MasteringAutoCAD 2011 and AutoCAD LT 2011 phần 3 ppt

taking control of tHe autocad disPlay | 213 Understanding Regeneration and Redrawing AutoCAD uses two commands for refreshing your drawing display: Regen (drawing regenera- tion) and Redraw. Each command serves a particular purpose, although it may not be clear to a new user. To better understand the difference between Regen and Redraw, it helps to know that AutoCAD stores drawing data in two ways: In a database of highly accurate coordinate information that is part of the properties of •u objects in your drawing In a simplified database used just for the display of the objects in your drawing •u As you draw, AutoCAD starts to build an accurate, core database of objects and their prop- erties. At the same time, it creates a simpler database that it uses just to display the drawing quickly. AutoCAD uses this second database to allow quick manipulation of the display of your drawing. For the purposes of this discussion, I’ll call this simplified database the virtual display because it’s like a computer model of the overall display of your drawing. This virtual display is in turn used as the basis for what is shown in the drawing area. When you issue a Redraw com- mand, you’re telling AutoCAD to reread this virtual display data and display that information in the drawing area. A Regen command, on the other hand, tells AutoCAD to rebuild the virtual display based on information from the core drawing database. You may notice that the Pan Realtime and Zoom Realtime commands don’t work beyond a certain area in the display. When you reach a point where these commands seem to stop working, you’ve come to the limits of the virtual display data. To go beyond these limits, AutoCAD must rebuild the virtual display data from the core data; in other words, it must regenerate the drawing. You can usually do this by zooming out to the extents of the drawing. Sometimes, when you zoom in to a drawing, arcs and circles may appear to be faceted instead of smooth curves. This faceting is the result of AutoCAD’s virtual display simplifying curves to conserve memory. You can force AutoCAD to display smoother curves by typing RE↵, which is the shortcut for the Regen command. Controlling Display Smoothness As you work in AutoCAD, you may notice that linetypes sometimes appear continuous even when they’re supposed to be dotted or dashed. You may also notice that arcs and circles occasionally appear to be segmented lines although they’re always plotted as smooth curves. A command called Viewres controls how smoothly linetypes, arcs, and circles are displayed in an enlarged view. The lower the Viewres value, the fewer the segments and the faster the redraw and regen- eration. However, a low Viewres value causes noncontinuous linetypes, such as dashes or center lines, to appear as though they’re continuous, especially in drawings that cover very large areas (for example, civil site plans). Finding a Viewres value that best suits the type of work you do will take some experimentation. The default Viewres setting is 1000. You can try increasing the value to improve the smoothness of arcs and see if a higher value works for you. Enter Viewres↵↵ at the Command prompt to change the value. If you work with complex drawings, you may want to keep the value at 1000; then when you zoom in close to a view, use the Regen command to display smooth arcs and complete linetypes. 621974c07.indd 213 4/26/10 12:34:13 PM 214 | CHAPTER 7 Mastering Viewing tools, HatcHes, and external references Creating Multiple Views So far, you’ve looked at ways to help you get around in your drawing while using a single view window. You can also set up multiple views of your drawing, called viewports. With viewports, you can display more than one view of your drawing at one time in the AutoCAD drawing area. For example, one viewport can display a close-up of the bathroom, another viewport can display the overall plan view, and yet another can display the unit plan. When viewports are combined with AutoCAD’s Paper Space feature, you can plot multiple views of your drawing. Paper Space is a display mode that lets you paste up multiple views of a drawing, much like a page-layout program. To find out more about viewports and Paper Space, see Chapters 16 and 24. Sa v i n g vi e w S Another way to control your views is by saving them. You might think of saving views as a way of creating a bookmark or a placeholder in your drawing. For example, a few walls in the Plan drawing aren’t complete. To add the lines, you’ll need to zoom in to the areas that need work, but these areas are spread out over the drawing. AutoCAD lets you save views of the areas you want to work on and then jump from saved view to saved view. This technique is especially helpful when you know you’ll often want to return to a specific area of your drawing. You’ll see how to save and recall views in the following set of exercises. Here’s the first one: 1. Click Zoom All from the Zoom flyout on the navigation bar, or type Z↵A↵ to get an over- all view of the plan. 2. Choose Named Views from the View tab’s Views panel or type V↵ to open the View Manager dialog box (Figure 7.4). Figure 7.4 The View Manager dialog box 621974c07.indd 214 4/26/10 12:34:13 PM taking control of tHe autocad disPlay | 215 Managing Saved Views In the View Manager dialog box, you can call up an existing view (Set Current), create a new view (New), or get detailed information about a view. You can also select from a set of predefined views that include orthographic and isometric views of 3D objects. You’ll learn more about these options in Chapter 21. 3. Make sure the Current option is selected in the list to the left, and then click the New button to open the New View / Shot Properties dialog box (Figure 7.5). You’ll notice some options related to the User Coordinate System (UCS) plus an option called View Category. You’ll get a chance to look at the UCS in Chapters 21 and 22. The View Category option relates to the Sheet Set feature described in Chapter 30. Other options, including Visual Style, Background, and Boundary, give you control over the appearance of the background and layout of a saved view. For now, you’ll concentrate on creating a new view. 4. Click the Define Window radio button. The dialog boxes momentarily disappear, and the Dynamic input display turns on. 5. At the Specify first corner: prompt, click two points to place a selection window around the area around the elevator lobby, as shown in Figure 7.6. Notice that the display changes so that the non-shaded area shows the area you selected. If you aren’t satisfied with the selection area, you can place another window in the view. Figure 7.5 The New View /Shot Properties dialog box 621974c07.indd 215 4/26/10 12:34:14 PM 216 | CHAPTER 7 Mastering Viewing tools, HatcHes, and external references 6. When you’re satisfied with your selection, press ↵ or right-click. The dialog boxes reappear. 7. Click the View Name input box, and type Elevator Lobby for the name of the view you just defined. 8. Click the OK button. The New View / Shot Properties dialog box closes, and you see Elevator Lobby in the Views list. 9. Click OK to close the View Manager dialog box. 10. Let’s see how to recall the view that you’ve saved. From the View tab’s Views panel, click the Views drop-down list, and select Elevator Lobby. Your view changes to a close-up of the area you selected in step 5. You can also open the View Manager dialog box (enter V↵), select Elevator Lobby from the view list, click Set Current, and click OK. If you need to make adjustments to a view after you’ve created it, you can do so by following these steps: Right-click the view name in the View Manager dialog box, select Edit Boundaries, and then select a window as you did in steps 5 and 6. Repeat the Last Command Remember that when no command is active, you can right-click the Command window and then select Recent Commands to repeat a recently issued command. You can also right-click the drawing area when AutoCAD is idle and repeat the last command. Figure 7.6 Select this area for your saved view. Elevator Lobby 621974c07.indd 216 4/26/10 12:34:14 PM taking control of tHe autocad disPlay | 217 If you prefer, you can use the keyboard to invoke the View command and thus avoid all the dialog boxes: 1. Click Extents from the Zoom flyout on the View tab’s Navigate panel, or type Z↵E↵ . 2. Enter –View↵S↵ at the Command prompt, or use the –V↵S↵ shortcut. (Don’t forget the minus sign in front of View or V.) 3. At the Enter view name to save: prompt, enter Overall↵. 4. Save the Plan file to disk. As you can see, this is a quick way to save a view. With the name Overall assigned to this view, you can easily recall it at any time. (Choosing the Zoom All flyout option from the naviga- tion bar gives you an overall view too, but it may zoom out too far for some purposes, or it may not show what you consider an overall view.) Opening a File to a Particular View The Select File dialog box contains a Select Initial View check box. If you open a drawing with this option selected, you’re greeted with a Select Initial View dialog box just before the opened file appears on the screen. This dialog box lists any views saved in the file. You can then go directly to a view by double-clicking the view name. If you’ve saved views and you know the name of the view you want, using Select Initial View saves time when you’re opening large files. Understanding the Frozen Layer Option As mentioned earlier, you may want to turn off certain layers to plot a drawing containing only selected layers. But even when layers are turned off, AutoCAD still takes the time to redraw and regenerate them. The Layer Properties Manager offers the Freeze option; this acts like the Off option, except that Freeze causes AutoCAD to ignore frozen layers when redrawing and regen- erating a drawing. By freezing layers that aren’t needed for reference or editing, you can reduce the time AutoCAD takes to perform regens. This can be helpful in large, multi-megabyte files. Be aware, however, that the Freeze option affects blocks in an unusual way. Try the following exercise to see firsthand how the Freeze option makes entire blocks disappear: 1. Close the Plan file, and open the 07b-plan.dwg file from the sample files. Metric users should open 07b-plan-metric.dwg. This file is similar to the Plan file you created but with a few additional walls and stairs added to finish off the exterior. Also note that the individual units are blocks named 07a-unit-metric. This will be important in a later exercise. 2. Open the Layer Properties Manager dialog box, and then set the current layer to 0. 3. Click the yellow lightbulb icon in the Plan1 layer listing to turn off that layer. Nothing changes in your drawing. Even though you turned off the Plan1 layer, the layer on which the unit blocks were inserted, the unit blocks remain visible. 4. Right-click in the layer list, choose Select All from the shortcut menu, and then click a lightbulb icon (not the one you clicked in step 3). You see a message warning you that 621974c07.indd 217 4/26/10 12:34:15 PM 218 | CHAPTER 7 Mastering Viewing tools, HatcHes, and external references the current layer will be turned off. Click Turn The Current Layer Off. Now everything is turned off, including objects contained in the unit blocks. 5. Right-click in the layer list, choose Select All from the shortcut menu, and then click a lightbulb icon to turn all of the layers back on. 6. Click the Plan1layer’s Freeze/Thaw icon. (You can’t freeze the current layer.) The yellow sun icon changes to a gray snowflake, indicating that the layer is now frozen (Figure 7.7). Only the unit blocks disappear. Even though none of the objects in the unit blocks were drawn on the Plan1 layer, the entire contents of the blocks assigned to the Plan1 layer are frozen when Plan1 is frozen. Another way to freeze and thaw individual layers is by clicking the Freeze/Thaw icon (which looks like a sun) in the Layer drop-down list in the Home tab’s Layers panel. You don’t really need the Plan1 layer frozen. You froze it to see the effects of Freeze on blocks. Do the following to turn Plan1 back on: 1. Thaw layer Plan1 by going back to the Layer Properties Manager and clicking the snow- flake icon in the Plan1 layer listing. 2. Turn off the Ceiling layer. Exit the dialog box by clicking the X in the Layer Properties Manager’s title bar. The previous exercise showed the effect of freezing on blocks. When a block’s layer is frozen, the entire block is made invisible regardless of the layer assignments of the objects contained in the block. Keep in mind that when blocks are on layers that aren’t frozen, the individual objects that are part of the block are still affected by the status of the layer to which they’re assigned. This means that if some objects in a block are on a layer called Wall and the Wall layer is turned off or frozen, then those objects become invisible. Objects within the block that aren’t on the layer that is off or frozen remain visible. Using Hatch Patterns in Your Drawings To help communicate your ideas to others, you’ll want to add graphic elements that represent types of materials, special regions, or textures. AutoCAD provides hatch patterns for quickly Figure 7.7 Freezing the Plan1 layer 621974c07.indd 218 4/26/10 12:34:16 PM using HatcH Patterns in your drawings | 219 placing a texture over an area of your drawing. In the following sections, you’ll add a hatch pat- tern to the floor of the studio apartment unit, thereby instantly enhancing the appearance of one drawing. In the process, you’ll learn how to update all the units in the overall floor plan quickly to reflect the changes in the unit. Placing a Hatch Pattern in a Specific Area It’s always a good idea to provide a separate layer for hatch patterns. By doing so, you can turn them off if you need to. For example, the floor paving pattern might be displayed in one drawing but turned off in another so it won’t distract from other information. In the following exercises, you’ll set up a layer for a hatch pattern representing floor tile and then add that pattern to your drawing. This will give you the opportunity to learn the different methods of creating and controlling hatch patterns. Follow these steps to set up the layer: 1. Open the 07a-unit.dwg file. Metric users should open 07a-unit-metric.dwg. These files are similar to the Unit drawing you created in earlier chapters and are used to create the overall plan in the 07b-plan and 07b-plan-metric files. Remember that you also still have the 07b-plan or 07b-plan-metric file open. 2. Zoom in to the bathroom and kitchen area. 3. Create a new layer called Flr-pat. 4. Make Flr-pat the current layer. Now that you’ve set up the layer for the hatch pattern, you can place the pattern in the drawing: 1. Click the Hatch tool on the Home tab’s Draw panel, or type H↵. The Hatch Creation Ribbon tab appears (Figure 7.8). 2. In the Hatch Type drop-down list box of the Properties panel (see Figure 7.8), select User Defined. The User Defined option lets you define a simple crosshatch pattern by specify- ing the line spacing of the hatch and whether it’s a single- or double-hatch pattern. Figure 7.8 The Hatch Creation Ribbon tab Select Boundary Object Remove Boundary Object Recreate Boundary Object Hatch Type Hatch Color Background Color Transparency Angle Hatch Spacing 621974c07.indd 219 4/26/10 12:34:16 PM 220 | CHAPTER 7 Mastering Viewing tools, HatcHes, and external references 3. Double-click the Hatch Spacing text box in the lower right of the Properties panel (see Figure 7.8), and enter 6 (metric users should enter 15). This tells AutoCAD you want the hatch’s line spacing to be 6 inches, or 15 cm. Leave the Angle value at 0 because you want the pattern to be aligned with the bathroom. 4. Expand the Properties panel and click the Double button. This tells AutoCAD that you want the hatch pattern to run both vertically and horizontally. 5. Hover the cursor over different parts of the bathroom layout but don’t click anything. You will see a preview of your hatch pattern appear in each area that you hover over. 6. Click inside the area representing the bathroom floor. The hatch pattern is placed in the floor area. Notice that the area inside the door swing is not hatched. This is because the door swing area is not a contiguous part of the floor. Hatching around Text If you have text in the hatch boundary, AutoCAD will avoid hatching over it unless the Ignore option is selected in the Island Display Style options of the Advanced Hatch settings. See the section “Using Additional Hatch Features” later in this chapter for more on the Ignore setting. 7. Click inside the door swing to place the hatch pattern. 8. Right-click and select Enter or press the Enter key to exit the Hatch command. As you saw from the exercise, AutoCAD gives you a preview of your hatch pattern before you place it in the drawing. In the previous steps, you set up the hatch pattern first by selecting the User Defined option, but you can reverse the order if you like. You can click in the areas you want to hatch first and then select a pattern and adjust the scale and apply other hatch options. Inheriting Patterns Say you want to add a hatch pattern that you’ve previously inserted in another part of the drawing. With the Match Properties tool in the Options panel of the Hatch Creation tab, you can select a pre- viously inserted hatch pattern as a prototype for the current hatch pattern. However, this feature doesn’t work with exploded hatch patterns. 621974c07.indd 220 4/26/10 12:34:17 PM using HatcH Patterns in your drawings | 221 Adding Predefined Hatch Patterns In the previous exercise, you used the User Defined option to create a simple crosshatch pattern. You also have a number of other predefined hatch patterns to choose from. You can also find other hatch patterns on the Internet, and if you can’t find the pattern you want, you can create your own (see Chapter 28). Try the following exercise to see how you can add one of the predefined patterns available in AutoCAD: 1. Pan your view so that you can see the area below the kitchenette. Using the Rectangle tool in the Draw panel, draw the 3´-0˝-×-8´-0˝ outline of the floor tile area, as shown in Figure 7.9. Metric users should create a rectangle that is 91 cm × 228 cm. You can also use a closed polyline. 2. Click the Hatch tool in the Draw panel. 3. In the Properties panel of the Hatch Creation Ribbon tab, select the Pattern option in the Hatch Type drop-down list. 4. Click the Hatch Pattern tool in the Pattern panel. (If you don’t see the Hatch Pattern tool, skip to step 6.) A flyout appears that displays a selection of hatch patterns (Figure 7.10). This list has a scroll bar to the right that lets you view additional patterns. 5. Scroll down the flyout and locate and select AR-PARQ1 (Figure 7.10). 6. If you didn’t see the Hatch Pattern tool in step 4, scroll through the patterns in the Pattern panel using the down arrow to the right of the panel to locate and select the AR-PARQ1 pattern. You can also expand the panel by clicking the arrowhead below the scroll arrows (Figure 7.10). Figure 7.9 The area below the kitchen, showing the outline of the floor tile area Outline of floor tile area 621974c07.indd 221 4/26/10 12:34:18 PM 222 | CHAPTER 7 Mastering Viewing tools, HatcHes, and external references 7. Click inside the rectangle you just drew. 8. Right-click and select Enter or press the Enter key. The predefined patterns with the AR prefix are architectural patterns that are drawn to full scale. In general, you should leave their Scale settings at 1. You can adjust the scale after you place the hatch pattern by using the Properties palette, as described later in this chapter. Adding Solid Fills You can use the Solid option from the Hatch Type drop-down list in the Hatch Creation tab’s Properties panel to create solid fills. The Hatch Color drop-down list lets you set the color of your solid fill. And don’t forget that you can drag and drop solid fills and hatch patterns from the tool palettes you saw in Chapter 1. Positioning Hatch Patterns Accurately In the previous hatch pattern exercise, you may have noticed that the hatch pattern fit neatly into the 8´-×-3´ rectangle. The AR-PARQ1 pattern is made up of 1´ squares so they will fit exactly in an area that is of even 1´ increments. In addition, AutoCAD places the origin of the pattern in the bottom-left corner of the area being filled by default. You won’t always have a hatch pattern fit so easily in an area. If you’ve ever laid tile in a bath- room, for example, you know that you have to carefully select the starting point for your tiles in order to get them to fit in an area with pleasing results. If you need to fine-tune the position of a hatch pattern within an enclosed area, you can do so by using the options in the Origin panel of the Hatch Creation tab. The main tool in the panel, Set Origin, lets you select an origin point for your hatch pattern. You can also use the HPORIGIN system variable to accomplish this. You can also expand the Origin panel for a set of predefined origin locations. These locations are Bottom Left, Bottom Right, Top Left, Top Right, Center, and Use Current Origin. The Use Current Origin option refers to the X,Y origin of the drawing. Figure 7.10 The Hatch Pattern flyout (left) and the Hatch Pattern panel in a full- screen AutoCAD window (right). Hatch pattern tool Scroll through the patterns using the arrows. Click this arrow to open the panel to show more of the patterns. 621974c07.indd 222 4/26/10 12:34:19 PM [...]... how AutoCAD treats these island conditions and other situations by selecting options available in the Hatch Creation and Hatch Editor Ribbon tab You also have the option to create and edit hatch patterns using the Hatch And Gradient dialog box (Figure 7.16) If you have used AutoCAD before, this dialog box should be familiar to you To open the Hatch And Gradient dialog box, start the Hatch command by... And Shade slider This turns on the Gradient Tint And Shade slider and disables the Color 2 dropdown list When you turn off the Gradient Tint And Shade button, the Gradient Tint And Shade slider is disabled and the Color 2 drop-down list is enabled 621974c07.indd 233 4/26/10 12 :34 :25 PM 234   | Chapter 7  Mastering Viewing Tools, Hatches, and External References Figure 7.18 The True Color options in the... unitxref.dwg file and see the results in the Planxref.dwg file: 1 To open the Unitxref.dwg file, from the current Planxref file, select and then right-click a unit and choose Open Xref from the shortcut menu You can also enter Xopen↵ at the Command prompt and then select the unit plan Xref 621974c07.indd 240 4/26/10 12 :34 :29 PM | Using External References   241 Not Available in LT Xopen and the Open Xref... Chapter 4 621974c07.indd 231 4/26/10 12 :34 : 23 PM 232   | Chapter 7  Mastering Viewing Tools, Hatches, and External References Using Additional Hatch Features AutoCAD s Hatch command has a fair amount of “intelligence.” As you saw in an earlier exercise, it was able to detect not only the outline of the floor area, but also the outline of the toilet seat that represents an island in the pattern area If... same options for insertion point, scale, and rotation Figure 7.21 The Attach External Reference dialog box 621974c07.indd 239 4/26/10 12 :34 :28 PM | Chapter 7  240  Mastering Viewing Tools, Hatches, and External References 4 You’ll see a description of the options presented in this dialog box For now, click OK 5 Enter 31 ´-5˝, 43 -8˝↵ (metric users enter 957, 133 0) for the insertion point 6 The inserted... Hatch Boundaries without the Hatch Pattern The Boundary command creates a polyline outline or region in a selected area It works much like the Retain Boundary – Polyline option but doesn’t add a hatch pattern 621974c07.indd 232 4/26/10 12 :34 : 23 PM | Understanding the Boundary Hatch Options   233 Using Gradient Shading You may have noticed Solid and Gradient options in the Hatch Type drop-down list The... installations, the tool palettes window is configured with sample 3D commands (not in LT) , blocks, and hatch patterns that you can drag and drop into your current drawing Select a tab for the Tool palette that contains the block or pattern you want, and then click and drag the item into your drawing In the case of hatch patterns, click and drag the pattern into an area that is bounded on all sides by... was used for the final plotted output For computers with limited resources, multiple Xrefs could slow the system to a crawl AutoCAD 2011 offers two tools that help make display and memory use more efficient when using Xrefs: the Xclip command and the Demand Load option in the Options dialog box Clipping Views The Clip command lets you clip the display of an Xref or a block to any shape you want, as... the next In the standard AutoCAD settings, this option is on by default Allow Other Users To Refedit Current Drawing ​ Lets others edit the current drawing  ​ by choosing Edit Reference from the Insert tab’s expanded Reference panel (Refedit) You’ll learn about this command in the next section 621974c07.indd 247 4/26/10 12 :34 :31 PM | Chapter 7  248  Mastering Viewing Tools, Hatches, and External References... opens the Hatch And Gradient dialog box (Figure 7.16) Click the More Options button in the lower-right corner of the Hatch And Gradient dialog box This button expands the dialog box to show additional hatch options (Figure 7.16) Figure 7.16 The Hatch And Gradient dialog box Nearly all of the settings and tools in the Hatch And Gradient dialog box are repeated in the Hatch Creation and Hatch Editor . of tHe autocad disPlay | 2 13 Understanding Regeneration and Redrawing AutoCAD uses two commands for refreshing your drawing display: Regen (drawing regenera- tion) and Redraw. Each command serves. Regen command to display smooth arcs and complete linetypes. 621974c07.indd 2 13 4/26/10 12 :34 : 13 PM 214 | CHAPTER 7 Mastering Viewing tools, HatcHes, and external references Creating Multiple. Boundaries, and then select a window as you did in steps 5 and 6. Repeat the Last Command Remember that when no command is active, you can right-click the Command window and then select Recent Commands