ADVANCED SERVER VIRTUALIZATION VMware® and Microsoft® Platforms in the Virtual Data Center Other Auerbach Publications in Software Development, Software Engineering, and Project Management The Complete Project Management Office Handbook Gerard M Hill 0-8493-2173-5 Complex IT Project Management: 16 Steps to Success Peter Schulte 0-8493-1932-3 Creating Components: Object Oriented, Concurrent, and Distributed Computing in Java Charles W Kann 0-8493-1499-2 The Hands-On Project Office: Guaranteeing ROI and On-Time Delivery Richard M Kesner 0-8493-1991-9 Interpreting the CMMI®: A Process Improvement Approach Margaret Kulpa and Kent Johnson 0-8493-1654-5 ISO 9001:2000 for Software and Systems Providers: An Engineering Approach Robert Bamford and William John Deibler II 0-8493-2063-1 The Laws of Software Process: A New Model for the Production and Management of Software Phillip G Armour 0-8493-1489-5 Software Configuration Management Jessica Keyes 0-8493-1976-5 Software Engineering for Image Processing Phillip A Laplante 0-8493-1376-7 Software Engineering Handbook Jessica Keyes 0-8493-1479-8 Software Engineering Measurement John C Munson 0-8493-1503-4 Software Metrics: A Guide to Planning, Analysis, and Application C.R Pandian 0-8493-1661-8 Software Testing: A Craftsman’s Approach, Second Edition Paul C Jorgensen 0-8493-0809-7 Software Testing and Continuous Quality Improvement, Second Edition William E Lewis 0-8493-2524-2 IS Management Handbook, 8th Edition Carol V Brown and Heikki Topi, Editors 0-8493-1595-9 Lightweight Enterprise Architectures Fenix Theuerkorn 0-8493-2114-X Real Process Improvement Using the CMMI® Michael West 0-8493-2109-3 Outsourcing Software Development Offshore: Making It Work Tandy Gold 0-8493-1943-9 Six Sigma Software Development Christine Tayntor 0-8493-1193-4 Maximizing ROI on Software Development Vijay Sikka 0-8493-2312-6 Software Architecture Design Patterns in Java Partha Kuchana 0-8493-2142-5 Implementing the IT Balanced Scorecard Jessica Keyes 0-8493-2621-4 AUERBACH PUBLICATIONS www.auerbach-publications.com To Order Call: 1-800-272-7737 • Fax: 1-800-374-3401 E-mail: orders@crcpress.com ADVANCED SERVER VIRTUALIZATION VMware® and Microsoft® Platforms in the Virtual Data Center David Marshall Wade A Reynolds and Dave McCrory Boca Raton New York Auerbach Publications is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business AU3931_Discl Page Friday, April 14, 2006 2:33 PM VMware, the VMware “boxes” logo, GSX Server, ESX Server, Virtual SMP, VMotion, and VMware ACE are trademarks of VMware, Inc Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation This book is an independent publication and is not affiliated with, nor has it been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Microsoft Corporation Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds Published in 2006 by Auerbach Publications Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Auerbach is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3931-6 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0978-0-8493-3931-8 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of Informa plc and the Auerbach Publications Web site at http://www.auerbach-publications.com About the Authors David Marshall is currently employed as a Senior Software Engineer for Surgient, Inc., the leading software provider of on-demand applications He holds a B.S degree in Finance as well as an Information Technology Certification from the University of New Orleans He is Microsoft Certified and has attained numerous certifications from CompTia Marshall has been working with virtualization software for nearly six years While working for a startup company, ProTier, he became one of the few people in the country to work with server class virtualization products such as VMware ESX Server, Connectix Virtual Server, and Microsoft Virtual Server while each were still in their Alpha stage Using this knowledge, he was able to help contribute to the writing of ProTier’s product manual and training guides As a Systems Engineer and a Deployment Manager with ProTier, he was able to create and implement complex solutions for a number of Fortune 1000 clients Continuing to expand his virtualization knowledge to other platforms and other products, Marshall contributes to Surgient’s products and its customers Prior to joining ProTier and Surgient, he enjoyed a long and successful career employed as a Project Manager and Systems Manager for Bank One Louisiana He can be reached at david.marshall@ vmbook.info Wade A Reynolds is currently employed as an Architect in the Professional Services department of Surgient Inc., an Austin, Texas based company that provides leading-edge software solutions that leverage server virtualization technology He has been designing and implementing enterprise solutions using server virtualization technology for more than four years with VMware ESX Server and Microsoft Virtual Server Reynolds has a strong background in software development, database design, networked systems engineering, and system integration He earned MCP certification and worked as the Senior Solutions Developer for SCP Pool Corporation, the world’s largest pool supply distributor, where he architected and implemented enterprise-level business applications, databases, and processes, and as a consultant for General Electric, where his server and networking skills were honed He can be contacted at wade.reynolds@vmbook.info v Marshall_AU3931_C000.indd v 4/13/2006 4:35:44 PM vi About the Authors Dave McCrory currently works as an expert in Enterprise Data Center Virtualization and Hosting Technologies McCrory has been granted two U.S Patents and has five others pending, all based on Data Center Management and Virtualization technologies He has worked with Microsoft Virtual Server in its Alpha stage as well as with its predecessor, Connectix Virtual Server While working with these products, he provided these companies with assistance on the original designs Additionally, he also was the first successful Alpha site for VMware ESX Server Previously, he had also worked as a consultant for both Sprint and General Electric McCrory also founded ProTier, a startup company that wrote virtualization management software that was later acquired by Surgient Inc He has also attained Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer, Master Certified Netware Engineer, and Citrix Certified Administrator certifications He can be reached at dave.mccrory@vmbook.info Marshall_AU3931_C000.indd vi 4/13/2006 4:35:44 PM Contents Part I Basic Concepts Introduction to Server Virtualization Overview of Virtualization Technology History of Virtualization Emulation, Simulation, and Virtualization 11 Summary 12 Types of Server Virtualization Technologies 15 Physical Partitioning Logical Partitioning Operating Systems and Runtime Environments Summary 15 18 24 25 Server Virtualization Concepts 27 Host Servers, Virtual Machines, and Guest Operating Systems Virtual Hardware Overview Network Adapters Summary Part II 27 29 39 44 Planning Business Cases for Server Virtualization 47 Solving Business Problems 47 Limitations of Server Virtualization 53 Summary 53 Other Uses of Server Virtualization 55 Software Development and QA/Testing Reduce Budget Accelerating Development and Testing Cycle Improve Product Quality and Productivity 55 56 57 58 vii Marshall_AU3931_C000.indd vii 4/13/2006 4:35:44 PM Contents viii Technical Support and Help Desk Software Training and E-Learning Systems Benefits of Virtualization Summary 61 64 65 68 Planning for Deployment 69 Selecting a Server Virtualization Platform 69 Supported Versus Unsupported Guest Operating Systems 81 Support from Software Vendors 83 Unexpected Server Growth 84 Virtual Machine Density 85 Availability Considerations 89 Data and System Backup Considerations 90 Use Case 100 Requirements 103 Deployment Plan 103 Summary 103 Server Virtualization Platform Differences 105 Software Maturity (VMware) Host and Guest Operating System Support (VMware GSX Server) Training and Certification (VMware) Management and User Interface (VMware GSX Server) Ease of Creating Virtual Machines (VMware GSX Server) Hardware Support (Microsoft Virtual Server and VMware GSX Server) Technical Support (Microsoft Virtual Server) Performance (VMware ESX Server) Price (Microsoft Virtual Server) Usage Scenarios Virtual Machine Specifications Summary Part III 105 106 107 107 107 108 108 109 110 111 114 114 Implementing Microsoft Virtual Server The Microsoft Virtual Server Platform 119 Product Background Product Editions Hardware Requirements Software Requirements Summary 119 121 123 125 125 Installing Microsoft Virtual Server 127 Virtual Server 2005 R2 Requirements Preparing the Host Server Preparing the Host Operating System Installing Microsoft Virtual Server 2005 R2 Summary Marshall_AU3931_C000.indd viii 127 128 128 129 138 4/13/2006 4:35:44 PM Contents ix 10 Configuring Microsoft Virtual Server 139 Tools Virtual Server Administration Website Server Properties Virtual Server Security Properties Securing Virtual Server and IIS Virtual Machine Remote Control Server Virtual Server Scripts Virtual Server Search Paths Physical Computer Properties Administration Website Properties Recent Events Properties Event Viewer Properties Virtual Server Manager Search Paths Resource Allocation Event Viewer Summary 139 139 140 142 143 149 151 153 154 156 157 157 158 158 160 161 11 Creating a Microsoft Virtual Server Virtual Machine 163 Preparation 163 Creating a Virtual Machine 165 Summary 188 12 Microsoft Virtual Server Advanced Topics 189 Virtual Machine Additions Passing Information from the Host to the Guest Operating System Virtual Machines Virtual Hard Disks Creating a Virtual Hard Disk Virtual Hard Disk Modes Inspecting Disks Merging Virtual Hard Disks Converting Disk Types Compacting Dynamic Disks Virtual Networking Virtual Switches Virtual Machines Communicating with the Host Virtual Machines Communicating with Each Other Privately DHCP Server Creating a Virtual Network or Virtual Switch Performance Optimization Host Clustering iSCSI Support Unattended Installation Summary Marshall_AU3931_C000.indd ix 189 192 193 196 202 203 205 206 206 208 208 209 210 210 211 213 214 218 220 221 225 4/13/2006 4:35:44 PM Server Virtualization Concepts 39 Even virtualized machines need access to and the ability to share large quantities of data CD-ROM discs are the media of choice when it comes to moving data between virtual machines or when operating systems or applications need to be installed on a virtual machine Like the virtual floppy drive, a virtual CD/ DVD drive can read physical media that is inserted into the host server By mapping the host server’s CD/DVD drive to the virtual machine, the guest operating system will interact with the host drive, as if the media were physically inserted into the VM Also like the virtual floppy drive, there is an important distinction to be made between the virtual and the physical CD/DVD drive A virtual CD/ DVD drive can be mapped to a physical file located on the host’s file system This file, as explained above, has been defined as an ISO image By mounting to a virtual ISO image rather than a physical drive, a huge performance boost in reading the disc is achieved At the physical level, file reads from a hard disk are much faster than file reads from a CD-ROM Network Adapters There are some distinctions between the host network adapter and the guest network adapter Depending on configuration, these virtual network adapters can be isolated into a separate private network that only communicates with other virtual network adapters in that private network They can be isolated by themselves so that no communication occurs with other machines Or they can be joined to a network in which they only communicate with the host machine Another option is for several machines to be part of a private network that also allows them to talk to the host Virtual network adapters can also talk directly through the host network adapter as if they were a separate network interface on the host’s network And finally, it is possible for the virtual network adapter to communicate through the host network adapter as if it were the host adapter (through a process called NAT) Serial Ports A serial port is a port, or an interface, on a computer system where information is transmitted in or out one bit at a time Throughout the computer system’s history, most serial ports conformed to the RS-232 or RS-422 standards Using a simple cable and this general purpose interface, the serial port can be used to connect almost any type of device Through the serial port, the computer can be connected to devices such as terminals, modems, keyboards, mice and printers Originally specified as a 25 pin D-type connector, most of these pins were unused since data was only being transmitted one bit at a time Therefore, these devices were replaced with parallel port devices, and later, USB and Firewire devices Traditionally, the PC’s serial port default hardware configuration of the first four ports is configured according to the following table in Figure 3.6 Within Marshall_AU3931_C003.indd 39 4/13/2006 11:29:23 AM 40 Advanced Server Virtualization Port Name Interrupt Starting I/O Port Ending I/O Port COM I RQ x3f8 0x3ff COM I RQ x2f8 0x2ff COM I RQ x3e8 0x3ef COM I RQ x2e8 0x2ef Figure 3.6 Typical Serial Port Configuration the Linux operating system, the serial port devices follow the naming convention of /dev/ttySn, where n is a numerical value starting with For example, the first serial port device would be identified as /dev/ttyS0 and the fourth device would be identified as /dev/ttyS4 Because the four ports share IRQs, some operating systems may have a problem with devices attached and trying to use the same IRQ When an IRQ conflict occurs, one or more devices will either stop working all together, or intermittent problems with the devices may happen Within virtualization, a virtual machine may be configured to have a virtualized serial port There are a number of uses for the serial port within a virtual machine The serial port can be mapped to the host server’s serial port, and then make use of the host’s physically attached device(s) A virtual machine could therefore use a modem that is attached to its host Additionally, a virtual serial port can be redirected to send its output to a file on the host server This is useful when trying to capture the data that an application running in a virtual machine may send to the serial port It may also be used to send smaller sized files from the virtual machine to its host server when networking isn’t available And finally, the virtual serial port can be mapped to a named pipe This is especially useful for debugging purposes For example, a kernel debugging program can be running in a virtual machine connected via the virtual serial port to debug kernel code Parallel Ports A parallel port is a port, or an interface, on a computer system where data is transmitted in or out eight bits at a time The data is transmitted in parallel, across more than one wire at a time Contrary to the serial port, the parallel port is able to transmit one bit of data across multiple wires, rather than a across a single cable The parallel port was specified as a 25 pin connector (DB-25) It Marshall_AU3931_C003.indd 40 4/13/2006 11:29:23 AM Server Virtualization Concepts 41 Port Name Interrupt Starting I/O Port Ending I/O Port LPT IRQ 0x378 0x37f LPT IRQ 0x278 0x27f Figure 3.7 Typical Parallel Port Configuration was originally named the Centronics port after the company that designed it Originally designed to connect devices that needed relatively high bandwidth, the interface was ideal for connecting PCs to printer devices As needs grew, a newer type of parallel port was designed, the enhanced parallel port (EPP) and the extended capabilities port (ECP) Both supported the same connectors as the original Centronics port With these new ports came greater speeds Support for bidirectional communication and a transfer rate of ten times the speed of the Centronics port, gave way to the creation and rise of new devices such as parallel port data drives Traditionally, the PC’s parallel port default hardware configuration of the first two ports is configured according to the following table in Figure 3.7 Within the Linux operating system, the parallel port devices follow the naming convention of /dev/lp0 and /dev/parport Within virtualization, a virtual machine may be configured to have a virtualized parallel port Like the serial port, the virtual parallel port can be mapped to the host’s parallel port The virtual machine can then make use of the host’s attached devices While not every physical device will work within the virtual machine, many The obvious choice of using a parallel port in a virtual machine is to allow the virtual machine to send output to a physical printer Other uses may include mapping the parallel port to make use of a data drive or an application security dongle USB Ports A relative newcomer to the computer port scene is the universal serial bus (USB) The USB design consists of a single host controller and multiple devices connected in a tree like formation using special hub devices At least one hub, the root hub, always exists The root hub is attached directly to the host controller The hardware that contains the host controller and the root hub is called the Host Controller Device (HCD) The HCD is defined by the hardware manufacturer Found in many of today’s computer systems is the Intel specifications, the Universal Host Controller Interface (UHCI) and the Extended Host Controller Interface (EHCI) Devices that attach to the bus can either be custom devices or Marshall_AU3931_C003.indd 41 4/13/2006 11:29:23 AM 42 Advanced Server Virtualization class devices A custom device requires a custom driver to accompany it in order for the device to be used On the other hand, a class device follows the same behavior and interface descriptors, so that the same device driver may be used for devices that are members of the same class One advantage to using USB over serial or parallel ports is that a single USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices Common uses of the USB port are connecting devices such as mice, keyboards, printers, scanners, removable hard drives, and networking components Unlike a SCSI bus, devices on a USB chain not require a terminator Another advantage of using USB, certain devices that require a low power draw can receive their power from the bus, thereby reducing the need for extra power sources USB was originally designed for ease of use By allowing devices to chain from a single host, the need to add multiple expansion cards to the computer’s bus was removed Additionally, USB added improved plug and play ability as well as the capability of hot swapping devices without the need for a reboot of the system Because of these types of features, USB is quickly becoming the standard of choice for peripheral manufacturers of devices such as printers and scanners Like the virtualized serial port and parallel port, the virtual machine can map to the USB port on the host server By doing so, the virtual machine can make use of most of the devices attached to the USB port of the host server, as long as the guest operating system also supports USB While the popularity of USB is on the rise, not all x86 server virtualization platforms support it Currently, VMware ESX Server and Microsoft Virtual Server not support the mapping of USB ports This could change as the demand for this functionality increases In the mean time, however, the VMware’s GSX Server product does support USB It currently emulates a two port USB 1.1 UHCI controller and therefore maps to the host server’s USB controller Some alternatives have been explored to make use of USB devices in these nonsupported x86 server virtualization platforms A relatively new product has appeared on the market that allows a USB device to be connected to a network via a hub These network USB hubs allow the device to operate over IP technology making it easy to connect USB devices anywhere on the LAN Typically, software drivers are loaded in the guest operating system, making the USB ports appear to be locally attached with the same Plug-and-Play user experience as a traditional USB port Keyboard and Mouse The keyboard is the device that allows the entering of data into a computer Over the years, the keyboard has been modified and updated, however it has remained fairly standard in its layout The English language keyboard has followed the QWERTY key scheme This standard layout of letters, numbers, and punctuation gets its name from the first six letter keys of the top row: QWERTY Marshall_AU3931_C003.indd 42 4/13/2006 11:29:24 AM Server Virtualization Concepts 43 Originally created in the 1800s for mechanical typewriters, the layout of keys of the QWERTY keyboard was designed specifically to slow down the typist, so as not to jam the keys As previously stated, the keyboard has gone through relatively minor changes: the original PC keyboard having 84 keys, the AT keyboard also with 84 keys, and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys The keyboard has acquired several special keys through the years Some of the additional keys were created to improve productivity for office applications, while others were added to enhance the performance of the operating system A mouse is a pointing device for computers that is typically fitted with one or more buttons that have different functions depending on the operating system or application running The mouse’s 2D motion is then translated into the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen The device derived its name through its appearance Early mice had a mouse like shape and a cord that resembled a tail Additionally, the movement of the device and the pointer on the display screen seemed to scurry around much like a mouse Originally invented in 1963 by Douglas Englebart at the Stanford Research Center and later perfected by Xerox in the 1970s, the mouse would later become indispensable for computer users With the addition of graphical user interface (GUI) operating systems and graphical applications such as CAD and painting programs, terms like point and click and drag and drop became common The mouse helped the computer to become easier to use and operate Mice can connect to their host computer in one of several ways They typically use a thin electrical cord to connect such as the serial, PS/2 or USB port Today, mice also use wireless communication to transmit data, such as infrared, RF, and Bluetooth Typically, x86 server virtualization software will support and operate as a standard PS/2 keyboard and PS/2 mouse In general, the keyboard and mouse work the same in a virtual machine as it does for the host machine However, some keyboard shortcut commands not work the same in a virtual machine as it does within the host For example, when pressing CTRL+ALT+DELETE on the keyboard, the shortcut keyboard command interacts with the host machine and the host operating system, not the virtual machine or the guest operating system Another keyboard shortcut is typically available to perform the same keyboard shortcut, or sometimes a mouse menu driven command is available to perform the same action Any time a virtual machine accesses an I/O device, there is a performance hit from a world switch between the VMM and the host This is important to note for devices with high sustained throughput and low latency However, for a keyboard and mouse, this is not a major concern since they both have very short duration and low processing overhead events Keyboard and mouse handling may cause some confusion When having multiple windows open (host operating system and/or multiple guest operating system windows), it may cause some alarm as to where the mouse pointer is focused Typically, by clicking inside of the guest operating system window, the mouse and keyboard then become bound to the virtual machine This is called Marshall_AU3931_C003.indd 43 4/13/2006 11:29:24 AM 44 Advanced Server Virtualization “mouse capture” or “mouse grab.” The mouse and keyboard are then focused inside of the guest operating system Both keyboard and mouse control within a virtual machine can be enhanced to perform much closer to that of the host machine by installing a set of drivers related to the virtualization software being used These drivers will be discussed later under each virtualization platform Summary The server virtualization concepts presented in this chapter are the key foundation to understanding the various server virtualization platforms and how to take advantage of them The flexibility provided by virtualization offers many advantages over its physical counterparts The ability to simultaneously run different types of operating systems on a single server provides a method of using the server’s hardware to full utilization The ability to chain and manipulate virtual hard disk files provides portability that cannot be found with other technologies These capabilities are the main reason that virtualization is showing such explosive growth throughout the IT community The fact that the virtual processor uses pass-through techniques to the physical process and that the memory allocated to virtual machines mostly maps to physical memory gives server virtualization acceptable performance to be used in production environments It is the same reason why server virtualization does not support guest operating systems outside of what is supported by the underlying physical hardware Marshall_AU3931_C003.indd 44 4/13/2006 11:29:24 AM Part II Planning Marshall_AU3931_P002.indd 45 3/31/2006 11:15:26 AM Marshall_AU3931_P002.indd 46 3/31/2006 11:15:31 AM Chapter Business Cases for Server Virtualization The first step in planning to deploy server virtualization technologies is to understand how it can be applied to business objectives This chapter describes the key areas of information technology to which server virtualization can be effectively applied and how it relates to common business goals It also shows how common short-term and long-term problems can be addressed using server virtualization technology and where it should not be used Solving Business Problems Aside from the pure novelty of running more than one operating system on a single computer at the same time, server virtualization technology was designed to be used to help solve business problems Virtualization can be used in a very straight-forward manner much like physical servers and when used in this way can help reduce physical server hardware costs by consolidating multiple servers onto a single server This usage is commonly referred to as server consolidation Virtualization provides new features that are either unavailable or unobtainable on physical server hardware One of the most profound benefits of virtualization is the abstraction between virtual machines and the physical hardware, thereby making virtual machines portable In this way, virtualization simplifies and enhances legacy server and application support, while providing new opportunities in disaster recovery and high-availability scenarios Because virtual machines are much easier to deploy than physical servers and because the software nature of virtualization technology lends itself well to automation of provisioning, on-demand and adaptive computing are more easily realized 47 Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 47 3/31/2006 10:54:54 AM 48 Advanced Server Virtualization Server Consolidation Many organizations today have several servers, each performing a dedicated task These servers include file servers, print servers, e-mail servers, Web servers, database servers, and other application servers It is not uncommon to have applications that require or strongly recommend a dedicated server, usually because the software does not particularly coexist well with other applications installed within the same operating system In these situations, organizations will purchase small dedicated servers to host these applications, many of which have a low rate of utilization because the application only has a small amount of users or because it may only be used infrequently, such as once a month The problem with this scenario is that the organization must incur a capital expenditure of $6,000 or more and that the processor, memory, and disk storage of the new dedicated server are highly underutilized and essentially wasted Over time, the data center may support many small, highly underutilized servers hosting dedicated applications, also incurring the data center hosting costs (ping, power, and pipe) for each server Server virtualization can help organizations save money in the datacenter through server consolidation Many, if not all, of the organization’s highly underutilized application servers may be moved from physical hardware into virtual machines Applications requiring a dedicated server still meet that requirement because a virtual machine is a dedicated server with its own, fully isolated virtual hardware and operating system Many of these virtual machines may be hosted on a single physical server by means of the virtualization platform As new dedicated application servers are needed, instead of purchasing new physical servers, virtual machines may be created on existing virtualization host servers The density of virtual machines, which may be hosted on a single virtualization host server, depends on several factors including the number of processors, the amount of memory, and disk storage space on the physical host server, the virtualization platform (installed on the host server), and the amount of resources consumed by the virtual machines It is not uncommon to have 10:1 or higher server consolidation ratios for highly underutilized servers Legacy Server and Application Support A common pain point of many information technology organizations is that, over time, legacy hardware and software must be maintained The term legacy commonly refers to either outdated and possibly unsupported computing systems or systems comprised of components of a previous version Replacing legacy systems with new systems is always a challenge, both technically and in business terms Legacy systems exist because of many reasons These may include a very high cost to completely replace the system due to a large investment in Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 48 3/31/2006 10:55:12 AM Business Cases for Server Virtualization 49 capital expenditure, training, and customization of the system Legacy systems may also be sensitive, mission critical resources that cannot easily be replaced Sometimes legacy systems must be maintained because they cannot be replaced because it was purchased from a third-party company no longer in business or from one that no longer supports the system, or possibly because of a lack of expertise in the system’s internals In some cases, it costs less to maintain legacy systems than it does to replace them, but over time legacy systems typically become more unusable because they often are not able to scale up because of costs or technology limitations For example, an organization may have invested in a custom software application designed to run under the Microsoft Windows NT 3.51 Server operating system many years ago The application in this example was written in such a way that it will not work with any other version of the Windows operating system The application is becoming a productivity bottleneck because its utilization has grown over the years while running on the same hardware The organization wishes to upgrade the server hardware on which the application and operating system are installed upon, but cannot because the newer hardware available today does not have the appropriate support for the older operating system There are no available chipset and storage drivers that will work with the older operating system while allowing it to use top-of-the-line processors, memory, and disks to solve the legacy application’s ability to scale up Additionally, because the application was custom-written, there are no newer versions of the application available and the costs to switch to a different application that provides like functionality is cost prohibitive Server virtualization can solve legacy server and application support issues Migrating the legacy servers to virtual machines inherently abstracts the physical hardware from the legacy software, including the operating system and the applications, allowing the legacy hardware to be discarded or reused elsewhere as needed Because the legacy software now uses virtualized hardware, it can be moved to any host server as necessary, making the legacy server portable Aside from its newly gained portability, the legacy server migrated to a virtual machine can be hosted on and use any hardware that is supported by the virtualization platform and the host server Continuing the previous example, the organization decides to migrate the legacy server to a virtual machine They choose a virtualization platform that allows them to host the migrated server on modern, high-end server equipment, which addresses the bottleneck issues while adding the portability necessary to move the server to better hardware in the future, if the need arises Additional savings in terms of hosting can be realized by migrating legacy servers to virtual servers in order to decommission older, inefficient hardware and by increasing overall server utilization Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 49 3/31/2006 10:55:12 AM 50 Advanced Server Virtualization Disaster Recovery Disaster recovery is a term used to describe the strategy and processes used by an information technology organization to ensure that in the event of a disaster that damages or destroys the organization’s computing infrastructure, a minimal recovery of the computing infrastructure and data can be accomplished in a reasonable amount of time to provide business continuance Disaster recovery strategies are almost always an afterthought in most organizations, probably because it is like paying for insurance When an event occurs, however, it is the disaster recovery strategy that can save a company from going out of business, thus providing business continuance Although disaster recovery strategies encompass a wide range of considerations, one of the most common activities is data backup Backing up the data of an organization is critically important to help not only with disaster recovery, but also to help to recover from day to day mistakes, such as when a user inadvertently deletes an important document, or to help protect data lost from a malicious intruder There are many theories and methods of performing data backup Most commonly, only an application’s data is backed up instead of the application itself or the operating system This is typically done to save space within the backup system (and to reduce the cost of the backup system) because the application’s code and the operating system itself changes rarely It is also traditionally more difficult to restore an operating system and applications from backups versus reinstalling them and then applying data afterwards Because of these methods, the restoration of systems becomes a much harder, longer task Although complete system restoration is rare (hopefully), the amount of time it takes to restore systems is critical to business continuance Virtualization technology can help improve disaster recovery strategies in many ways Since virtual machines, their guest operating systems, all installed applications, and data reside within one or more files on the host server, it is simple to backup an entire virtual machine To backup the virtual machine, make a copy of the virtual machine’s configuration files and its virtual disk files Backing up entire virtual machines usually does require more backup storage space because of the size of the virtual disk files, but the benefits are worthwhile In the event of a disaster, the entire virtual machine can be restored in the time it takes to recopy the virtual machine’s configuration and disk files Installation and configuration of neither operating systems nor applications is necessary In the same amount of time it takes to rebuild a single standard Windows server, configure it, apply patches and updates, install applications, and restore data, many virtual machines can be restored, possibly 10, 20, 30, or more Another aspect of using virtualization in regards to disaster recovery is that when a disaster occurs and a recovery must take place, the proper hardware components must be obtained on which to recover the systems Traditionally, older hardware is stored offsite to be used for recovery and only the core, mission Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 50 3/31/2006 10:55:12 AM Business Cases for Server Virtualization 51 critical servers can be restored because of hardware limitations Any secondary systems cannot be restored until more hardware is acquired Using virtualization, a few physical servers able to support the virtualization platform being used are required for recovery The most critical virtual machines can easily be restored onto any of the virtualization platform-compliant hardware and shortly after that, other secondary systems may also be restored onto the same servers utilizing the unused hardware resources (much like server consolidation) Virtualization can also help aid in disaster recovery even if not all of an organization’s servers are virtualized For instance, high-performance, highly utilized file and mail servers may not be virtualized in production Other servers within the organization are consolidated using server virtualization As part of the organization’s disaster recovery strategy, there are virtual machines already created but not used that replicate the functionality of the file and mail servers When the time comes to recover these servers, the virtual versions provide very quick service restoration times and will usually be adequate until the proper hardware can be acquired High Availability Although disaster recovery strategies address business continuance in the event of a catastrophic disaster, they not address the needs of fault tolerance and system robustness High-availability strategies provide business continuance through the use of fault-tolerant systems, usually by implementing redundant system components such as RAID storage systems or clustered servers Most highly available systems must be available more than 99 percent of the time, meaning that the systems must be able to recover from a number of different component failures One of the most common methods of providing a highly available system is through the use of clustered servers In a server cluster, there are at least two servers that have the same applications and configuration and share access to the same data When the active server in the cluster experiences a fault (such as a failed network adapter or hard drive failure), one of the other servers in the cluster take over and become the active server in order to provide nonstop services One of the issues associated with server clusters is the additional cost of server hardware that is mostly unused while it is waiting for a failure to occur Server virtualization can provide an inexpensive method of implementing server clusters by using virtual machines in a cluster Virtual machines can be clustered with other virtual machines or other physical servers Using virtual machines in server clusters works well with server consolidation While the primary server in the cluster is active, the secondary server, a virtual machine, will usually consume very few resources, allowing it to be placed on a host server along with other servers If the primary server in a server cluster is also a virtual machine, Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 51 3/31/2006 10:55:12 AM 52 Advanced Server Virtualization it should be placed on a separate physical host server in order to maximize the cluster’s uptime Adaptive Computing Another area where server virtualization provides business value is in adaptive computing Adaptive computing consists of server systems that have the ability to autonomously reconfigure themselves to address changing requirements Adaptive computing is also referred to as autonomous computing, grid computing, on-demand computing, or utility computing On-demand computing as referred to in this book is different from adaptive computing Server virtualization can work well with adaptive computing initiatives because of the ease of virtual machine provisioning For example, consider a bank of Web application servers in a load balanced cluster The Web application utilization rises and the overall performance of the application decreases The system then allocates resources on a virtualization host server on which it creates two additional virtual machines using the same Web application server image Once the two virtual machines have been created they are booted up and added dynamically to the existing cluster The two additional servers help spread the application’s workload over more computing resources, thus increasing the overall application performance When the application’s utilization falls off, the two additional servers are no longer needed and they are powered off and deleted This type of adaptive computing can be applied to many applications that share a common set of virtualization host server resources on which to dynamically create virtual machines In addition to dynamically responding to needs, adaptive computing systems can have capacity scheduled in order to help optimize computing resource utilization For instance, during the week an application may have five virtual machines on which to perform its work, but over the weekend, three of the virtual machines may be scheduled to be reconfigured to work with a different application to help with back-end processing Adaptive computing scenarios can be achieved with physical hardware, including traditional server and blade servers, but typically at an increased cost and increased level of complexity as compared to using server virtualization On-Demand Computing Virtualization technology easily facilitates on-demand computing systems that can quickly allocate one or more servers to a group of users for a short time and reclaim and reuse those resources once the users’ time has expired or if they have released the resources This type of system is commonly used to provide virtual labs used by system administrators and developers for testing software configurations It is also used to provide virtual training labs within a learning management system, whether it is a physical class or an e-learning system accessed over the Internet Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 52 3/31/2006 10:55:12 AM Business Cases for Server Virtualization 53 Once again, the ease of provisioning virtual machines supports on-demand systems very well, but it is the virtual machine’s ability to discard changes made to their virtual hard disk drives, resetting them to a pristine state, where the most value is gained Building these types of systems without using virtualization is very difficult and expensive Limitations of Server Virtualization Virtualization technology opens the data center to new possibilities that may provide cost savings and new types of functionality, but virtualization does have its limits Not every server or application is well suited to be run in a virtual machine Some applications are highly performance-sensitive, such as databases, data warehousing applications, business intelligence, reporting, and many others These applications usually require multiple processors and massive amounts of memory At the present time, server virtualization platforms support virtual machines with either a single processor or at most dual processors and up to 3.6GB of memory In the near future, these limitations will likely be overcome, although for performance-sensitive applications, it may still not be enough to justify running them as virtual machines This is because virtual machines are not only sharing resources with other virtual machines on the same host server, but because the virtualization platform itself incurs a small amount of overhead that can negatively impact performance-sensitive applications Virtualization technology does not support graphics-intensive applications very well at this time Graphics-intensive applications and games usually require the use of high-performance video cards In the virtual machine, the video card is a virtual device implemented in software and at this time does not support advanced graphics acceleration features Even if the virtual video card device did have support for advanced graphics acceleration, it would invariably place more overhead on the system’s physical processors Much like the problems with graphics-intensive applications, applications requiring specialized hardware cannot be used within a virtual machine Specialized hardware refers to any nonstandard hardware device, commonly PCI cards At the present time, virtualization platforms are generally closed systems and new types of virtual hardware cannot be created by third-parties In the future, this limitation may be overcome, at which time third-parties may have the ability to write their own virtual hardware devices in order to connect specialized physical hardware devices to virtual machines Summary Server virtualization can be used in many ways to help solve business problems Server consolidation can reduce data center costs while enabling the virtualized Marshall_AU3931_C004.indd 53 3/31/2006 10:55:13 AM ... 13 9 13 9 14 0 14 2 14 3 14 9 15 1 15 3 15 4 15 6 15 7 15 7 15 8 15 8 16 0 16 1 11 Creating a Microsoft Virtual Server Virtual Machine 16 3 Preparation ... Marshall_AU39 31_ P0 01. indd 3/ 31/ 2006 11 :14 :45 AM Marshall_AU39 31_ P0 01. indd 3/ 31/ 2006 11 :14 :52 AM Chapter Introduction to Server Virtualization This chapter provides a high-level overview and background of virtualization. .. founded 19 91 CMS Multi-Tasking T i m e 19 91 P/370 19 96 Connectix VPC 1. 0 for MAC 19 98 VMware is founded 19 99 VMware introduces VMware Virtual Platform 2000 VMware GSX Server 1. 0 for Linux and Windows