuropathy: interdigital neuroma and neuritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Nerves of the foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Peripheral nerve tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Polyneuropathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Metabolic diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Diabetic distal symmetric polyneuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Diabetic autonomic neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 Diabetic mononeuritis multiplex and diabetic polyradiculopathy (amyotrophy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Distal symmetric polyneuropathy of renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 Systemic disease Vasculitic neuropathy, systemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Vasculitic neuropathy, non-systemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Neuropathies associated with paraproteinemias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Amyloidosis (primary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Neoplastic neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Paraneoplastic neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Motor neuropathy or motor neuron disease syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 IX Infectious neuropathies Human immunodeficiency virus-1 neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Herpes neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 Hepatitis B neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 Bacterial and parasitic neuropathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Inflammatory Acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Acute motor and sensory axonal neuropathy (AMSAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP, Guillain- Barre syndrome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) . . . . . . . 292 Demyelinating neuropathy associated with anti-MAG antibodies . . . . 295 Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Nutritional Cobalamin neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Post-gastroplasty neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 Pyridoxine neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 Strachan’s syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Thiamine neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 Tocopherol neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 Industrial agents Acrylamide neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Carbon disulfide neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Hexacarbon neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Organophosphate neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Drugs Alcohol polyneuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 Amiodarone neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Chloramphenicol neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Colchicine neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Dapsone neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Disulfiram neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 Polyneuropathy and chemotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Vinca alkaloids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Platinum-compounds (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) . . . . . . . . . . . 317 Taxol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 Metals Arsenic neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Mercury neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 Thallium neuropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Hereditary neuropathies Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 1 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1, CMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy type 2 (Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2, CMT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 X Hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) . . . . . 329 Porphyria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Other rare hereditary neuropathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Neuromuscular transmission disorders and other conditions . . . . . . . 335 Myasthenia gravis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Drug-induced myasthenic syndromes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 LEMS (Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Botulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 Tetanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Muscle and myotonic diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 Polymyositis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Dermatomyositis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Inclusion body myositis (IBM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Focal myositis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Connective tissue diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 Infections of muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 Becker muscular dystrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Myotonic dystrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Limb girdle muscular dystrophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388 Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 Fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHMD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Distal myopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 Congenital myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Mitochondrial myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Glycogen storage diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 Defects of fatty acid metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Toxic myopathies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Critical illness myopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Myopathies associated with endocrine/metabolic disorders and carcinoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Myotonia congenita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 Paramyotonia congenita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Hypokalemic periodic paralysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436 Motor neuron disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Spinal muscular atrophies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 Poliomyelitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Bulbospinal muscular atrophy (Kennedy’s syndrome) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 General disease finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Subject index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 1 Introduction [...]... 55: 17 1 17 7 Oh S, Melo AC, Lee DK, et al (20 01) Large-fiber neuropathy in distal sensory neuropathy with normal routine nerve conduction Neurology 56: 15 70 15 72 Weber M, Eisen A (2002) Magnetic stimulation of the central and peripheral nervous system Muscle Nerve 25: 16 0 17 5 – Laboratory and muscle enzymes – CSF studies – Autoantibodies – Laboratory tests are an essential part of investigations of neuromuscular. .. voltage-gated potassium channels at the paranodal and terminal regions of myelinated axons of peripheral nerves The acquired type of rippling muscle disease has been described in association with thymoma and an antibody against the ryanodin receptor In various types of myositis, antibodies like anti-Jo 1, anti-PL 7, anti-PL 12 , anti-OJ, anti-EJ, anti-KS, and several others have been described Some of them... with immune-mediated polyneuropathies Muscle Nerve 23: 13 93 14 01 Suarez GA, Chalk CH, Russel JW, et al (20 01) Diagnostic accuracy and certainty from sequential evaluations in peripheral neuropathy Neurology 57: 11 18 11 20 Reflex testing The long reflex arch tested by the deep tendon reflex is useful for neuromuscular diagnosis, as it reflects both the function of sensory and motor divisions of the local... Philadelphia Rivner MH, Swift TR, Malik K (20 01) Influence of age and height on nerve conduction Muscle Nerve 24: 11 34 11 41 Rutkove SB (20 01) Effects of temperature on neuromuscular electrophysiology Muscle Nerve 24: 867–882 Rutkove SB (20 01) Focal cooling improves neuronal conduction block in peroneal neuropathy at the fibular neck Muscle Nerve 24: 16 22 16 26 Late responses Late responses (e.g F wave)... examination of the peripheral nervous system WB Saunders, London (19 86) Carvalho M de, Lopes A, Scotto M, et al (20 01) Reproducibility of neurophysiological and myometric measurement in the ulnar nerve abductor digiti minimi system Muscle Nerve 24: 13 91 13 95 Hart IK, Maddison P, Newsom-Davies J, et al (2002) Phenotypic variants of autoimmune peripheral nerve hyperexcitability Brain 12 5: 18 87 18 95 Merkies... the electrodiagnostic evaluation of patients with suspected myasthenia gravis or Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome Muscle Nerve 24: 12 39 12 47 American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine (20 01) AAEM: glossary of terms in electrodiagnostic medicine Muscle Nerve 24 [Suppl 10 ]: S1–S 49 Marx JJ, Thoemke F, Fitzek S, et al (20 01) Topodiagnostic value of blink reflex R 1 changes A digital postprocessing... 50–70% GM1 and GD1 autoantibodies occur in about 50% of cases with AIDP The GQ1b antibody is recorded in 95% of patients with the rare Miller-Fisher syndrome Also, there are several autoantibodies described against sulfatides, GM2, GalNAc-GD1a, GD1b In most cases, the role and frequency of occurrence for these antibodies is uncertain In paraneoplastic polyneuropathies, the association with anti-Hu antibodies... 24: 13 27 13 31 Meier PM, Berde CB, DiCanzio J, et al (20 01) Quantitative assessment of cutaneous thermal and vibration sensation and thermal pain detection threshholds in healthy children and adolescents Muscle Nerve 24: 13 39 13 45 Pullman SL, Goodin DS, Marquinez AI, et al (2000) Clinical utility of surface EMG: report of therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of. .. Molecular profiles of inflammatory myopathies Neurology 59: 11 70 11 82 Hoffman EP, Hoffbuhr K, Devaney J, et al (2002) Molecular analysis and genetic testing In: Katirji B, Kaminski HJ, Preston DC, Ruff RL, Shapiro B (eds) Neuromuscular disorders Butterworth Heinemann, Boston Oxford, pp 294–306 References MR has become the method of choice for many conditions, although CT remains superior in the imaging of bones... J Peripheral Nervous System 7: 11 2 11 7 Dimitrakoudis D, Bril V (2002) Comparison of sensory testing on different toe surfaces; implications for neuropathy screening Neurology 59: 611 – 613 Merkies ISJ, Schmitz PIM, van der Meche FGA (2000) Reliability and responsiveness of a graduated tuning fork in immune mediated polyneuropathy J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68: 669–6 71 Montagna P, Liguori R (2000) . acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN 10 845698 Library of Congress Control Number: 200 410 9783 With partly coloured Figures ISBN 3-2 1 1-8 3 81 9-8 SpringerWienNewYork IV Eva L. Feldmann Department. Austria Printed on acid-free and chlorine-free bleached paper SPIN 10 845698 Library of Congress Control Number: 200 410 9783 With partly coloured Figures ISBN 3-2 1 1-8 3 81 9-8 SpringerWienNewYork V Dedication This. A. Zifko Atlas of Neuromuscular Diseases A Practical Guideline SpringerWienNewYork IV Eva L. Feldman Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, USA Wolfgang Grisold Department of Neurology,