The use of refkexive pronouns 4 pptx

Some more examples are: elderly, likely, lonely, silly, ugly The words are adjectives, not adverbs NOT She-spoke to us friendly.. If we need to use an adverb, we often choose another w

109 Adjective or adverb? (2)

A Friendly, likely, etc

The ending ly is the normal adverb ending (see Unit 108) But a few adjectives also end in ly

Melanie was very friendly It was a lively party We had a lovely time

Some more examples are: elderly, likely, lonely, silly, ugly

The words are adjectives, not adverbs (NOT She-spoke to us friendly) And we cannot add ly

There is no such word as friendlily But we can say in a friendly way/manner

She spoke to us in a friendly way If we need to use an adverb, we often

choose another word of similar meaning

It was lovely Everything went beautifully

B Hard, fast, etc

Compare these sentences

ADJECTIVE ADVERB

We did some hard work We worked hard

I came on the fast train The train went quite fast

We can use these words both as adjectives and as adverbs:

deep, early, fast, hard, high, late, long, low, near, right, straight, wrong (For hardly, nearly, etc, see C

In informal English, the adjectives cheap, loud, quick and slow can be adverbs

ADJECTIVE ADVERB

They sell cheap clothes in the market They sell things cheap/cheaply there

Back already! That was quick Come as quick/quickly as you can

C Hard, hardly, near, nearly, etc

There are some pairs of adverbs like hard and hardly which have different meanings

Here are some examples

/ tried hard, but I didn't succeed

I've got hardly any money left, {hardly any = very little, almost none)

Luckily I found a phone box quite near I nearly fell asleep in the meeting, {nearly = almost) Rachel arrived late, as usual I've been very busy lately, {lately = in the last few days/weeks) The plane flew high above the clouds The material is highly radioactive, {highly = very)

We got into the concert free, {free = without paying)

The animals are allowed to wander freely, {freely = uncontrolled)

D Good and well

Good is an adjective, and well is its adverb The opposites are bad and badly

ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Natasha is a good violinist She plays the violin very well

Our test results were good We all did well in the test

I had a bad night I slept badly last night

Well can also be an adjective meaning 'in good health', the opposite of ill

My mother was very ill, but she's quite well again now How are you? ~ Very well, thank you

109 Exercises

Friendly, hard, hardly, etc (A-C)

Decide if each underlined word is an adjective or an adverb

? That new building is rather ugly adjective

? I'd like to arrive early if I can adverb

1 1 haven't seen you for a long time

2 Why are you wearing that silly hat?

3 Very young children travel free

4 The temperature is quite high today

5 We nearly missed the bus this morning

6 Do you have to play that music so loud?

2 Friendly, hard, hardly, etc (A-C)

Complete the conversation Decide if you need ly with the words in brackets

Mark: How did you get on with Henry today?

Sarah: Oh, we had a nice lunch and some (►) lively (live)conversation Henry was charming, as usual

He gave me a lift back to the office, but it was (1)……… (hard) worth risking our lives to save a few minutes He (2) (near) killed us

Mark: What do you mean?

Sarah: Well, we'd sat a bit too (3)……… (long) over our meal, and we were

(4)……… (late) getting back to work Henry drove very (5)………… (fast) I tried (6) ……… (hard) to keep calm, but I was quite scared We went (7)……… (wrong) and missed a left turn, and Henry got annoyed Then a van came round the corner, and it was coming (8)……… (straight) at us I don't know how we missed it

Mark: Well, I'm glad you did And next time you'd better take a taxi

3 Good and well (D)

Complete the conversation Put in good, well (x2), bad, badly and ill

Rachel: How did you and Daniel get on in your tennis match?

Matthew: We lost I'm afraid we didn't play very (►) well Daniel made some (1)……… mistakes

It wasn't a very (2)……… day for us We played really (3)………

Andrew: I heard Daniel's in bed at the moment because he isn't very (4)………

Matthew: Yes, I'm afraid he's been (5)………… for several days, but he's better now

4 Friendly, hard, hardly, etc (A-D)

Complete the conversation Choose the correct form

Daniel: Is it true you saw a ghost last night?

Vicky: Yes, I did I went to bed (►) late/lately, and I was sleeping (1) bad/badly I suddenly woke up in the middle of the night I went to the window and saw the ghost walking across the lawn

Daniel: Was it a man or a woman? Vicky: A woman in a white dress I had a (2) good/well view from the window, but she walked very (3) fast/fastly She wasn't there very (4) long/longly I'd (5)

hard/hardly caught sight of her before she'd gone I (6) near/nearly missed her Daniel: You don't

think you've been working too (7) hard/hardly? You've been looking a bit pale (8) late/lately

Vicky: I saw her, I tell you Daniel: It isn't very (9) like/likely that ghosts actually exist, you know I

expect you were imagining it

Test 18 Adjectives and adverbs (Units 104-109)

Test 18A

Choose the correct word or phrase

► We walked stew/slowly back to the hotel

1 We could walk free/freely around the aircraft during the flight

2 The young/The young man with dark hair is my sister's boyfriend

3 I'm getting quite hungry/hungrily

4 The man looked thoughtful/thoughtfully around the room

5 Have I filled this form in right/rightly?

6 I think Egypt is a fascinated/fascinating country

7 The two sisters do alike/similar jobs

8 I'm pleased the plan worked so good/goodly/well

9 She invented a new kind of wheelchair for the disabled/the disabled people

10 I'm very confused/confusing about what to do

11 They performed the experiment scientifically/scientificly

12 The hostages must be very afraid/frightened people

Test 18 B

Put the words in the right order to form a statement.

► a / bought / coat/ I I new / red

/ bought a new red coat

1 a / is / nice / place / this

2 biscuit / can't / find /1 / large / the / tin

3 a / behaved / in / silly / Tessa / way

4 coffee / cold / getting / is / your

5 a / house / in / live / lovely / old / stone / they

6 for / hospital / ill / is / mentally / the / this

Test 18C

Write the words in brackets and add ly, ing or ed only if you need to

Janet: Is this the (►) new (new ) car you've just bought?

Nigel: That's right Well, it's second-hand of course

Janet: It's (►) exciting (excit ) buying a car, isn't it?

Nigel: Well, it was a bit of a problem actually because I didn't have much money to spend But I managed

to find one that wasn't very (1) (expensive )

Janet: It looks very (2) (nice ), I must say

Nigel: It's ten years old, so I was (3)……… (surpris ) what good condition it's in The man

I bought it from is over eighty, and he always drove it very (4)……… (careful ),he said He never took it out if it was raining, which I find (5)……… (amus ) Janet: I think (6)……… (elder ) people look after their cars better than young people Nigel: He was a (7)……… (friend ) old chap He even gave me all these maps (8) (free )

Test 18 D

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first Use the word in brackets

► Jonathan was stupid, (behaved)

Jonathan behaved stupidly

1 The drink had a strange taste, (tasted)

2 Obviously, sick people need to be looked after, (the)

3 The dog slept, (asleep)

4 The young woman was polite, (spoke)

5 The train was late, (arrived)

6 The film's ending is dramatic, (ends)

7 Polly gave an angry shout, (shouted)

8 Billiards is a game for indoors, (indoor)

9 The clown amused people, (amusing)

10 There was almost no time left, (any)

Test 18 E

Some of these sentences are correct, but most have a mistake If the sentence is correct, put a tick (/") If it is incorrect, cross the sentence out and write it correctly

? Your friend looked rather ill V

? It was-a-steel long-pipe It was a long steel pipe

1 I tasted the soup careful

2 It's a beautiful old English church

3 Are they asleep children?

4 It's a school for the deaf people

5 It's a leather new nice jacket

6 The riches are very lucky

7 You handled the situation well

8 He used a green paper thick towel

9 Our future lies with the young

10 The course I started was bored

11 I often talk to the two old next door

12 The smoke rose highly into the air

13 It feels warm in here

14 We felt disappointing when we lost

15 Everyone seemed very nervously

16 Tessa drives too fastly

17 This scenery is really depressing

We form the comparative and superlative of short adjectives (e.g cheap) and long adjectives (e.g

expensive) in different ways

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

Short word, e.g cheap: cheaper (the) cheapest

Long word, e.g expensive: more expensive (the) most expensive

For less and least, see Unit 112A

There are some less expensive ones here, look

B Short and long adjectives

One-syllable adjectives (e.g small, nice) usually have the er, est ending

Your hi-fi is smaller Emma needs a bigger computer

This is the nicest colour This room is the warmest

But we use more, most before words ending in ed

Everyone was pleased at the results, but Vicky was the most pleased

We also use more, most with three-syllable adjectives (e.g ex-cit-ing) and with longer ones

The film was more exciting than the book This dress is more elegant We did the most

interesting project This machine is the most reliable

Some two-syllable adjectives have er, est, and some have more, most Look at this information

TWO-SYLLABLE ADJECTIVES

1 Words ending in a consonant + y have er, est, e.g happy * happier, happiest

Examples are: busy, dirty, easy, funny, happy, heavy, lovely, lucky, pretty, silly, tidy

2 Some words have er, est OR more, most, e.g narrow ► narrower, narrowest OR more narrow, most namt

Examples are: clever, common, cruel, gentle, narrow, pleasant, polite, quiet, simple, stupid, tired

3 The following words have more, most, e.g useful * more useful, most useful

a Words ending in ful or less, e.g careful, helpful, useful; hopeless

b Words ending in ing or ed, e.g boring, willing; annoyed, surprised

c Many others, e.g afraid, certain, correct, eager, exact, famous, foolish, frequent, modern, nervous, normal,

recent

110 Comparative and superlative forms

C Spelling

There are some special spelling rules for the er and est endings

1 e -> er, est, e.g nice ~> nicer, nicest, large ~> larger, largest

Also brave, fine, safe, etc

2 y-> ier, iest after a consonant, e.g happy -> happier, happiest

Also lovely, lucky, pretty, etc

3 Words ending in a single vowel letter + single consonant letter -> double the consonant

e.g hot -> hotter, hottest, big -> bigger, biggest

Also fit, sad, thin, wet, etc (but w does not change, e.g new -> newer)

For more details, see page 371

D The comparison of adverbs

Some adverbs have the same form as an adjective, e.g early, fast, hard, high, late, long, near They form the comparative and superlative with er, est

Can't you run faster than that? Andrew works the hardest

Note also the spelling of earlier and earliest

Many adverbs are an adjective + ly, e.g carefully, easily, nicely, slowly

They form the comparative and superlative with more, most

We could do this more easily with a computer

Of all the players it was Matthew who planned his tactics the most carefully

In informal English we use cheaper, cheapest, louder, loudest, quicker, quickest and slower, slowest

rather than more cheaply, the most loudly, etc Melanie reacted the quickest You should drive

slower in fog

Note the forms sooner, soonest and more often, most often

Try to get home sooner I must exercise more often

E Irregular forms

Good, well, bad, badly and far have irregular forms

ADJECTIVE/ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

good/well better best

bad/badly worse worst

far farther/further farthest/furthest

You've got the best handwriting How much further are we going?

We can use elder, eldest + noun instead of older, oldest, but only for people in the same family

My elder/older sister got married last year

F Comparing quantities

We use more, most and their opposites less and least to compare quantities I haven't got many

books You've got more than I have The Hotel Bristol has the most rooms Trevor spends less on clothes than Laura does Emma made the least mistakes