A+ NETWORK+ SECURITY+ EXAMSIN A NUTSHELL phần 5 ppt

316 | Chapter 5: Study Guide for A+ Exams 220-602, 220-603, and 220-604 Connecting to a network port. This process depends on whether the network printer is attached to another computer such as a print server or is directly connected to a network port. The following steps explain the installation process: 1. Click Start ➝ Printers and Faxes. This opens the Printers and Faxes window. 2. Click Add A Printer. This starts the Add Printer Wizard dialog box. 3. In the Local or Network Printer window, click Network Printer or a Printer Attached to Another Computer. 4. If you are connecting to a printer attached to a print server, type the name of the server and the printer share name in the \\Print_Server\Printer_Share format as shown in Figure 5-8. 5. If you are connecting to a printer directly attached to a network port, click A Local Printer Attached to this Computer. 6. Click Create a New Port and select Standard TCP/IP Port. This starts the Add Port Wizard. 7. Type the IP address or the name of the printer. The name of the port will be displayed. Follow the instructions to complete the process. Installing printer drivers. Most printers for personal computers are the PnP type that are automatically detected and installed by the operating system. The only condi- tion is that the computer BIOS, the operating system, and the printer should all support PnP. Desktop operating systems (such as Windows XP Professional and Windows 2000 Professional) have a built-in library of common printer drivers Figure 5-8. Installing a network printer Printers and Scanners | 317 A+ Exams Study Guide that install an appropriate driver for the printer. When a PnP printer is detected, the New Hardware Found Wizard starts, which guides you through the driver installation. If the printer is not PnP or is not supported by the operating system, you can install the printer driver manually. Connect the printer to a local or network port and turn on the power. Use the Add Hardware utility in the Control Panel to install the printer driver that came with the printer. During the driver installation phase, the Add Printer Driver Wizard allows you to select a printer and model from a built-in list as shown in Figure 5-9. If the printer you are installing does not appear in this list, click the Have Disk button to install the driver from the disk or CD-ROM that shipped with the printer. Make sure that the printer is connected and powered on when you install the printer driver. As noted earlier in this section, when you share a printer on a Windows XP/2000 computer, you are given an option to install additional drivers for other Windows-based computers that will send print documents to the printer. Figure 5-10 shows the dialog box that appears when you click the Additional Drivers button in the Sharing tab of the Printer Properties dialog box. Calibrating printers. All newly installed printers need to be calibrated for accurate printing. This is due to the fact that alignment of printer parts, such as the print- head, gets a bit misaligned during transportation. Calibration readjusts the alignment to ensure that the printed images do not appear smeared on paper. Most printers come with a calibration utility, which is installed automatically along with the printer driver. Figure 5-9. Installing a printer driver 318 | Chapter 5: Study Guide for A+ Exams 220-602, 220-603, and 220-604 In some inkjet printers, the calibration utility is triggered automatically when you change the print cartridge. The printer display and the user control panel located on top of the printer help you through the steps of the calibration process. Configure printer options. Printer properties vary from one printer to another. To access the configuration page, open the Printers and Faxes folder from the Start menu. Right-click the printer and select Properties from the context menu. Figure 5-11 shows the properties page for a typical printer where you can configure its settings. The following configuration options are available on most printers: General This page has options for specifying the printer location, setting printing pref- erences, and printing a test page. Sharing This page allows you to share the printer (or stop sharing, if already shared), specify the share name, and install additional printer drivers for clients. Ports This page allows you to configure the port that is connected to the printer. You can add or delete a port and can also enable Printer Pooling. Printer Pooling is used for load sharing when you have multiple identical printers connected to the same port. Security This page allows you to set access permissions for both local and network users who send print jobs to the printer. Printer permissions are explained later in this section. Figure 5-10. Installing additional printer drivers for Windows clients Printers and Scanners | 319 A+ Exams Study Guide Advanced This page lets you configure availability of the printer, printer priority, and spooling options. Printer priority is defined when you have configured multiple logical printers for the same printer. It enables you to prioritize print jobs sent to the printer. In this page, you can update the printer driver, if required. You can also set printing defaults, set a separator page, and specify which print processor is to be used by the printer. Device Settings This page enables you to configure device specific settings. These settings differ from one device to another. Color Management This page is used to configure color options so that there is consistency between the colors displayed on the monitor and those printed on paper. Services The settings in this tab depend on the make and model of the installed printer. Usually, these include maintenance functions such as printhead alighment, cleaning, and so on. Figure 5-11. Configuring printer options 320 | Chapter 5: Study Guide for A+ Exams 220-602, 220-603, and 220-604 Educating users Most printer and scanner problems occur due to lack of user training. Users do not know how to select a printer when multiple printers are installed in the network. Sometimes they do not know how to choose the appropriate paper size or paper tray. The first and most important step in educating users is to educate yourself. You can do this either by attending a training session organized by the vendor or by reading the documentation. The following are some important points regarding user education and training regarding printers and scanners: • Hold training sessions for all users or groups of users in case there are a large number of users. • Educate the users about the main features of the printers or scanners. • Show them how to select an appropriate printer from within an application. • Show them how to select paper from the available paper trays/sizes and how to select paper orientation (portrait or landscape). • Show the users how to make changes to printing preferences for a particular document. • In organizations where the printers are leased and charged on per printed page basis, it is helpful to tell the users to carefully select black and white or color prints. • Train the users on how they can manage their own documents from their desktops. • Advise users about keeping the area around the printers clean. • Encourage the users not to attempt fixing problems themselves. They should not try to open the printer or scanner covers to change toner or clear paper jams, but should call the helpdesk instead. Upgrading printers and scanners As with other devices, printers also need to be upgraded due to changes in requirements. Changes in computer system hardware to which a printer or scanner is attached might require upgrades to these devices or might require oper- ating system upgrades. Upgrades can be in the form of new and updated device drivers, new firmware releases, or the expansion of device capabilities in the form of a memory expansion. Memory. High-end laser printers are typically used in office environments where the volume of printing is significantly large. These printers are usually installed on a print server but may be physically connected to one of the network ports. These printers require large built-in RAM to temporarily store the documents submitted for printing. The larger the amount of RAM, the larger the number of documents a printer can accept for printing. Most of these printers have the option to extend the memory by installing additional memory modules or memory sticks. In most cases, the manufacturer’s support technicians perform the memory upgrades. Printers and Scanners | 321 A+ Exams Study Guide In some situations, you may be required to upgrade a printer memory. You need to make sure that the memory module is compatible with the make and model of the printer. It is recommended that you obtain the memory module directly from the printer manufacturer, and that you ask for necessary installation instructions. Otherwise, you should refer to the printer documentation for help. Make sure that the memory module is compatible with the expansion slots available in the printer. Drivers. Like most software and hardware vendors, printer manufacturers also regularly update the printer drivers and make these updated drivers available free of cost on their web sites. This usually happens when the operating system version is changed and printer manufactures have to update the drivers for their old printers for the new version. Updated or new printer drivers must be tested before they are finally installed on print servers. On a Windows XP desktop, a printer driver can be updated from the Advanced tab of the printer Properties window. Click on the New Driver tab to launch the Add Printer Driver Wizard. The Wizard guides you through the installation process, which is more or less similar to the process for installing a new printer driver. Firmware. Firmware refers to the BIOS of the printers or scanners. In some cases, it is necessary to upgrade the firmware to take advantage of new or advanced features of the device. Firmware upgrades are usually done by either replacing the firmware chip in the device or through a software application provided by the device manufacturer. You should consult the device documentation and follow the manufacturer’s instructions on how to obtain and install firmware updates. Installing and configuring scanners The process for installing a scanner is very straightforward in Windows XP and Windows 2000 computers. Make sure that the scanner is connected to an appro- priate port, such as a serial, USB, or SCSI port, and then turn on the power. Most of the new scanners are PnP devices that are automatically detected by the oper- ating system, and an appropriate device driver is installed. If the scanner is not PnP-compatible, or in case the OS does not recognize the device, it can be manu- ally installed using the disk or CD-ROM provided by the manufacturer. The Scanners and Cameras utility in the Control Panel is where you can install scanners. Complete the following steps to install a scanner: 1. Open the Control Panel from the Start menu. 2. Double-click the Scanners and Cameras icon. 3. Double-click the Add Device icon to start the Scanners and Cameras Installa- tion Wizard as shown in Figure 5-12. 4. Select the scanner from the list of devices and click Next. 5. Follow the instructions for the installation of an appropriate driver. 6. If the device is not listed in the Scanner and Camera Installation window, you can click the Have Disk button to manually install the driver from the manu- facturer’s disk or CD-ROM. 322 | Chapter 5: Study Guide for A+ Exams 220-602, 220-603, and 220-604 Scanner configuration is done using the device driver application that is shipped with the scanner. These utilities guide you through different settings to correctly set the parameters so that the scanner functions in the desired way. Some graphics applications such as Corel Draw or Photoshop can also be used to fine-tune the scanner settings. Optimizing printer and scanner performance In its default configuration, a printer is set to provide acceptable performance levels. Performance refers to the efficient use of ink or toner, as well as estab- lishing an acceptable printing speed. The quality of text and images is configured in such a way that the least amount of ink or toner is used and the printing speed is optimized. The quality of images can be improved by increasing the resolution, but this comes at the cost of printing speed. The greater the resolution, the slower the printing speed. The same is also true with scanners. If you increase the scan- ning resolution, the scanning speed is reduced. Resolution. Resolution of a printer or scanner refers to the dpi of the printed or scanned image. This is a measurement of the image quality for both printers and scanners. In the case of scanners, the resolution refers to the number of dots scanned per inch on the document, while for printers it is the number of dots printed per inch on the paper. The higher the dpi value, the better the resolution. Most printers and scanners allow you to adjust the resolution for an individual document, or you can set the altered resolution as default. These adjustments are usually done using the built-in driver utilities. For normal printing, you can choose from draft, economy, normal, or best-quality print outputs. Figure 5-12. Installing a scanner Printers and Scanners | 323 A+ Exams Study Guide Color profiles. Color profiles allow you to adjust the colors of the printed image based on the type of media being used and the current configuration of the printer. Color profiles are also used in scanners to adjust the quality of scanned documents. File formats. File formats and images largely affect the quality of a document. While you do not have much choice in selecting the format for text documents, image documents vary in file sizes and quality depending on the file format used. Image file formats vary depending on their resolution and the number of colors used. Popular image formats include TIFF, BMP, JPEG, GIF, and PNG. Troubleshooting Printers and Scanners Any electronic device that has moving parts in it is prone to developing problems. In printers, both the paper guide assembly and the printhead move, while in scan- ners, only the scanning assembly moves. These problems may be related to the inability of end users to connect to or use the device, or they might be related to device performance. The troubleshooting process for printers and scanners depends on the type, make, and model of the device. The following trouble- shooting procedure is generalized and can be used for both printers and scanners. Gathering information The first step in troubleshooting is to gather sufficient information about the symptoms of the problem. Information gathering is vital to the problem-solving process. In some cases, you might have to collect information by telephone, which is rather a difficult process compared to onsite troubleshooting. This information may come from the user, from error messages on the device, from the system where the device is connected, or from system event logs. In some cases, the noise in a printer or a scanner coming from a broken gear might tell you what is causing the problem. It is important to make note of what happened and in what sequence it happened. Information about the problem may be as simple as a user reporting that he cannot print to a specific printer or as complex as the printer is not responding. There may be more than one reason behind a nonresponsive printer. The printer might be out of paper, there may be a paper jam, or the user’s computer may not be connected to the print server. For unattended printers attached to a network port, the problem might be reported as just a nonfunctioning printer. You might have to send a document for printing to know the exact symptoms of the problem. This is known as recreating the problem. Recreating the problem is necessary when there is no one to give you any information on symptoms of the problem. Analyzing the collected data The next step is to analyze the collected data. This analysis gives you a number of possible causes of the problem. Note down all the possibilities on a piece of paper and try to figure out what could be the most probable reason for the problem. When you arrive at a conclusion, you may be able to find an appropriate solution. 324 | Chapter 5: Study Guide for A+ Exams 220-602, 220-603, and 220-604 For example, if a user has reported that he cannot print to a network printer, there could be several reasons behind it as follows: • The user does not have sufficient permissions to use the printer. • The user is not connected to the network. • The user is sending the print job to a wrong printer. • The user is selecting a wrong paper source (tray). There could be more than one reason behind a problem, and you must be careful not to ignore even the smallest potential cause. A careful study of collected data will enable you to look at the problem from all possible angles. Isolating the problem Once you have concluded the most probable cause of the problem, you will need to isolate the problem in order to find an appropriate solution. Doing this ensures that you have correctly identified the problem. Correct identification further ensures that a correct solution will be applied. Here are some main pointers to isolating printer problems: • Verify whether the problem is due to device malfunction or due to user error. • Verify that the device is Online and in Ready mode. • Check for visual indicators on the device panel. Visual indicators refer to sta- tus LEDs on the front panel that indicate the current status. • For printer-specific problems, verify that there is not a paper jam and that the paper path is clear. • If all users are complaining of a nonresponsive printer, verify that the print server is online, that the print queue is not stuck, and that it has sufficient hard disk space to hold spooled documents. • If required, delete the stuck document on the print server or clear the print queue. This is known as clearing the print spooler. • As a last resort, you might have to recycle power on the printer. This action clears all documents currently in printer memory. Applying the solution Once the problem is identified, you will need to find an appropriate fix or solu- tion. This solution depends on whether the problem is concerned with the device configuration or with some mechanical failure. If it is a mechanical failure, you might have to replace a part or might need to call the supplier’s support techni- cian to fix it. In case the problem is related to an incorrect configuration, you might be able to solve the problem by yourself by following the supplier’s guide- lines or common troubleshooting techniques. In case you need to order some parts from the supplier, you will need to note down the make and model of the printer or scanner, as well as the correct part number of the printer assembly that needs replacement. Most problems in printers are caused by an incorrect configuration, either on the printer itself or on the print server. When you need to make some configuration Printers and Scanners | 325 A+ Exams Study Guide changes to resolve the issue, make sure that you test your solution properly so that the solution does not create further problems. For example, setting user permissions incorrectly for a printer might leave the user unable to print to the printer. As another example, incorrectly configuring the printer might escalate the problem and cause significant delays in fixing the problem. Follow the guidelines of the supplier/manufacturer or get help from your superiors if you are not sure about a particular resolution. When the problem is fixed, you need to test your solution by verifying the func- tionality of the printer. Print a test page locally on the printer and take a test pattern sheet with which to compare the printer image. Test patterns are explained later in this chapter. You should also ask a few users to send print jobs to the printer. Repair tools If a printer or scanner needs a new or replacement part, you will need appropriate tools to open the device in order to install a new part or assembly. Correct selec- tion and use of tools ensures that the internal mechanism of the device is not damaged during the repair or when replacing an assembly. Multimeter. A multimeter is a small, handheld instrument that is used for testing connectivity and to measure voltage or current passing through a wire. It is partic- ularly helpful in measuring the input and output voltage on power supplies and the amount of power supplied to various assemblies inside a device. Multimeters are mainly available in two categories: analog and digital. Analog multimeters display the output using a scale and needle. Digital multimeters display the output on a small LCD screen. Analog multimeters are sometimes called Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Ammeter (VOM). Digital multimeters are simply called DMMs. A rotary switch on the front allows you to select an appropriate range of the voltage, current, or resistance to be measured. There are two test cables, each with a smaller end and a longer end. The smaller end is inserted into the multimeter sockets while the longer end is used to test voltage or current by touching the end to appropriate pins. Screwdrivers and extension magnet. A screwdriver is the most basic tool that every tech- nician should have. When working with printers and scanners, you will need to have different types of screwdrivers, each with a different type of bit. You can also keep a single screwdriver in which the bit can be changed according to the shape of the screw. Different types of bits are shown in Figure 5-13. These bits are named as slotted (a), Philips (b), Posidrive (c), Torx (d), and Hex (e). When replacing parts in printers and scanners, you might need to open screws that are located far inside the device where your hand cannot reach easily. In such cases, an extension magnet helps in reaching these places. The extension magnet ensures the safety of the technician as well as prevents screws from falling down when they becomes loose. It is also used to pick up screws that fall down accidentally. Cleaning solutions. Cleaning solutions are used to clean parts of scanners and printers. These include the glass surface, the light tube, the reflecting lenses, and those parts of laser printers where excessive toner usually spills during normal [...]... access The cable modem usually supports up to 10 Mbps data speeds for the LAN connection The actual Internet access speed depends on the utilization of the shared cable signals in the area Networks | 3 35 A+ Exams Study Guide Table 5- 13 provides a summary of different DSL variations and their data transfer speeds Satellite In areas where DSL or cable is not available (such as rural areas), satellite is... the /all parameter to display complete TCP/IP configuration of all network adapters installed on a computer You can also select a particular adapter to view its configuration It can reveal one or more configuration problems, and an administrator can take necessary corrective action to resolve the problem Table 5- 18 lists the parameters and their functions available with the ipconfig command Table 5- 18... the adapter driver • Whether the adapter is PnP or not • The adapter driver is available for installation if it is not automatically installed by the operating system Most new network adapters are PnP PnP adapters are automatically detected and configured by most operating systems This configuration includes setting aside system resources such as IRQ, I/O, and DMA for the adapter as well as installation... Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL) ADSL is the most common of all types of DSL variations The download speed of data is faster than upload speeds It uses one channel for analog voice (telephone) transmissions, a second channel for data uploads, and a third channel for data downloads Symmetrical DSL (SDSL) SDSL supports equal speeds for both data uploads and downloads It cannot be used for voice transmissions and hence... Gigabit) Ethernet network is also known as a Gigabit Ethernet This uses either copper or fiber optic cabling These networks are implemented mainly as a backbone for large networks Table 5- 12 offers a summary of Gigabit Ethernet networking standards Networks | 333 A+ Exams Study Guide Standard 10Base2 10BaseT 10BaseFL Table 5- 12 Summary of Gigabit Ethernet networking standards Standard 1000BaseLX Cable... channels: a bearer channel (B channel) used for data (or voice), and a delta channel (D channel) used for control signals The two main implementations of ISDN are as follows: Basic Rate Interface (BRI) BRI ISDN uses 2 B channels of 64 Kbps each for data/voice, and a D channel of 16 Kbps The total data transfer speed of BRI ISDN using two B channels is 128 Kbps The two B channels can also be used separately... you can print a test page for the installed printer from the Printer Properties window Preventive Maintenance (PM) Preventive maintenance is important to achieve maximum uptime and quality of service from printers and scanners Lack of regular scheduled maintenance can cause failure of electronic and mechanical parts The failure of even a small part can cause disruptions in business activities A+ technicians... suitable only for Internet access at offices ISDN DSL (IDSL) IDSL is a variation of symmetric DSL It does not support analog voice transmissions and is used only in those environments where ADSL and SDSL are not available Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL) RADSL is a variation of asymmetric DSL that can vary the transfer speeds depending on line conditions It supports both data and voice transmissions Table 5- 13... and it takes two persons to use the device Testing cables with a tone generator is also known as the fox and hound method The tone generator must be attached to each individual wire separately Loopback connectors Loopback connectors or adapters are hardware devices that work with special test software to verify the functionality of a network port such as RJ- 45, and serial and parallel ports These are... networking and cabling technologies are defined in IEEE 802.3 standards There are several variations in this standard—depending on speed, length, topology, and cabling—used in implementing networks The following sections provide a brief summary of the standards tested on the A+ exam 10 Mbps Ethernet The 10 Mbps standards include 10Base2, 10BaseT, and 10BaseFL All of these standards define a maximum data transfer . printers and scanners. Lack of regular scheduled maintenance can cause failure of electronic and mechanical parts. The failure of even a small part can cause disruptions in business activities. A+ . sections provide a brief summary of the standards tested on the A+ exam. 10 Mbps Ethernet. The 10 Mbps standards include 10Base2, 10BaseT, and 10BaseFL. All of these standards define a maximum data transfer. various assemblies inside a device. Multimeters are mainly available in two categories: analog and digital. Analog multimeters display the output using a scale and needle. Digital multimeters display