APPENDIXES 611
(b) Noun+Adj(/) jùj#ñv* (feel secure) kokoro-zuyoi
(Lit heart-strong)
%#@£Uvv (hard to please)
ki-muzukashii (Lit spirit-difficult) ALR (grateful) giri-gatal (Lit obligation-hard) Notes
In compound words, the initial voiceless consonant (ịẹ, plosives such as k-,
t-; fricatives such as s-, A-, f-; affricates such as ts-, ch-) of the second
element of the compound tends to become voiced as shown below: ẹg hito ‘man’+koroshi ‘kill’ = Aitogoroshi ‘ manslaughter’
ami ‘net’+to ‘door’ — amido ‘screen door’ ne ‘sleep’+sake ‘rice wine’ — nezake ‘ nightcap’ naga ‘long’+Aanashi ‘talk’ > nagabanashi ‘long talk’ ki ‘tree’+fune ‘boat’ — kibune ‘ wooden vessel’
kokoro ‘heart’+tsuyo/ ‘strong’ — kokorozuyo/ ‘ feel secure’ hana ‘nose’+chi ‘ blood’ > hanaji ‘ nosebleed’
Voicing, however, does not normally take place if one of the following con- ditions is met
1 The second element is a borrowed word whose ‘ foreignness’ is still strongly felt
ẹg kydiku ‘education’ + terebi ‘television’ — kyöiku Vi ‘educational television’ kateiy6 ‘home use’+konpydta ‘computer’
konpyuta ‹ *gonpyuta
But if a borrowed word is free from ‘ foreignness’, then voicing tends to take placẹ
ẹg ame ‘rain’+kappa ‘ Portuguese capa’ — amagappa ‘raincoat’ iroha ‘ Japanese alphabet ’+karuta ‘ Portuguese carta’ — /roha-
garuta ‘ Japanese alphabet cards’
2 The consonant of the second syllable of the second element is voiced hikage ‘shade’
*higage
— katelyo { home computer’
ẹg hi ‘sun’+kage ‘shade’ -> {
ushirosugata
‘ 3 ‹ ,
Trang 2612 APPENDIXES
Appendix 8 Improving Reading Skill by Identifying an ‘ Extended Sentential Unit’
In Japanese, the most important principle of word order is that the modifier
precedes what ts being modified (= Characteristics of Japanese Grammar, 1
Word Order) The typical modifier modified word order in Japanese can be summarized as follows:
MODIFIER MODIFIED MEANING
Adjective Noun
BLLAW X ‘an interesting
omoshiroi hito person’
(interesting) (person)
Adverb Adjective
ETE Kev ‘very big’
totemo Okii
(very) (big)
Adverb Verb
XẼ < HEX ‘walk fast’
hayaku aruku
(quickly) (walk)
Noun Particle
Fk 3 ‘a child (subject)’
kodomo ga
(child) (subject)
SCE ic ‘to a teacher’
sensel ni
(teacher) (to)
Sentence Conjunction
READ ib ‘because I buy
hon o kau kara books ’
((1) buy books) (because)
AIDS Pe t}†‡v# $ ‘although it rained’
ame ga futta keredomo
(it rained) (although)
Trang 3APPENDIXES 613 Sentence Nominalizer
BRB & FLO O/jrze “to see a movie’
eiga O miru no Í koto
(see a movie) (to; -ing)
Sentence Modal
*L?ttttLš +5# ‘It looks like it will
Ashita wa hareru yoda clear up tomorrow’
(It will clear up (it appears)
tomorrow)
IE < ae Ate ‘Tt is that I am
Boku wa wakai n da young’
(I am young) (It is that)
Let’s call the cohesive unit of modifier+ modified an Extended Sentential Unit (=ESU) If all ESUs started at the beginning of the sentence, students would have no trouble identifying them But in reality an ESU often comes some- where between the beginning and the end of a sentencẹ Moreover, in written Japanese an ESU is quite frequently embeđed within another ESỤ The ability to identify each ESU in a complex sentence is a must for reading com- prehension
The following examples will serve to illustrate this point
(1) ạ #\I+|[St# | k #72lÊ 2 C\`6¿
Watashi wa O mada tsukatte irụ
(I’m still using the dictionarỵ)
hid & te [BB] EEK BRO THD,
Watashi wa chisana O mada tsukatte irụ (I’m still using the small dictionarỵ)
MiLB TK HENS [HB] EEK OTS,
Watashi wa chichi ga katte kureta chisana o mada
tsukatte frụ
(I’m still using the small dictionary which my father bought for mẹ)
AISPFIZA aE BITRATE EEK Bo TVS
Watashi wa chiégaku ni haitta toki ni chichi ga katte kureta
chisana O mada tsukatte irụ
Trang 4614 APPENDIXES
If we choose /isho ‘dictionary’ as the modified word, where does its modifier start in each sentence of example (1)? In other words, exactly what part of each sentence is the ESỦ Since (la) obviously doesn’t have any modifier,
there is no ESỤ How about in (1b)? The modifier is a simple adjective chisana ‘small’ In (lc) the modifier is the entire relative clause which starts
with chichi ga ‘ father (subject)’ Notice that the sentence-initial noun phrase watashi wa ‘I (subject / topic)’ is not a part of the ESU in question, because watashi wa is the subject of the main verb tsukatte iru ‘am using’ Sentence (1d) is the most complex sentence of the four Where does the ESU for jisho start in (1d)? It starts from chdgaku ‘junior high school’, because the clause chdgaku ni haitta toki ni ‘when (I) entered junior high school’ modi- fies the verb katte kureta ‘ (he) bought for me’
A quick and accurate identification of an ESU is a prerequisite for reading comprehension The following is a list of guidelines which will help students to identify ESUs in written Japanesẹ
Guideline I
A modified element (=#.ẹ) is typically a noun, a head noun of a relative clause, a nominalizer no or koto, a coordinate or a subordinate conjunction (such
as ga ‘but’, kara ‘because’, keredomo ‘ although’), a modal (such as Aazu
da ‘it is expected that ~’, no da ‘it is that ~’, yđa ‘it appears that ~’, séda ‘I hear that ~’), an adjective, a verb or a particle, as shown in the MODIFIER+ MODIFIED chart
Guideline II
If an element preceding an m.ẹ modifies some element that comes after the m.ẹ, that element is outside the ESỤ
Thus, if ky6 ‘ today’ in (2) is judged to modify /tta ‘said’, an element that comes after the m.ẹ to ‘quote marker’, kyo is outside the ESỤ But, if the same adverb is judged to modify na/ ‘there isn’t’, then the adverb is a part of the
ESỤ
(2) z+z!+4H###\\[⁄ |8
Jon wa kyo jugyo ga nai /ttạ
(Today John said that there wasn’t any class / John said that there isn’t class todaỵ)
Guideline III
Trang 5APPENDIXES 615
Some more examples follow:
(3) ạ His / CFHMBRK OPS TI emoK,
Watashi wa | mo kodomo ga byéki datta ikenakattạ (I couldn’t go there (either), because my child was ill.)
b fit / UMAR ZAMAM ITH] THO“
Watashi wa | mo Suzuki-san ga ikanakere|ba] ikanaị
(I won’t go there (either) if Mr Suzuki won’t go therẹ)
c WA / OB FAMMLE(C | ##ab#vx
Yamamoto wa | mo Yukiko ga kekkonshita 0 shiranal (Yamamoto doesn’t know (either) that Yukiko got married.)
d, €N5C CI Hot [A] AFAR
Kind wa koko ni atta ga kyo wa nai,
(The book which was here yesterday is not here todaỵ)
In (3a) through (3c), wa and mo phrases are outside the ESU of the boxed m.ẹs, but in (3d) wa is inside the ESU of the m.ẹ hon ‘ book’, because wa
is used in this sentence as a contrast marker, not as a topic marker
Guideline IV
When two sentences are combined by the conjunction gă,) ‘but’, the first
sentence is very often outside the ESU of the m.ẹ contained in the second sentencẹ
For example, in (4) the first sentence is outside the ESU of the respective
m.ẹ’S
(4) ạ MESA AA dS ORM, Bt (OC| FH CBTLE CK
Shukudai ga takusan atta ga, tsukarete ita sugu nete shi-
mattạ
(I had a lot of homework to do but I went to sleep right away be- cause I was tired.)
b "HE, FHLOMUKonA, FLECRE[ DS] HLOL PDK,
“ Shögun” o yomu tsumori datta ga, terebi de mita yomu no o yametạ
(I intended to read Shogun, but I quit because I had seen it on TV.) When two sentences are combined by the te-form of a verb / adjective, the first sentence is either inside or outside the ESU depending on the context, as
illustrated by (5)
(5) ạ PHAM < THAME L] Bok
Yoko wa atama ga itakute shikata ga nai |to| ittạ
Trang 6616 APPENDIXES
b HETRRMBKCToOT, MSHS S LE Bot] EHỌ
Yoko wa Kyoto ni itte, mae kara ka6 to omotte ita O
kattạ
(Yoko went to Kyoto, and bought the kimono which she had been thinking of buying for some timẹ)
In (Sa) the ESU includes the first sentence, whereas in (5b) it doesn’t Guideline V
When an mẹ is a modal, its ESU normally extends to the beginning of the
sentence, including wa / mo phrasẹ
(6) ạ UPR BANIT<K[5 LV],
Risa wa rainen Nihon e iku [rashiil
(It seems that Lisa is going to Japan next year.)
b K7IKSARBISRLT SESE]
Bobu nỉ wa nihongo wa muzukashisugiru |yöda|
(It appears that Japanese is too difficult for Bob.)
C HAGMDTE CEW[AE]
Anna tokoro ni wa ikitakunai [n dal
(Lit It is that I don’t want to go to such a placẹ)
d +l4k#Êđ&Đ|% 57]
Nanshi wa daigaku o yameru [séda] (I heard that Nancy is going to quit collegẹ) Guideline VI
When an m.ẹ is the quote marker to, Guideline III is overriđen, because a quote is supposed to follow the original source as closely as possible; if wa is in the original sentence, that wa has to be quoted Examples follow:
(7) ạ AMISSASHCK[E] San vasiwor
Ningen wa kangaeru ashi da Pasukaru ga !ttạ (Pascal said that a human is a thinking reed.)
b *AitAy MEEAICOU | L] BOTH oẹ
Hon ni petto wa réjin ni ii kaite attạ
(It was written in a book that pets are good for elderly peoplẹ) Guideline VII
Trang 7APPENDIXES 617
(8) ạ SFSABEMH [LOL] HMR,
Sachiko wa daigaku o detạ |Shikashi| shigoto wa nakattạ
(Sachiko graduated from collegẹ But she didn’t get a job.)
b SICMREL< BOATS [Kb] MCT ELK,
Kyuni mune ga kurushiku natta n desụ bydin ni ikimashitạ
(Suđenly I had a pain in my chest, so I went to the hospital.)
c #®L†-l#BiãRii=it##+7? ABLOMBICRS [ACH]
Ashita wa asa goji ni okimasụ Gojihan no kisha ni noru
[n_desu]
(Íll get up at five o’clock tomorrow morning It’s because I’m going
to catch the 5:30 train.)
So far, seven basic guidelines which can be used to identify ESU have been
presented The student should read Japanese carefully, searching for ẸSUs, especially for the following four ESUs that create enormous difficulties
(i) Sentence + Conjunction (ii) Relative Clause + Noun
(iii) Sentence +Nominalizer (no / koto) (iv) Sentence + Modal
For your practice, a short, simple passage containing 10 boxed m.ẹ’s is pro- vided below Underline the ESUs for each m.ẹ The answers are given
below the passagẹ
Practice Passage
KGB ICD el] CHEFS A LICE RMB EC HPO THELẸ HEAT ek
#3[OP isd TC Hok_O CPDL BRULEE LI, IE OB < RL SE]
2 th FICGRMTUEV, BARDS RCRO ELẸ MBE CRE COWHER
ZYTCAsTAMKE-EMAELK (EC IRE Bo THR[EFAA EVANS FEL
[eA Sok PMMEE ARIE MUREA CLI, CARRLU GALS PS 2
SHE UTHEVLE | BET,
Tomodachi ni karita [kuruma]! de Hanako-san to isshoni senshé Kyéto made
itte kimashitạ Boku wa haiwé o hashiru [no}? wa hajimete datta [node sukoshi
kinchéshimashitạ Keredomo ichijikan gurai untenshite iru |to|4 supido ni mo nareteshimai, tokidoki nemuri|sé|> ni narimashitạ Ky6éto made ni godo gurai
sabisueria ni haitte kdhi o nomimashitạ Boku wa tonari ni suwatte ita [Hanako-
san Ê to iroiro hanashi[nagaral? itta [kara]* Kyöto mo sonna nỉ töku kanjimasen-
deshitạ Konna tanoshii ryoko [nara |9 mo ichido shite mitai [to}"°omoimasụ
(Last week I went to Kyoto with Hanako in a car I borrowed from my friend
Trang 8
618 APPENDIXES
highwaỵ But after having driven about an hour I became used to the speed, and every now and then I almost fell asleep Before we reached Kyoto, I stopped at service areas about five times and drank coffeẹ Because I drove
while talking a lot with Hanako sitting next to me, I didn’t feel that Kyoto
was that far If the trip is this pleasant, I would like to make it again.)
euuoy euuoxy ueuol JJPUO) JJeUO) “Y= ‘Ol “YY = 6 4 '9 #l '/ 3í '9 Junueu uex!/02! amsey ØAA!ÐU /26DOUO)
Trang 9
619
GRAMMAR INDEX
Note: X <Y> indicates that X is found under Ỵ
adverb = amari, đ, ichiban, mada,
mo, sekkaku, yahari
auxiliary darö, mashö, sõơal
auxiliary adjective j/oshiỉ, mitai- da <yđa>, nikui, rashii, sđa*, tai, yasui, yoda, yonỉ
auxiliary verb = agerủ, arủ, dasu, garu, hajimeru, iku*, iru®, kudasai, ku- reru*, kuru®, miru, morau®, nasal, oku, owatu, rareru’»®, shimau, sugiru causative saseru, Sasu <saseru> causative passive
rul›
cause
saserareru <rare-
de®, kara’, node, tame (ni), te
cleft sentence ~ nowa-~ da
command => imperative
comparison 6 ga ~ yori, yori conditional ba, natfa, tara, to! conjecture = dard, rashii, sđa*, yoda conjunction ato de, ba, gả, karả›,
keredo (mo), mae ñn¡, nagara, nara,
node, non/!, shí, sore de, sore de Wa,
sore kafa, sore nafa, soretomo, so-
shite, suru to, tara, tatte, te mo, to, toka, uchi ni, ya, yoni!
contrastive — wal, /bun?
coordinate conjunction gả copula da
dependent noun => noun direct object marker _o!
ellipsis | Characteristics of Japanese Grammar 3
empathy © viewpoint
exhaustive listing gal, ro existence = au, /ru!
experience koto ga aru! gerund te
giving and receiving verb agerul, kurerub, moraul>
honorific expression Oo ~ ni natu honorifics 0-,0 ~ ninaru, Oo ~ suru, Characteristics of Japanese Grammar 6 humble expression O-, O ~ suru imperative a, nasa/, Appendix 1 indefinite pronoun nỏ
inexhaustive listing ~ tari ~ tari
suru, ya
infix -shi-
nominalizer koto’, no
noun hazu, kotoÌ, mama, mono (da),
tame (ni), toki, tsumori
particle bakari, dai, dake, de!:4, demo, e, gá, goto ni, hodo, ka’, ka (d6 ka), kai, kara’, kashira, kurai, made, made ni, mo’, na, nado, nanka (nado), Ne, ní%3:4587, ni shite wa, nós, 01:2:34, shika, tol:®3, to shite, to shite wa, tte’, wal?, yo, yori, zutsu
passive rareru\ Characteristics of
Japanese Grammar 5
phrase aida (ni), ba yokatta, dake
de (wa) naku ~ (mo), hé ga ii, ho ga ~ yori, kawari ni, koto ga aru’,
koto ga dekiru, koto ni naru, koto ni
Trang 10620 GRAMMAR INDEX
ni suru, no da, 9 ~ ni naru, o ~
suru, tara d6 desu ka, tamaranal, ~ tari ~ tari suru, te mo ii, to feba, to
iu, tokoro dá*, wa ikenai, wake da,
yon iu, yoni naru, yoni suru, yo to omou, zu ni <nat de>
plural -tachi
polite expression => honorifics
possessive no!
potential kikoeru, koto ga dekiru, mieru, rarerủ
prefix go- <0->, mai-, O- pronoun = jibun'?, nỏ
purpose ni, non/?, tame nỉ quotation to3, ttẻ
question marker gai, kả, kai de3, kara3, node, tame (ni), te
relative clause Relative Clause
reason
request kudasai
Semantic Derivations De, Ni, To sentence-final particle = dai, ka’, kai,
kashira, na, ne, no‘, wa®, yo, Charac- teristics of Japanese Grammar 7
structure ~ mo ~ mo, ~ ñ0 wa ~
đa, ~ wa ~ da, ~ Wa ~ ga
subject marker ga!
subordinate conjunction = aida (ni), ato de, ba, kara®*, keredo (mo), mae ni, nagara, nara, node, noni, tame (ni), tara, tatte, te mo, tot, toki, uchi ni, yon
suffix -chan ‹-sama›, -goro, -kata,
-kun, -Sa, -Sama, -San <-sama> -tachi,
-ya
superlative jchiban tag question ne te-form te
topic to jeba, to ittara <to ieba), to kitara <to feba>, ttara <to leba), tté, wa!, Characteristics of Japanese Gram- mar 2
viewpoint agerul? jkub, //bunl, kureruÙ? kurul3 moraubÙ?, passive, tai, Characteristics of Japanese Gram-
mar 9
Trang 11621
ENGLISH INDEX
Note
A ăn) — gai
about 0akari, -goro, qurai (kurai3,
kurai
across 0?
after ato de, kara*®
afterall kekkyoku <yahari), yahari after that sore kara
almost did s.t tokoro dả along ỏ
alot of õi, özei (cõi, takusan ‹ði› already mo
also — mol, yahari
although keredomo, non, te mo and de®, ni (†0›, soshite, te, toÌ, †O-
ka, ya
and so on nado and the like nado and then sore kara and what is more ~ shi any mo
appear = sđ/a”, yoda
approximately = bakari, gurai <kura/),
hodo, kurai
around goro as to shite, yonỉ
as expected yahari, yappari <yahari> as far as made
as for wa! as it is mama
as many / much / long as ~ mỏ
at ơel*, nis
: X ¢<Y> indicates that X is found under Ỵ at the time when toki
audible = kikoeru B be aru’, fru} be -able —srareru”
be able to koto ga dekiru, rarerủ be about to do s.t tokoro gả because kara’, mono (da), node because ~ not ~ nakute
because of e3, tame (n/) be done aru”
be -ed ss rarerú
before mae ni, uchi ni
begin to dasu, hajimeru, kurủ be in a place where it takes ~ to get
to tokoro dai be -ing = irủ
be in the midst of doing s.t dả
be like yoda be ready to do s.t
both ~ and ~ mo ~ mo ~ but ơaga ‹gả›, dakedo ‹gả›, demo
‹gả›, gả, keredomo, shikashi ‹gả› by dẻ, made ni, nis
by (the time when)
tokoro
bakari
made ni
C
called to iu
can do s.t koto ga dekiru, rareru®
kikoeru cannot do s.t
can hear
Trang 12622 ENGLISH INDEX can see mieru
come kưru!
come about = kurủ come to kưrủ continue = ‘kủ
considering that ni shite wa
cost suru
D
decide on ni suru
decide to do s.t koto ni kimeru
<koto ni suru>, koto ni suru
despite the fact that = non/! difficult to do s.t nikui dislike §kiraida
do sưru!
do in such a way that — yön¡ sUru do me or s.ọ a favor by doing s.t
kurerủ
đo not do ~ and ~
Don’t do s.t na, wa ikenai do s.ọ a favor by doing s.t do s.t and see miru do s.t for s.ọ — agerủ do s.t in advance oku do s.t too much — sugiru do things like ~ and ~
tari suru
due to dẻ
during (the time when)
nai de
agerủ
~ tari ~
aida (nh),
chd (ni) <uchi nid, uchi ni
E
easy to yasul
either mo!
either ~ or ~ soretomo even demo, made, mỏ
even if t2tte, te mo
even though = noni!
every goto ni, mai-, oki ni <goto ni>
exist = aru!, iru!
feel — suru feellike soơả
few sukunai, wazuka ‹sukunai› finish doing s.t -owaru, shimau for de’, nỉ, ni shite wa, to shite wa
~ for example nado for the purpose of ~
(ni)
for the sake of ~ tame (ni) from — de, karal, ni
nonỉ, tame
G
get morẳ get -ed rarer
get s.ọ to do s.t
get to know shiru give agerú, kurerú go iku!
go ahead and do s.t oku
go on -ing = ‘ku’
grow = kurủ
saseru
H
had better dos.t 46 ga ii hard to do s.t nikui
have = arú, suru®, ~ wa ~ ga have been done arủ
havedones.t — ru”, koto ga aru’, shi- mau
havejustdones.t — Đakari, tokoro dả
have s.ọ /s.t.dos.t morauỀ, saseru have s.t.done by s.ọ — moraủ
Trang 13nara-Nai>, nakereba ikenai <nakereba nara- Nai>, nakereba naranai, nakute wa ike- nai <nakereba naranal>, nakute wa na- tanai ‹nakereba naranai›, neba naranai
<«nakereba naranal>
hear — suru®
how d6
How could ~! mono da
how to “hôhõ, -kata
I expect that ~ hazu if ba, ka®, nara, tara, to* if it is the case that ~ nara
if it is true that ~ nara
if (or not) ka (d6 ka)
I hear / heard that ~ sđa! I tell you yo
in deb+ nj, ỏ indeed ~ (but ~)
ga)
indeed s.ọ does s.t alright (but ~) ~ koto wa (~
~ koto wẵ ga) in front of = mae ni ‘ing koto’, no, te in order to do s.t in place of kawari ni
in spite of the fact that ~ nonit in such a way that yoni
noni, tame ni
instead of kawari nỉ
intend to tsumori da, y6 to omou in that case sore nara
in the process of doing s.t nonỉ isn’t it? / is it? / etẹ ne
it is all right if ~ te mo ii it is expected that ~ hazu it is natural that ~ hazu
it is that ~ ~ no da
ENGLISH INDEX 623 itis ~ that ~ ~ no wa ~ da it will be decided that ~ koto ni
naru
I wonder kashira
J
just bakari, dake L
leave oku
leave as it is mama Let’s do s.t mashö
let s.ọ / s.t, đo s.t saseru like sukida, yonỉ
little — sukunai, wazuka ‹sukunai› look sđả
look as if yđa
look like = rashii, sđa®, yoda M
make it = ni suru
make s.ọ / s.t do s.t saseru manner of _ -kata
many Oi, Özei (Ôi, takusan ‹ði may te mo it might more ~ than ~ most ichiban Mr / Mrs / Miss / Ms ‹-sama›
muụch ở¿, takusan ‹öi) must be z chigainai must do s.t kamoshirenat ho ga ~ yori -sama, -san nakereba naranai (© have to)
must not do s.t wa ikenai
N
Trang 14624 ENGLISH INDEX
neither ~ nor ~ ~ mo ~ mo (~
nal)
-ness -Mi <-Sa>, -Sa
no ~ but shika
no matter wh- demo
(not) any mỏ
(not) any longer mo
(not) ~ any more mo (nat), (nal) yoni naru, naku naru
(not) as ~ as hodo
(not) ~ either mo!
(not) even (one) mỏ
not only ~ but also ~dake de
(wa) naku ~ mo
(not) very (much)
(amar!
(not) yet mada
wake da amari, anmati no wonder now mo O of no! on debt nj1i8 one nỏ
only = bakari, dake, shika
onto n4 out of karal or ká, soretomo over 0? owing to tame (nf) own /bun!? P per mat- play — suru! Please do s.t kudasai probably dard R
rather ~ than ~ yori reach the point where ~ receive
yoni naru
moraul
5
*s no!
seem rashii, yoda
‘self fibun'?
Shall I / we do s.t.? mashö
should hazu, mono(da), ~ hö ga i¡ should like to ~ -tai
should not đo s.t
show signs of ~ -garu since kara®’, node
smell surủ
we ikenai
so kara®, node, sore de
sometimes ~ and sometimes ~
~ tari ~ tari suru so that yoni
Speaking of ~ start to do s.t
stay iru!
still mada, yahari
store -ya
to ieba, tte’, wa dasu, kuru®
T
take the trouble of doing s.t sek-
kakU, wazawaza (sekkaku›
Talking about ~ to ieba, ttel, wal tell to do s.t
than yori
that koto’, no’, to®, to iu, ttẻ that’s all dake
the wa!
then — sore de wa, sore kara, sore nara,
yoni iu
Trang 15there are times when ~ koto ga arủ
there was a time when ~ koto ga aru!
therefore sore de
thing = koto!, mono <koto> things like nado
think ~ will though through till made to (infinitive) to e, nj"
to do s.t ni’, tame ni, nonỉ to make up for kawari nỉ to the extent that /hodo too mo’, sugiru
yo to omou keredomo
o*, made
koto, noŸ
towards e, nit
try to do s.t miru, yo to suru <miru> U unbearably tamaranai unchanged mama understand wakaru until made up to made, made de used to mono da using dẻ V visible mieru ENGLISH INDEX 625 W want s.ọ to do s.t hoshií want to do s.t -tại way of -kata what — koto! hoshi!? want s.t
What about doing s.t.? ~ tara do
desu ka
when tara, to‘, toki whether = kả
whether or not ka do ka
while aida (ni), nagara, uchi (ni) Why don’t you do s.t,?
desu ka
(I / We) will do s.t (I) wish ~ had dones.t with dẻ, rỏ
~ tara do
masho
-ba yokatta
with effort sekkaku, wazawaza <sek-
kaku›
without doing s.t nai de, zu ni (nai
de>
would nara
would like to do s.t -tai
Y
yet maơa, mỗ
Trang 16626
JAPANESE INDEX
Note:
A
ageru’ ‘3.0 gives s.t to 8.0.’ 63
agerủ ‘s.0 gives s.ọ a faver by do- lì 5 65
Aida (ni) c cs« 67 ơ/n8fj 72
8fimari (âmari› 72
APU! OXISt? nh 73
arủ ‘s.t has been done’ 76
LJN PP hẹ 78
B N4 81
bak@fị cọ cceẰ He nŸ n« 84 bakari de (wa) naku ~ (mo) ‹dake de (wa) naku ~ (mo)) 97
ba yOkattâ 87 Cc “CHAN (-$amay_ - 384 chau ‹shirnau›_ - ‹« 405 chimau ‹shimau›_ 405 chittomo ‹amari> 72
chủ (ni) (UChỉ f1Ì} cẹe<.« 512 D đa (~ Wa ~ â› 521
daga (gả 120
.,PPPEEEE— 90
da kara (sore dẹ 413
đAk@ .Ăc cà c sec 3s Sex 93
X <Y> indicates that X is found under Ỵ dakedo ‹ga> 120 ~dara (~tara} 455 CAFƯ ccec sec 100 “~đS§U 102 -datte (-t†A{€) se ss 462 WO 6 -LO) ce ceccessecccnsscccecesseuececeseerens 464 đe! [location] 105 đẻ [instrument] 10
de® [te-form of đesu] 107
Ce [time] .<« 109 CE AGETU ‹ageru° 65 de arU (afỦ} 76 de hoshii (hoshiỉ® 146 de iru (rủ 155 de /tadaku ‹mOoraủ> _ 263 de kara (kara*?› 177 de kudasai ‹~kudasai» 20 de kudasaru ‹(kureru°› 216 de kureru (kurerỦ›» 216 de mirU (miFUS 246 demo Ì ©V€N ” can ca cx 111 derno (g8°ỵ - - << 120 de mo <te mo> ‘even if ~” 468
Ae MO Fi (~te mo 1!› 471
de moraitai (hoshii® 146
de morau ‹moraủ› 263
de OkU (OkU> .- <5 358 de sashiageru (ageru°› 65
de shikata ga nai (tamaranal» 447
de shimau ‹shimaụ 403
deshõ (darõ 100
desu (~Wwa ~dđâ› 521
Trang 18628 JAPANESE INDEX
koto ga dekirụ 200
koto mi kimeru <koto ni suru 204
kOtO nỉ rlafỤ 202
koto ni natte iru <koto ni naru) 202
koto ni shite iru <koto ni suru) 204
kotO nỉ SUFỤ 204
koto wa ‘indeed ~ but” 206
“~kU0asaị 209
kudasaru ‹~kuơasai, kurerul›
¬ 210, 215, 218 ~ÂUfị .L cha 211 kUFai_ <cc +3 212 kurerú ‘s.0 gives s.t to me’ 213
kurerủ ‘8.0 gives me a favor by do- ING 1n — 216
kuruÌ * come 219
kurủ ‘begin to, come to” 221
M 1, RE HẠ 224 m8đ6 .- c cà SAẰ cv 225 made de (made n¡› 228 made ni 228 ma© nỉ .àc.cc~c cc 231 fTÏ- Ă co 2S S25 233 mama _ «« 236 masaka (yalari> . 538 ~mashư_ .« 240 mettani (amari› - 72 -mi (-sa> — 381 11-1888 243 mirareru <mieru> 243 ITIP ào <e s~ 246 Mitaida (yöday_ 550
MO! * so ° -«< 247 mỏ ° eVen ” sẹ 250 0Ẹ 254
~mo ~ mo 255
mon ‹mono (da)> 260
mono (đâa) «<< 257 mono (kotol) 191
morauì “receive ` 261
morau® ‘receive a favor of doing — 263 motte iru ‹arul› 73
N 'ÿ.NNAắỒÔỔẲỔẲŸÕ 266 f12đO sec S 267 /1A08fạ 269 ~ñnai de _ 271 ~nai de ‹~kUdasai>_ 209
~ñnai to ikenai <~nakereba nara- LINH 274
~nakereba naranaị 274
~naku(t)cha (~nakereba naranai› ¬— 27
~ñnaku narU _ 277
“~ñakUfe_ .- 279
~nakute wa ikenai ‹~nakereba fìAranal) 274
~nakute wa naranai ‹~nakereba flAfA/ai3_ .- 274
nanka tnađdOy 267
fl@fA_ cọ c KỲ vn s 281
narU ‹O ~ nỉ flaFrỤ 358
~f8§8ị Ăn 1Ÿ 1S 284 PP 286
~neba naranai ‹~nakereba naranai› BẸ 274
n đa (no đay 325
n desu (no đây - 325
n¡! [point of time] _ 289
nf [indirect object marker] 291
ni [agent / source marker] 292
Trang 19NA [purpose] 297
ni® [location (existence)] 299
ni® [direction] 302
nỉ tand° (fOÌ), cuc se se ca 473 nỉ chigainaị 304
rủ kimerU (~ nỉ SUFU> 310
-flÍKỤ con sec 307 ~ni shite WaẠ «- 309
MIM SUFU . 310
no! [possessive marker] 312
no “one (pronoun)” 315
no3 [nominalizer] 318
no! [sentence-ñnal particle] 32
f!O CA _ sec <.> 325 fIOđ@ S2 <<2 328 NO desu (NO da›_ 325
no hỗ ga (~hö ga ~yOfl_ 140
non! 'even though 331
nonỉ ‘in the process of doing ~’ 335 NO Wa ~ dã 337
O On Q.0 0n HT TH Ki nh kh ưện 343 o! [direct object marker] 347
Ø? [space marker] 349 ø3 [a point of detachment] 351 ö† [emotive marker] 352 TẠ 354 OKI AE KQOLO fỶ> 128 OÄU _ cv 357 O ~ ññ¡ nfU_ 358 O ~ SUFU _ 360
6 toomou <~y6 to OMOU) 569
O tsukatte ‹deỲỵ 1%
“~OWAfU _ 362
ƯzZ@Í (Ợị cv sẹ 354
JAPANESE INDEX 629 R -ra (-tACh[} sị 440 rarerul [passive] 364
rarerủ “can (potential)° 370
raSiị cv sec 373 Relative Clause 376 rerU (rarerulỵ 364 5 KLađđđaẢ 381 “SØ/T8 _ c sec cẰa 384 SAN (-Samâ) 384 SAĐAM (amafri> 72 SaSerareru (saseruÌ› 392 SAS@fTỤ uc cQ sec 387 Sashiageru‹agerul› 64
$Sasuga (ni) ‹(yahari› 538
$ekkakU _ - 392
SOLU (SAS@FU} 387
PP: 395 “7m 397 Si con HH HH n1 kẹ 398 Shikashi <ga®, kawari ni> 120, 184 shikata ga nai (tamaranai› 445
Trang 20630 JAPANESE INDEX
§SUkUnaị 427
suru! ‘do, play ° 428
§SuruỦ “ haV€ ” cv se sec 434 §uru3 [sensation] - 435
§$uru “ cost / lapse” 436
suru <o ~ suru (humble)> 360
SUFU 10 ciccsecsvececscecnccecsecsecteneeeentes 437 T “1 0 PP ẺẼ®h.a Ầ 440 “¿HHdỔỎỔồÕỎÕỒÕỒỎỞỔỒỔ 441 takuSan (ỗi› 354 tamaranaị 445
tame (Hi) co sen cv sẹ 447 ST 452
~tara dỗ desu kạ 457
~tari ~tafi SUFU_ 458
-fA[[Ô QQQ TQ QQQQ HQ HH cà 461 “.= 464 -†e (~kudãsai> 209 te ageru ‹ageru› 65 TO ALU (afrỦ> 76 te hoShii (hOShiỉ> 146 (© /đFU (UỴ uc Ỳ KÝ SỲ sa 155 te itadaku (moraủ> 265 te kara ‹karả> 177 te kudasai ‹~kudasal› _ 209 te kudasaru ‹kurerủ› 218 te kureru ‹kurerủ› _ 216 te miru ‹mifu› 24 OP PP h mạ 468
ALO INO Í <e vẹ << 471 te moraitai (hoshii%ỵ 147
te OfaU (mofaủ> 263
†© 6 (H©Ỵ 2c cSS 288 te OkU OkỤ .ccc sẹ 357 te sashiageru ‹(agerủ› _ 67
te shikata ga nai <tamaranai) 447
te shimau ‹(shimau› 403
te tamaranai (tamaranai› 446
te wa Ikenai ‹~wa ikenai› 528
te wa Natanal <~wa ikenal) 528
te yaru (agerủ› 67
te yokatta (ba yokatta›_ 89
tOl “ and ” cc c.c se se siề 473 Cor S With’? ad 476
fo3 [quote marker] 478
fO1 “1f, wRhen co co se sec 480 ~tO íeba .c ve se s2 434 tO /ttara ‹~to iebaỵ 485
na ằẹ 486
Lo cR(Ị 488 fOkÌ se sa 490 tO kitara (~to /eba) 485
tokoro da! * pÏacẹ 495
tokoro da® ‘moment’ 496
tOkU (OkU c sec sec 358 ~tO SỈ/Í@ Ăn Sun vs sx 501 ~to Shite WẠ .<<« 502 CSUIMIOND 20 ccc ccesecccnnsccnevecsneccassceeaans 503 ttara (~to ieba› _ 484
-tte! “speaking of* 507
-tie [quote marker] - 510
U UCHE ID visccccecsaccceccsncceneccstensseeueces 512 UShiro nỉ (mae f3 231
W wa! [theme] 516
wả [female speech marker] 520
~Wa ~Ơạ 321
~Wa ~desU (~Wa ~0a› 521
~Wa ~gạ < 525 ~wa (kenaị -.-‹ 528
Trang 21JAPANESE INDEX 631
Wake đạ 531 yön¡! “so that ~ 553 ~wa Naranai <~wa ikenai) 528 đ/? ° like ` - 5M Wazawaza ‹sekkaku›_ 392 YO 0U c c<ec< << 55% WAzUuka (SUkUnai> 427 “~VƠƯW fậ8FỤ 959 “~đi §UfU s «2 562
Y yor/ * than co sec se sex, 564
-V@ “SEOT Ì uc ven 535 yOri# *side ` .-c sẹ 567 Vo “ANG? 4 536 “~YÖ tO O/TOỤ - 569 yaliaFị - se <5 538 ~YÕ tO SUFU CmIFU) 246 yappari (yahari> _ 539
yaru ‹agerul, surul> 64, 428 V/
` "hạ 541 ZENZEN (armari> 72 Ắ — 543 ~zU nỉ ‹~nai de) _ 271
PP 547 t0 JIÊNGHẦẦẮ 572
Trang 22632
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