Tunable lasers handbook phần 1 ppt

HANDBOOK 'TICS AND PHOTONICS t I Tunable Lasers HANDBOOK OPTICS AND PHOTONICS (formerly Quantum Electronics) SERIES EDITORS PAUL E LIAO Bell Communications Research, Inc. Red Bank, New Jersey PAUL L. KELLEY Lincoln Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lexington, Massachusetts IVAN P. KAMINOW AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey A complete list of titles in this series appears at the end of this volume Tunable Lasers ANDBO Edited by F. J. Duarte Eastman Kodak Company Rochesrer, New York ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo Toronto This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright 0 1995 by ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Academic Press, Inc. A Division of Harcourt Brace & Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495 United Kingdom Edition published by Academic Press Limited 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duarte, F. J. (Frank J.) p. Tunable lasers handbook / F. J. Duarte. Includes index. ISBN 0-12-222695-X 1. Tunable lasers. I. Title. 11. Series. cm. - (Optics and photonics series) TA1706.D83 1995 621.36'6-dc20 95-8165 CIP PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 95 96 9798 99 00EB 9 8 7 6 5 4 321 Contents Contributors xi Preface xiii 1. Introduction 1 2. Tunable Laser Complementarity 4 3. GoalofThisBook 5 References 6 and Intracavity Dispersion F. J. Duarte 1. Introduction 9 2. Dispersive Oscillator Configurations 10 vi Contents 3. Physical Dimensions 15 4. Generalized Interference Equation 16 5. Dispersion Linewidth Equation 17 6. Beam Divergence 19 7. Intracavity Dispersion 19 8. Intracavity Multiple-Prism Dispersion and Pulse 9. Transmission Efficiency of Multiple-Prism Compression 23 Arrays 24 Appendix: Dispersion of Multiple-Prism Arrays and 4 x 4 Transfer Matrices References 3 1 10. Wavelength Tuning 26 29 D. G. Harris 1. Introduction 33 2. Excimer Active Media 35 3. Tuning of Discharge and Electron Beam Pumped 4. Discharge Excimer Lasers 53 Excimer Lasers 41 References 59 Charles Freed 1. Introduction 63 2. Vibrational Energy-Level Structive of the CO, Molecule 65 3. Rotational Energy-Level Substructure of the CO, Molecule 69 4. Processes Governing the Excitation of Regular Band Laser Transitions in CO, 5. Additional Characteristics of Regular Band CO, Lasers Transitions 74 6. Lineshape Functions and Broadening Due to Gas Pressure and Doppler Shift in CO, Gas 7. Spectral Purity and Short-Term Stability 79 7 1 76 Con tents vi 8. Long-Term Line-Center Stabilization of CO, Lasers 82 9. Absolute Frequencies of Regular Band Lasing Transitions in Nine CO, Isotopic Species 95 10. Pressure Shifts in Line-Center-Stabilized CO, Lasers 137 1 1. Small-Signal Gain and Saturation Intensity of Regular Band Lasing Transitions in Sealed-off CO, Isotope Lasers 144 12. Laser Design 149 13. Spanning the Frequency Range between Line-Center 14. Spectroscopic Use of CO, Lasers outside Their Stabilized CO, Laser Transitions 154 Fundamental 8.9- to 12.4-pm Wavelength Range References 16 1 159 1. Introduction 167 2. Laser-Pumped Pulsed Dye Lasers 3. Flashlamp-Pumped Dye Lasers 179 4. cw Laser-Pumped Dye Lasers 5. Femtosecond-Pulsed Dye Lasers 191 6. Solid-state Dye Lasers 195 172 184 Appendix of Laser Dyes 200 References 215 Transition Metal Solid-state Lasers Norman P. Barnes 1. Introduction 219 2. Transition Metal and Lanthanide Series Lasers 225 3. Physics of Transition Metal Lasers 4. Cr:A1,0, 246 5. Cr:BeA1,04 251 6. Ti:Al,O, 258 7. Cr:LiCaA1F6 and Cr:LiSrAlF, 263 8. Cr:GSGG, Cr:YSAG, and Cr:GSAG 270 9. Co:MgF,, Ni:MgF,, and VMgF, 18. Wavelength Control Methods 281 232 275 References 288 [...]... 0 5 nm 490-530 nm 565-603 nm 563- 610 nm 565-603 nm 746-9 18 nm 720- 915 nm 670 20 nm @ 780 nm 12 55 -13 35 nm Av 60 MHz 1. 4 GHz 13 8-375 MHz 1. 15 GHz 400-650 MHL 13 8-375 MHz 1. 12 GHz 1. 2 GHze -690 MHz -3 15 MHz -1. 5 GHz G O O MHz 10 kHz 10 0 kHz 1. 2 GHZ' E" 9 Ef{ 6 5 5 3 -10 mJ ~ 9 1 POI [ 21- 2 31 7 4 3 -10 mJ Reference ~ 4 1 POI [2 1- 23] 2 Narrow-tinewidth Laser Oscillators 15 3 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS An important... pp 18 5-238, Academic, New York (19 90) 19 C S Adams and A I Ferguson, Opr Commun 79, 219 (19 90) 20 R Wyatt and W J Devlin, Electron Lett 19 , 11 0 (19 83) 21 P Zorabedian, J Lightwave Technol 10 , 330 (19 92) 22 M W Fleming and A Mooradian, IEEE J Quantum Electron QE -17 ,44 (19 81) 23 K C Harvey and G J Myatt, Opt Lett 16 , 910 (19 91) 24 7 R Loree, K B Butterfield, and D L Barker, Appl Phys Lett 32, 17 1 (19 78)... (dye) Rhodamine 590 Cavity configuration 515 0 MHz 3.3 GHz 1. 8 GHz 308 308 308 10 ,5 91 10,5 91 117 MHL 2.6GHz 10 ,5 91 10,5 91 400-700 MHz 11 40 MHz 10 7 MHz 4mJ 2-5 p J 14 0 mJ 230 m J 200 mJ 85 m J 2.5 GHL 300 MHz Telescopic Telescopic< 600 GI GI GI GI MPL 600 524 600 519 -575 nm 2.5 GHz 420 MHz SI0 490-530 nm 300 MHL 15 0 MHz 1. 61 GHz (continues) TABLE 1 (continued) ~~ Gain medium Rhodamine 590 Coumarin 500... Barnes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introduction 293 Parametric Interactions 297 Parametric Oscillation 3 01 Spectral Bandwidth and Acceptance Angles Birefringence Effects 3 14 Average Power Limitations 3 17 Nonlinear Crystals 3 21 Phase-Matching Calculations 328 Performance 334 Tuning 343 References 345 306 Tunable External-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers Paul Zorabedian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ... and L W Hillman, Eds.), pp 413 418 , Academic, New York (19 90) 1 Introduction 9 D Klick, in Dye Laser Principles (E J Duarte and L W Hillman, Eds.) pp 345 412 , Academic, New York (19 90) 10 W B Grant, Opt Eng 30,40 (19 91) 11 E V Browell, Opt Photon News 2 (10 ), 8 (19 91) 12 L Goldman, in Dye Laser Principles (F J Duarte and L W Hillman, Eds.), pp 419 432, Academic, New York (19 90) 13 E J Duarte and L W Hillman,... Duarte and L W Hillman, Eds.), pp 1- 15, Academic, New York (19 90) 14 P F Moulton,J Opt Soc.Am B 3, 12 5 (19 86) 1. 5 J C Walling, 0 G Peterson H P Jenssen R C Morris, and E W O'Dell IEEE J Quantum Electron QE -16 , 13 02 (19 80) 16 A Fix, T Schroder R Wallenstein, J G Haub, M J Johnson, and B J On, J Opt Soc Am B 10 , 17 44 (19 93) 17 S Benson, private communication, 19 94 18 L Hollberg, in Dye Laser Principles... 29,970 (19 93) 26 F.N Baltakov, B A Barikhin, and L V Sukhanov, JETP Lett 19 , 17 4 (19 74) 27 1 L Bass, R E Bonanno, R P Hackel, and P R Hammond, Appl Opt 33,6993 (19 92) 28 H J Baving, H Muuss, and W Skolaut, Appl Phys B 29, 19 (19 82) 29 A J W Brown and C H Fisher, IEEE J Quantum Electron 29,2. 513 (19 93) 30 M R H Knowles and C E Webb, Opt Lett 18 ,607 (19 93) 31 A Hoffstadt, Opt Lett 19 , 15 23 (19 94) 32... 10 , 16 81 (19 93) 36 A Finch, 6 Chen, W Sleat, and W Sibbett, J Mod Opt 35, 345 (19 88) 37 R L Fork, C H Brito-Cruz, P C Becker, and C V Shank Opt Lett 12 ,483 (19 87) 38 M T Asaki, C P Huang, D Garvey, J Zhou, H C Kapteyn, and M M Murnane, Opt Lett 18 , 977 (19 93) 39 Q Fu G Mak, and H M van Driel, Opt Lett 17 , 10 06 (19 92) 40 F J Duarte, Laser Focus World 27(5), 25 (19 91) 41 F J Duarte, Lasers Optron 10 (5),... broadly tunable sources of coherent radiation is listed in Table 1 The spectral coverage available from cw broadly tunable lasers is given in Table 2 and emission wavelengths available T B E 1 Wavelength Coverage Available from Pulsed Broadly Tunable Sources AL of Coherent Radiation Source Wavelength range Dye lasers 320 -1 200 nmo [ 13 1 Ti3+:A1,03 laser Cr3+:BeAl2O, laser 660-986 nm [ 14 1 7 01- 818 nm [I 51. .. utilitarian aspect, the sense of wonder in tunable lasers extends beyond beauty Tunable Lasers Handbook provides a broad and integrated coverage of the field, including dispersive tunable laser oscillators, tunable excimer lasers, tunable CO, lasers, dye lasers, tunable solid-state lasers, optical parametric oscillators, tunable semiconductor lasers, and free electron lasers In this regard, the set of coherent . 343 References 345 306 Tunable External-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers Paul Zorabedian 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 16 . 17 . 18 . Introduction 349 Semiconductor. p. Tunable lasers handbook / F. J. Duarte. Includes index. ISBN 0 -12 -222695-X 1. Tunable lasers. I. Title. 11 . Series. cm. - (Optics and photonics series) TA1706.D83 19 95 6 21. 36'6-dc20. Femtosecond-Pulsed Dye Lasers 19 1 6. Solid-state Dye Lasers 19 5 17 2 18 4 Appendix of Laser Dyes 200 References 215 Transition Metal Solid-state Lasers Norman P. Barnes 1. Introduction 219 2. Transition