COMPLETE FRENCH GRAMMAR - part 3 pdf

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COMPLETE FRENCH GRAMMAR - part 3 pdf

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5 · 4 EXERCICE Conjuguer au présent les verbes entre parenthèses. 1. Elle (craindre) de profonds changements. 2. Il (feindre) la tristesse. 3. Ils (plaindre) la pauvre femme. 4. La muraille (ceindre) la ville. 5. Vous (feindre) l’indi érence. 6. Nous (craindre) le ridicule. 7. Vous (peindre) le mur en bleu. 8. Ils (craindre) le froid. 9. Elle (teindre) en blond les moustaches de l’acteur. 10. Elle (se plaindre) tout le temps. 5 · 5 EXERCICE Traduire les phrases suivantes en utilisant tu et la forme est-ce que si nécessaire. 1. She is painting the kitchen. 2. There is a dog in the car. 3. They pity the poor child. 4. This book is about the French president. 5. What is it about? 6. He fears the worst. 7. There are books on the table. Devoir and its many facets 47 48 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar 8. Is there a computer? 9. Are you painting the  owers? 10. It’s a matter of passion. 49 Pronominal verbs Several di erent types of verbs are included in the pronominals: the re exive, the reciprocal, the passive, and the subjective. Too many? Not at all! As you study the di erent types, you’ll discover the subtleties of each. How to identify pronominal verbs? Pronominal verbs are verbs that are preceded in the in nitive and in con- jugated forms by the pronouns me, te, se, nous, vous, se. Let’s start with the re ex- ive verbs. Refl exive verbs  e action of a re exive verb is, for the most part, re ected back on the subject, the action being done to oneself.  e pronouns me, te, se drop the e before mute h or a vowel. je me lève I get up nous nous levons we get up tu te lèves you get up vous vous levez you get up il/elle se lève he/she gets up ils/elles se lèvent they get up Il se lève à sept heures. He gets up at seven. Je me couche à onze heures. I go to bed at eleven. Il s’assoit sur un banc. He sits down on a bench. In the negative form, the ne follows the subject pronoun and the pas follows the conjugated verb. Elle ne se réveille pas avant huit She does not wake up until eight heures. o’clock. Tu ne te reposes pas assez. You do not rest enough. In the interrogative form, there are three ways of asking questions. You can always make a question with rising intonation (Tu te couches déjà?). When inver- sion is used, the re exive pronoun remains in front of the verb. Se rase-t-il tous les matins? Does he shave every morning? S’occupent-elles de ce dossier? Are they taking care of this case ( le)? Vous maquillez-vous pour monter Do you put on makeup to go sur scène? on stage? Don’t forget the simple interrogative with est-ce que: Est-ce que vous vous préparez à partir? Are you getting ready to leave? Est-ce que tu t’habilles pour la soirée? Are you getting dressed for the party? · 6 · Copyright © 2008 by Annie Heminway. Click here for terms of use. 50 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar VOCABULAIRE la peau skin le visage face la tête head les cheveux (m.pl.) hair les yeux (m.pl.) eyes le nez nose la bouche mouth les lèvres (f. pl.) lips l’oreille (f.) ear le dos back le bras arm le coude elbow la main hand le doigt  nger l’ongle (m.) nail la hanche hip la taille waist la jambe leg le genou knee la cheville ankle le pied foot 6 · 1 EXERCICE Mettre au présent les verbes ré échis entre parenthèses. 1. Je (s’habiller) avant de prendre le petit déjeuner. 2. Nous (se lever) tôt le matin. 3. Elle (se couper) les cheveux elle-même. 4. Tu (se coucher) trop tard tous les soirs. 5. Ils (se laver) les mains. 6. Tu (se peigner) avant de sortir. 7. Vous (se balader) dans le parc. 8. Ils (se reposer) le week-end. 9. Nous (s’amuser) à la fête. 10. Elle (se détendre) les jambes sur le canapé. Reciprocal verbs  e second type of pronominal verb is called reciprocal. It describes an action two or more people perform with or for each other. Since two or more people are involved, reciprocal verbs can only be used in the plural (with se, nous, vous). Ils s’aiment beaucoup.  ey love each other a lot. Nous nous parlons tous les jours. We talk to each other every day. Pronominal verbs 51 6 · 2 EXERCICE Mettre au présent les verbes réciproques entre parenthèses. 1. Ils (se marier) la semaine prochaine. 2. Vous (s’embrasser) sur le balcon. 3. Nous (s’écrire) une fois par an. 4. Ils (se retrouver) devant la brasserie. 5. Elles (se voir) rarement. 6. Nous (se téléphoner) chaque jour. 7. Vous (se quitter) sur le quai de la gare. 8. Nous (se disputer) assez souvent. 9. Ils (se détester) depuis toujours. 10. Nous (se rencontrer) toujours par hasard dans la rue. Passive pronominals A third type of pronominal verb is called passive. With the passive pronominal verbs, the subject is not a person or an animal.  e subject does not perform the action of the verb but rather is subjected to it. It is in the third-person singular, with se. Ça ne se dit pas.  is is not said. Ça ne se fait pas.  is is not done. Comment ça se traduit? How is it (that) translated? Ça se voit. It shows. Le vin rouge se boit chambré. Red wine is drunk at room temperature. Subjective pronominals  e last type of pronominal verb is called subjective.  ese verbs are neither re exive nor recipro- cal. For idiomatic or historical reasons, they just happen to use the pronominal forms. Try to learn their in nitives with the pronoun se. Elle s’en va. (s’en aller) She is leaving. Il se doute de quelque chose. (se douter de) He suspects something. Ils s’entendent très bien. (s’entendre [avec])  ey get along very well. Here’s a list of commonly used subjective verbs: s’apercevoir to realize je m’aperçois I realize s’écrouler to collapse je m’écroule I am collapsing s’emparer to seize je m’empare I am seizing s’évanouir to faint je m’évanouis I am fainting se moquer to make fun je me moque I am making fun 52 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar se souvenir to remember je me souviens I remember s’en aller to leave je m’en vais I am leaving s’envoler to vanish je m’envole I am vanishing s’enfuir to run away je m’enfuis I am running away 6 · 3 EXERCICE Mettre au présent les verbes subjectifs entre parenthèses. 1. Elle (s’apercevoir) de sa ga e. 2. Ils (se dépêcher) pour arriver à l’heure. 3. Tu (s’attendre) à sa visite. 4. Qu’est-ce qui (se passer) ? 5. Vous (se servir) d’un nouvel appareil. 6. Je (se rendre compte) de mon erreur. 7. Tu (se demander) ce qui va se passer. 8. Elle (se dépêcher) car elle est en retard. 9. Tu (se tromper) de chemin. 10. L’oiseau (s’envoler) dans le ciel. Pronominals in the imperative and the infi nitive  e pronominal verbs are o en used in the imperative, to give commands (Hurry up! Get up! Let’s go!). We’ll study the imperative form in Chapter 19, but in the meantime, note how the imperative form is used with pronominal verbs. For the a rmative imperative, add the stressed pronoun toi, nous, or vous a er the verb, connected with a hyphen. Réveille-toi! Wake up! Reposons-nous sur un banc. Let’s rest on a bench. Habillez-vous! Get dressed! For the negative imperative of pronominal verbs, use ne in front of the pronoun and pas a er the verb. Note that in the negative the re exive pronoun precedes the verb, as it would in a normal sentence. Ne te couche pas si tard! Do not go to bed so late! Ne nous servons pas de cette machine! Let’s not use this machine! Ne vous installez pas dans cette région! Do not settle in this region! When pronominal verbs are used in the in nitive, the re exive pronoun is always in the same person and number as the subject, and it precedes the in nitive. Vous allez vous apercevoir de votre erreur. You are going to realize your mistake. Tu viens de te marier? Did you just get married? Pronominal verbs 53 6 · 4 EXERCICE Conjuguer les verbes entre parenthèses. 1. J’aime (se promener) le long de la Seine. 2. À quelle heure est-ce que tu vas (se lever) ? 3. Nous venons de (se rendre compte) des conséquences. 4. Elle ne peut pas (se souvenir) de son nom. 5. Ils doivent (se marier) au printemps. 6. Vous allez (se demander) pourquoi il quitte Paris. 7. Nous voulons (s’écrire) plus souvent. 8. Je dois (s’habiller) pour aller au bal. 9. Vous allez (se voir) pendant les vacances? 10. Nous ne pouvons pas (se plaindre) de la situation. 6 · 5 EXERCICE Faire correspondre les deux colonnes. 1. Ils sont toujours ensemble. a. Ils s’écrivent. 2. Ils communiquent sans cesse. b. Ils se détestent. 3. Ils s’attendent au pire. c. Ils aiment marcher. 4. Ils se promènent. d. Ils sont pessimistes. 5. Ils ne se parlent jamais. e. Ils s’aiment. 6 · 6 EXERCICE Traduire les phrases suivantes en utilisant tu et l’inversion si nécessaire. 1. Get up! 2. She is getting dressed for the party. 3. She cuts her hair. 54 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar 4. We are walking in the park. 5. They rest because their legs are tired. 6. He is shaving. 7. They just got married. 8. They write to each other. 9. He is tired. He sits on a bench. 10. They love each other. 55 The passé composé  ere are several forms that can be used to talk about the past in French.  e most common is the passé composé, called in English the compound past or the pres- ent perfect.  e passé composé is one of the tenses colloquially used in French to talk about past events. It refers to a single action in the past. It is built of two parts: the auxiliary or helping verb, avoir or être, ϩ a past participle. The past participle of regular verbs  e past participle is formed by adding an ending to the verb stem. Regular past participles take the following endings: -er verbs take -é: parler (to speak) Ǟ parlé (spoken) -ir verbs take -i: choisir (to choose) Ǟ choisi (chosen) -re verbs take -u: entendre (to hear) Ǟ entendu (heard) Note that the passé composé can be translated into English in di erent ways. Its English equivalent depends on the context. She made a decision. Elle a pris une décision. ͭ She has made a decision. She did make a decision. In the negative form, ne (n’) is placed in front of avoir or être, and pas a er avoir or être. Il a vendu sa voiture. He sold his car. Il n’a pas vendu sa voiture. He did not sell his car. Ils ont dîné au restaurant.  ey had dinner at the restaurant. Ils n’ont pas dîné au restaurant.  ey did not have dinner at the restaurant. As in the present tense, there are three ways to make a question. Rising intonation: Vous avez aimé la pièce? Did you like the play? Inversion: Avez-vous aimé la pièce? Did you like the play? With est-ce que: Est-ce que vous avez aimé Did you like the play? la pièce? · 7 · Copyright © 2008 by Annie Heminway. Click here for terms of use. 56 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar VOCABULAIRE le cinéma cinema, movies le  lm  lm le documentaire documentary ( lm) le metteur en scène director ( lm, theater) tourner un  lm to shoot a movie le tournage shooting ( lm) le théâtre theater la pièce de théâtre play (theater) l’intrigue (f.) plot l’acteur, l’actrice actor, actress le comédien, actor, actress (theater) la comédienne la vedette star ( lm, sports) les coulisses (f.pl.) backstage, wings les feux de la rampe (m.pl.) footlights l’éclairage (m.) lighting les décors (m.pl.) sets les accessoires (m.pl.) props jouer to play un rôle a part, a role sous-titré(e) subtitled doublé(e) dubbed The passé composé with avoir Most verbs in the passé composé are conjugated with avoir. Let’s review the verb avoir: j’ai I have nous avons we have tu as you have vous avez you have il/elle a he/she has ils/elles ont they have When avoir is used with the passé composé, with a few exceptions, the past participle does not agree in gender and number with the subject of the verb. Let’s brie y review the passé composé for -er verbs. It is formed with a conjugated form of avoir (or être) ϩ the past participle. Drop the in nitive ending (-er) and add the participle end- ing -é. voyager to travel j’ai (tu as… ) voyagé I (you . . . ) traveled marcher to walk j’ai (tu as… ) marché I (you . . . ) walked demander to ask j’ai (tu as… ) demandé I (you . . . ) asked 7 · 1 EXERCICE Mettre les verbes entre parenthèses au passé composé. 1. Il (inviter) beaucoup de monde. 2. Nous (refuser) leur invitation. 3. Tu (travailler) hier matin? 4. Il (comprendre) l’intrigue. 5. Elle (apporter) un joli cadeau. 6. Je (voyager) avec Rémi. 7. Vous (louer) une voiture? [...]... present tense and remove the -ons ending, which gives you the stem Then add the imparfait endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient) to this stem For example: parler to speak nous parlons je parlais tu parlais il/elle parlait Ǟ parlnous parlions vous parliez ils/elles parlaient I spoke you spoke he/she spoke we spoke you spoke they spoke Note that the -ais, -ait, -aient endings are pronounced...8 Elle (sous-titrer) le film 9 Vous (téléphoner) 10 Tu (assister) à vos cousins à la pièce de théâtre Remember that the past participle of regular -ir and -re verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive endings -ir and -re and adding the appropriate ending -i or -u finir choisir vendre perdre to finish to choose to sell to lose fini choisi... simple You have become acquainted with the future in Chapter 4 when you studied the futur immédiat French has two other future constructions: the futur simple and the futur antérieur To form the futur simple of most verbs, use the infinitive as the stem and add the endings -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont For -re verbs, drop the e from the infinitive before adding the endings Here are some examples: décider... When reciprocal verbs take a direct object, the past participle agrees with the subject Ils se sont rencontrés à Venise Ils se sont embrassés Ils se sont mariés en mars 62 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar They met in Venice They kissed each other They got married in March When reciprocal verbs take an indirect object in French, the past participle does not agree Ils se sont téléphoné Vous... appris le français à Strasbourg Nous avons compris la situation Elle m’a dit bonjour He learned French in Strasbourg We understood the situation She said hello to me Here is a sample list of irregular past participles: acquérir apprendre avoir 58 to acquire to learn to have practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar acquis appris eu acquired learned had boire comprendre conduire craindre devoir dire... woke up tired 8 They wrote each other regularly 9 Anna stopped for ten minutes 10 He flipped the omelette 64 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar ·8· The imparfait The imparfait The uses of the imparfait (imperfect) are some of the most difficult aspects of French grammar to master While the passé composé is used to talk about an action that took place on a specific occasion in the past, the... théâtre à minuit 3 La voiture (tomber) en panne près de Madrid 4 Ils (descendre) par l’escalier 5 Elles (revenir) de vacances mardi 6 Quel jour (partir) ? 7 Elle (aller) à l’opéra hier soir 8 Luc (aller) au Mexique l’hiver dernier 9 Molière (mourir) en 16 73 10 Le metteur en scène (rester) dans les coulisses EXERCICE 7·7 Traduire les phrases suivantes 1 She read the newspaper 2 We went to Paris 3 They left... early She did not take a walk along the canal In the interrogative form, the reflexive pronoun is placed before être S’est-il rendu compte de son erreur? Vous êtes-vous bien amusés à la fête? Did he realize his mistake? Did you have a good time at the party? Note that the past participle does not agree with the subject of the pronominal verb when the verb is followed by a direct object or by another... (déjeuner) ensemble? 3 Si on (apporter) une boîte de chocolats à Julie? 4 Si on (attendre) encore quelques minutes? 5 Si on (commander) 6 Si on (faire) 7 Si on (ouvrir) 8 Si on (investir) 9 Si on (réfléchir) 10 Si on (choisir) 70 un dessert? un voyage en Grèce? un restaurant? dans cette entreprise? avant de prendre une décision? une autre formule? practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar You will... They (f.) were born in Belgium Here are the verbs conjugated with être in the passé composé: aller arriver descendre devenir entrer monter mourir naître partir rentrer rester retourner revenir sortir tomber venir 60 practice makes perfect Complete French Grammar to go to arrive to go down to become to enter to go up, to climb to die to be born to leave to return to stay to return, to go back to return . remove the -ons ending, which gives you the stem.  en add the imparfait endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient) to this stem. For example: parler to speak nous parlons Ǟ parl- je parlais. Regular past participles take the following endings: -er verbs take - : parler (to speak) Ǟ parlé (spoken) -ir verbs take -i: choisir (to choose) Ǟ choisi (chosen) -re verbs take -u: entendre. formed with a conjugated form of avoir (or être) ϩ the past participle. Drop the in nitive ending (-er) and add the participle end- ing - . voyager to travel j’ai (tu as… ) voyagé I (you . . .

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