Enabling Technologies for Wireless E-Business phần 7 ppsx

22 9 C ase 3: Distributed Market Places T est Data N umber of physical nodes (machines): 8 N umber of seller agents: 10 N um b er of di str ib ute d mar k et p l aces: 4 C omment s . Refer to F i g. 9.22. W h en t h e num b er of b uyer agents i s not l arge (l ess t h an 50 ) , t h e app li cat i on performance of tup l e space i s not worse t h an t h at of ACL. As we alread y know that, in m e ssa g e passin g , a g ents in o n e co ntain e r se n d their messa g es sequentiall y . In the case of usin g distributed tuple spaces, the a g ents in a container can access the different tuple spaces concurrentl y . This pro - vides real concurrent activities of agent co u plings. When the number of buyer agents exceeds 50, the performance of tuple space becomes worse because more s ync h ron i ze d access to t h e di str ib ute d tup l e spaces bl oc k t h e access i ng processes. D i str ib ute d mar k et p l ace seems to resu l t i n a l ower b rea k po i nt ( from 70 to 50 compare d w i t h centra li ze d mar k et p l ace ) . T hi s may b e attr ib ute d to t h e b e h av i ora l p attern of a g ents in the use of these markets and the actual concurrenc y that is a c hi eved. C ase 4:Grou p Purchase T est D ata N umber of physical nodes (machines): 8 N umber of seller agents: 10 N um b er of di str ib ute d mar k et p l aces: 4 T ota l num b er of b uyer agents: 30 C omment s . Refer to F i g. 9.23. Tup l e space supports agent co ll a b orat i ons more e ff i c i ent ly t h an messa g e pass i n g i n a ll cases o f g roup b u yi n g . W h en t h e g roup s i ze i ncreases, more b u y er a g ents j o in t h e g roup i n b u yi n g . On c e t h e g roup re l at i ons hi p i s esta bli s h e d , commun i cat i on l oa d s b etween a g ents d ecrease as a muc h l ess num- ber of buying transactions are involved. As a result, t h e performance gets better. Moreover, the characteristics of tu p le s p ace (global informat i on sharing, bul k t em p late match, and reactive tu p les) introduced in TSAF seem to have a strong p os i t i ve i mpact on agent co ll a b orat i ons. From t hi s compar i son, t h oug h not very ex h aust i ve, we o b serve t h at us i ng t up l e spaces as t h e coup li n g me di um d oes not pro d uce worse app li cat i on p erformance. In cases w h ere di str ib ute d tup l e spaces ex i st an d a g ents requ i re tigh ter coor di nat i on as i n g roup b u yi n g , tup l e space h as a performance a d van- t a g e over messa g e passin g . However, when heavil y s y nchronized communication i s involved, there is a breakpoint, be y ond which the load increase induce s shar p decline in p erformance due to the associative semantics of the tu p le s p ace. Thi s s h ou ld b e v i ewe d i n li g h t of t h e fact t h at app li cat i on system d eve l opmen t i s re l at i ve l y s i mp l er as TSAF supports features t h at natura ll y occur i n app li cat i ons lik e e- b us i ness. T h e T S AF framewor k w ill b e ma d e ava il a bl e for researc h er s f rom a C oncor di a W e b s i te soon. 9 Mu l t i a g ent Commun i cat i on for e-Bus i ness Us i n g Tup l e Space s 230 F ig . 9.23. Curves of performance i n a g roup purc h ase 9.6 Summary T he use of the a g en t technolo gy in buildin g e-business a pp lications seems to have s evera l a d vantages. In t hi s effort coor di nat i on among mu l t i p l e agents i s t h e centra l i ssue. In t hi s c h apter we h ave promote d t h e ro l e t h at “tup l e spaces” can p l ay i n t h e coor di nat i on an d i nformat i on s h ar i ng among mu l t i p l e agents. Dynam i c re l at i ons amon g t h e ro l es p l a y e d by t h e a g ents an d proact i ve as we ll as react i ve responses can b e we ll supporte d i n a natura l wa y w h en tup l e spaces are use d . T h e a d van- ta g es of s i mp li c i t y an d f l ex ibili t y prov id e d by suc h an a p proac h , we b e li eve, would outwei g h t h e extra overhead that mi g ht occur in certain circumstances as s hown in the case stud y . H . F . Li e t al . 231 References 1 . N. Carr i ero , D. Ge l ernter. L i n d a i n context. Commun i cat i on of t h e ACM , v o l . 32, no. 4, pp. 4 44–458, Apr il 1989 2 . E.A. Ken d a ll . Ro l e mo d e l d es ig ns an d i mp l ementat i ons w i t h aspect-or i ente d programming. In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Object-Oriented Sys- f tems, Lan g ua g es, and Applications, Denv e r, Colorado, United States, 1999, pp . 353–369 3 . F IPA-1. Publicly Available Imple m entations of FIPA S p ecifications: h ttp://www.fipa.org / 4 . D . Gelernter. Generative communication in Linda. ACM Transactions on P rogramm i ng Languages an d Systems ( TOPL A S) , vo l . 7, p p . 80 – 112, 198 5 5 . G . G i rar d, H.F. L i . Eva l uat i on of t w o opt i m i ze d protoco l s for sequent i a l consistenc y . In Proceedin g s of the 32nd Annual Hawaii International Con - ference on S y stem Sciences, Januar y 1999 6 . G. Cabri, L. Leonardi, and F. Zambonell i . MARS: A pro g rammable coordi- n ation architecture for mobile agents. Internet Computing, vol. 4, no. 4, pp . 26 – 3 5, 2000 7 . Rowstron. WCL: A co-o r d ination language for g e ographically distributed agents. Wor ld W id e We b Journa l , v o l . 1, no. 3, 1998, pp. 167–179 8 . J avaSpaces: h ttp: // www.c d egroot.com / cg i - bi n /ji n i/ JavaSpace JADE, h ttp: // sh aron.cse l t. i t / pro j ects /j a d e / 9 . J . Sn y der, R. Menezes. Usin g lo g ical operators as an extended coordination mechanism in Linda. In Proceedin g s o f Coordination 2002, York, En g land, A p ril 2002 1 0 . F IPA-2. Interaction Protocol Specifications: http://www.fipa.org/repository/ ip s. p h p 3 1 1 . Y. Li. Reactive tuple space for a mobile agent platform. Master Thesis, Dept. of Computer Sc i ence, Concor di a Un i vers i ty, Montrea l , 2004 12. G. R i massa. Runt i me support for di s tr ib ute d mu l t i -agent systems, P h .D. Th es i s, Un i vers i ty of Parma, January 2003 1 3 . Y. Z h an g . A tup l e space b ase d a g ent pro g ramm i n g framewor k . Master T h es i s, Dept. of Computer Sc i ence, Concor di a Un i vers i t y , Montrea l , 2004 1 4 . H.A. Mallot. Behavior-oriented a pp roaches to cognition: Theoretical per- s pectives, Theory in Biosciences. V o l . 116, 1997, pp . 196–220 1 5 . G. Wagner. A Logical and Operational M odel of Scalable Knowledge-and P ercept i on-Base d Agent. In Procee di ngs Sevent h European Wor k s h op on M o d e li ng Autonomous Agents i n a Mu l t i -Agent Wor l d : Agents Brea ki ng Away, E i n h oven, T h e Net h er la nd s, 1996, pp. 26–41 1 6 . G . C a b r i . Ro l e- b ase d i nfrastructures fo r a g ents. E igh t h IEEE Wor k s h op on Future Tren d s D i str ib ute d Comput i n g S y stem, Bo l o g na, Ita ly , 31 Octo b er–2 Nove m be r 2001 1 7. T. Dierks, C. Allen (1999) The TLS pr o tocol version 1.0. htt p ://www. ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt 18 . J. Schiller (2000) Mobile Communications. Addison-Wesley, New York. 9 Mu l t i agent Commun i cat i on for e-Bus i ness Us i ng Tup l e Space s 2 32 19. U. Hansmann, et al. (2001) Pervasive Computin g Handbook. Sprin g er, B erlin Heidelberg New York 2 0. C. Sharma (2001) Wireless Internet Enterprise Applications. Wiley, New Yor k 2 1. Y.B. Lin, I. Chlamtac ( 2001 ) W i r eless and Mobile Network Architectures. Wil ey, New Yor k 2 2. Dornan ( 2001 ) T h e Esse n ti a l G u id e to Wi re l ess Co mmun i cat i ons App li ca - t i ons. Prent i ce-Ha ll, New Yor k H . F . Li e t al . 10 Mobile Payment Y . Liu * , X. Cao * , and L. Dang * * I SN Nat i ona l Key La b , X idi an Un i vers i ty, P.R. C hi na 10.1 Introduction Mobile payment is defined as “paying for goods or services with a mobile device s uch as a phone, personal digital assistan t ( PDA ) , or other such device [1].” Mobile p ayment is the next innovative step in the business world; it can be used in a vari- e ty of b us i ness s i tuat i ons. T h e user se l ects to ma k e a mo bil e payment, b y connect - i ng to a server v i a t h e mo bil e d ev i ce to execute aut h or i zat i on an d aut h ent i cat i on , an d i s presente d w i t h conf i rmat i on i f t h e transact i on i s comp l ete d . Mobile payment is regarded as the next big innovation th t a t w ill e nhan ce e xi s t - i n g e-commerce and m-commerce efforts to unleash the p otentials of mobile busi - ness. Mobile pa y ment has been dramaticall y developin g in recent y ears, and although it is still considered to be fairly new, it brings great promise and hope to the mobile industry. In t hi s c h apter, we di scuss t h e c h aracter i st i cs of mo bil e payment, t h e mo bil e p ayment agents, an d t h e secur i ty for mo bil e payment. 10.2 Characteristics 1 0.2.1 Various Methods For mo bil e pa y ment, t h e mo bil e d ev i ces i nc l u d e mo bil e p h one, ta bl et PC, PDA, and any mobile payment terminal or device. t M o bil e te l ecommun i cat i ons cont i nue to b e un b e li eva bly successfu l , w i t h est i- mati o n s o f ar ou n d o n e b illi o n m ob il e subsc ri be r s at th e e n d o f 2002 . Th e success of NTT DoCoMo’s i-mode service in Ja p an, which c u rrentl y has 34 million data s ubscribers, exem p lifies the desire for pe r suasive mobile data services. In Euro p e, the uptake of short messaging (SMS) has d emonstrated the huge demand for non - voice services. According to the GSM A s sociation, there were o ver 30 billion SMS messages sent in 2001. In 2004 , i t was est i mate d t h at 60 m illi on mo bil e payment users generate d sa l es of US $50 billion , accor d ing to Celent, a fina ncial services research and consulting a a fi rm. A j o i nt survey b y Vi sa Internat i ona l an d Boston Consu l t i ng pre di cte d t h a t combined e-commerce and m-commerce volumes g rew from US $38 billion in 2 002 to US $128 billion in 2004. 2 3 4 As more refined devices are develo p ed, new a p p lications are risin g to benefi t f rom the new color screens, keyboards, an d longer battery life. These new applica - tions include enhanced messaging (EMS) and multimedia messaging (MMS), which enable the downloading of images, streaming video, and data files. Also, t h e propose d Fe d era l Commun i cat i on Comm i ss i o n’s di rect i ve man d at i ng t h e a ddi - t i on of g l o b a l pos i t i on i ng ( GPS ) i n mo bi l e p h ones w ill ena bl e l ocat i on- b ase d m-commerce. M eanwhile, there is further enthusias m s urroundin g proxim i t y pa y ments, a method of sendin g data between devices w i thin a certain ran g e with no ph y sical co nta c t . Th e r e ar e a n u m be r o f w ir e l e ss technolo g ies and standards that will e nable consumers to send transaction data from a mobile device to a p oint of sale terminal without manually swi p ing a card through a r eader. These include: • B l uetoot h • 802.11 • Infrar ed • RFID and contactless chi p M obile pa y ments are extensive and can v a ry , and are determined b y re g ional d iff e r e n ces an d in d i v i du al m a rket d y namics. For example: • In Japan, t h e success of mo bil e Internet serv i ces can b e attr ib ute d to a hi g h p opu l at i on d ens i ty i n c i t i es, l ong tra n sportat i on t i mes, consumer comfort wi t h sma ll e l ectron i c d ev i ces , an d t h e l a ck o f a f i x ed - li n e Int e rn e t i nfra- s tr uc t u r e. • In Europe, prepa id p h one serv i ces are popu l ar. • In individual markets in Asia Pacific, Euro p e, and the USA, there is a drive to implement proximity payments in places such as road tolling, fast foo d drive-through, and service stations. Desp i te t h ese reg i ona l di fferences, th ere i s a s h are d requ i rement for payment to b e secure an d easy to use. 1 0.2.2 S tan d ar di zat io n Pu bli c concerns re l at i ng to secur i ty, pr i v acy, an d fac il e use of t h e system are restr i ct i n g t h e g rowt h of mo bil e pa y men t . R ese ar ch fr o m F o rr est e r R ese ar ch i n di- cates t h at over h a l f of surve y e d consumers cons id er cre di t car d secur i t y to b e t h e ma j or i n hibi tor to t h e g rowt h of m-comm e rce. T h e c h a ll en g e for t h e mo bil e an d the pa y ment industr y is to convince the ma j orit y of consumers to embrace mobile p a y ments b y addressin g these concerns . For exam p le, Forrester also indicated that fewer than 15% of consumers feel comp l ete l y comforta bl e sen di ng t h e i r payment car d d eta il s over mo bil e networ k s an d over 65% c l a i m to b e “averse” to sen di ng conf id ent i a l i nformat i on. If t h e i n d us- tr y tac kl es t hi s concern to ensure t h at b ot h t h e actua l secur i t y an d perce i ve d secur i t y are stron g , t h en t h e potent i a l of mo bil e pa y ments w ill b e more rea dily accepte d . T he r e ar e a lso a n u m be r o f o t he r t ech n ic a l issues t o be ove r co m e. T hese i n clude providing standards that are mutually developed, agreed upon, and supported by y mobile operators, merchants, pa y men t associations, and financial in s tit u ti o n s. Y. L iu e t a l. 10 Mo bil e Paymen t 23 5 Mobile pa y ments, whether e xecuted via a mobile network or a proximit y -base d p rotocol, must be subject to the same level of standardization that governs pay- ment cards such as credit cards, in order to be p erceived as familiar and secure. Attempts to introduce proprietary payment schemes in addition to the existing array of networ k s, d ev i ces, an d operat i ng systems, can b e confus i ng an d di ff i cu l t, w hi c h can u l t i mate l y hi n d er growt h . Th e four ma i n part i es i nvo l ve d i n a mo bil e paym e nt transact i on – t h e user , network o p erator, finan c i al institution, and merchant – share man y of the same concerns that need to be addressed b y a mobile pa y ment standards’ bod y . How- e ver, not all these concerns are g iven equal wei g ht b y each part y . For example: • C onsumers are mostly concerned with security, ease of use, and privacy. T hey also require any paymen t scheme to wor k across multi p le devices, i nc l u di ng mo bil e p h ones, PDAs, w i re l ess ta bl ets, an d h an dh e ld computers. • M o bil e operators’ p r i nc i pa l concerns revo l ve ar ou n d s tan d ar di zat io n an d i nteropera bili t y . Operators wa n t pa y ment to b e seam l ess, a ll ow i n g t h em to com p ete on services and a pp lications. • Financial institutions, mea n while, are primaril y concerned with ensurin g the inte g rit y of the pa y ment s y stem and reducin g the risk of fraud. • M erc h ants o r content prov id ers want t h e payment process to b e transparent to t h e user, as t hi s encourages greater usage an d/ or propens i ty to comp l ete a purc h ase. T h ey a l so want any pa y ment sc h eme to fac ili tate sw i ft an d eas y comp l et i on to ensure t h e y g et pa id on t i me. Bes id es t h e four part i es i nvo l ve d i n an y gi ven pa y ment car d transact i on, a net- work is also an inte g ral part of the transaction flow ( see Fi g . 10.1). The issue r p rovides the user with the abilit y to make pa y ments b y providin g a credit link or a direct link to a checkin g or savings account. The validity of the user’s payment f credentials is contained on the p iece of p lastic in the form of an account number, hologram, and expiration date. Further payment credentials are encoded in the card’s magnetic strip or chip. Once the transaction is initiated, the merchant requ i res transact i on cre d ent i a l s from t h e user i n t h e form of a s ig nature or PIN, an d t hi s i s ver i f i e d a g a i nst i nfor m a t i on store d centra lly at t h e user’s i ssuer. Fig. 10.1 . T h e four part i es of mo bil e payment C onsumer M erchan t I ssuer A cqu i rer Bill T ransaction Credentials T ransact i on D eta il s F un d s Bill T ransaction C redentials F un d s T ransact i on C redential s 236 Once the transaction is com p lete, the funds are transferred from the issuer to the ac q uirer to the merchant, and the car d h older is billed for t h e goods purchased. In the mobile environment, the transact i on dynamics are similar, although the f orm of factor that contain s the transaction credentials is different. In addition, in t h e case of remote payments, t h e transport of payment d eta il s w ill i nvo l ve a mo bil e networ k operator an d use e i t h er a b rowser- b ase d protoco l , suc h as WAP o r HTML, or a messag i ng system, suc h as SMS or unstructure d supp l ementary ser- vice data (USSD). Alternativel y , t h e transport of pa y ment details could be vi a Bluetooth, infrared, RFID, or contactless chi p in the case of proximit y pa y ments. In order to understand the challen g es facin g mobile pa y ments, it is important to e x p lore the user ex p erience within the card transaction flow described earlier. For the user, the card transaction contains four concurrent ste p s: Set-up an d con f i g uration. The first phase of the pa y ment lifec y cle is the conf i gurat i on of t h e payment mec h an i sm. In t h e mo bil e payment env i ronment t hi s could be the installation of an applet or a pplication on a mobile device, such as a a a mo bil e wa ll et , or t h e i ssuance o f a new mo bil e d ev i ce an d/ or new S IM car d . T h e s et-up and configuration of the payment instrument usually takes place only once. P ayment initiatio n . P ayment i n i t i at i on for mo bil e payments w ill i nvo l ve transferr i ng payment i nformat i on ( PI ) over a networ k or w i re l ess protoco l to t h e merchant. The Mobile Payment Forum (MPF) i s considering the requirements fo r f orm fill standards, and developing best practices with regard to the transmission of PI and device wallet requirements [2]. Authentication. T he authentication of the user is one of the most im p ortan t e lements of an y pa y ment transaction. The MPF is l ookin g at two-wa y messa g in g authentication and SAT ( SIM A lliance/A pp lication Toolkit) authentication app li cat i ons. In t h e case of two-wa y m e s sa gi n g , t hi s i nvo l ves d ef i n i n g a un i versa l i nterface for request i n g an aut h or i zat i on. SAT aut h ent i cat i on stan d ar di zat i on i nc l u d es d ef i n i n g a set of m i n i mum requ i rements for aut h ent i cat i n g t h e user b ase d on t h e S IM on a GS M h an d set. P a y ment comp l etion. T hi s process ta k es p l ace once t h e car dh o ld er’s d eta il s h ave bee n a u t he nt ic at ed an d t he tran s a c t io n is a u t ho r i ze d . In t h e p hy s i ca l wor ld t hi s i nvo l ves t h e pr i nt i ng of a rece i pt as conf i rmat i on of fun d s transferre d . In t h e mo bil e env i ronment, t h e MPF i s l oo ki ng at t h e format an d storage of di g i ta l rece i pts as we ll as re di rect i on mec h an i sms. 10.3 Agents 10 . 3 .1 Automate Electronic Transactions In rea l li fe, peop l e can turn to a few a g ents or a g enc i es for b u yi n g a i r t i c k ets an d note b oo k s, rent i ng or b uy i ng a h ouse, or even s h opp in g for grocer i es. T h ey can Y . L iu e t a l. 10 Mo bil e Pa y ment 23 7 choose a satisfactor y one from multiple p r ovided p lans. Similarl y , the introduction of autonomous agents acting on behalf of end consumers could reduce the effort f re q uired from users to conduct e-commerce transactions by automating a variety of activities: looking for an d filtering online shops selling the s p ecified p roducts, as ki ng offers, negot i at i ng w i t h s h ops, an d even comp l et i ng transact i ons. Mo bil e software agents are programs t h at act on b e h a l f of a user or anot h er program an d , for a spec i f i e d m i ss i on, are a bl e to m i grate from h ost to h ost on a network. Com p ared to the conventional client–server paradi g m, mobile a g ents p rovide fast and efficient interaction with a remote service, and save network b an dw i d th . Numerous a pp lications could benefit f r o m mobile agent technology, such as Internet information retrieval and network m a nagement. H owever, the greates t potent i a l for mo bil e ag e nts h as b een e-commerce app li cat i ons i n w hi c h t h e agents a utomate an d fac ili tate t h e p h ases of b ro k e ri ng, negot i at i on, payment, an d d e li very o f a transact i on. Agents are now b e i ng use d to furt h er automate t h e purc h ase processes . In the brokerin g phase, an a g ent roams the Web, evaluates available products, a nd decides what to bu y and from whom to bu y , based on a purchaser’s require- m ents and preferences. In the next phase, agents could negotiate deals auto - nomously according to a set o f user constraints and strategic guidelines. In the payment and delivery phase, an agent may automatically fill out a form to place an o r d er, process t h e or d er, an d trac k t h e s hi p m ent of t h e pro d uct. So far, t h e f i na l serv i ce an d eva l uat i on p h ase i s t h e area l east exp l ore d for mo bil e agent app li ca- ti ons. Nevert h e l ess, mo bil e agents may f i n d a prom i s i ng future i n t hi s p h ase. 10.3.2 Accounting Architecture for Agent Frameworks T o id ent i f y t h e part i c i pat i n g a g ents l et us ta k e a l oo k at a convent i ona l transact i on. For examp l e, y ou b u y a mea l at y our favor i te restaurant. Two part i es are o b v i ous: y ou, t h e pa yi n g customer, an d t h e se lli n g restaurant owne r . T h e t hi r d part y i n t h e i nteraction is a bankin g service that provides the g uarantee for the pa y ment used. When pa y in g cash this is the central bank of a countr y that g uarantees the value of y our bank notes; for credit card pa y ment this is the credit card compan y ; and when p ay i ng b y c h ec k t hi s w ill b e t h e b an k t h at i ssue d t h e c h ec k . E i t h er way t h ere i s a l ways a t hi r d party i nvo l ve d t h at b ot h part i es m u st recogn i ze an d trust. T hi s means t h at w i t hi n t h e a g ent framewor k t h r ee i n d epen d ent components are nee d e d . One for t h e prov id er, one for t h e customer, an d a t hi r d t h at represents a b an ki n g se r vice. • T he service a g ent represents the business side and deals with requests from th e ou t s i de. It h o l ds th e inf o rmati o n a b out the pricin g o f offered g oods and available subscri p tions to its services. • Th e account i ng agent can b e t h e b an k w i t hi n t h e system. It k eeps trac k o f t h e payments ma d e towar d t h e serv i ce prov id ers. It w ill a l so not i fy t h em wh en a transact i on i n t h e i r favor h as b een b oo k e d . 238 • An a g ent within the s y stem is a ssociated with the customer. It kee p s the user’s p references abou t h andling payments for the requested services. It will typically be a companion of the user’s personal assistant; however, f t hi s i s not str i ct l y necessary an d t h erefore t h e persona l ass i stant i s not con- sid ere d part of t h e account i ng system. T hi s a l so h e l ps m i n i m i ze a dj ust - ments in existin g person a l assistants and g reatl y enha n c es the reusabilit y o f the accountin g s y stem. So far only the components of the s ystem have been described. What is essen - tial, though, is the inte r action of those com p onents. The main interaction of the s ystem is issuing a request to the service agent. Therefore, we shall have a close r l oo k i nto thi s i nteract i on. A ll t h ree part i es cooperat i ng i n a purc h ase nee d contro l over t h e transact i on. In p art i cu l ar ever y s i n gl e a g e n t n eeds so m e so rt o f veto capa bili t y to be a bl e to stop t he tran s a c t io n . A c i rcu l ar i nformat i on pro c ess i n g pat h b ecomes apparent: Cons id er a s h op - p ing trip with your credit card. First you will ask the clerk for whatever you want to buy. He will then tell you the price and you can choose you think it is appropriate. If it is, you will hand him your credit card and he will try to get the conformat i on from your car d company t h at t hi s transact i on i s va lid an d b oo k e d . Un l ess you h ave excee d e d your li m i t, t h e c l er k w ill get t hi s ver i f i cat i on an d h an d you your merc h an di se. F ig ure 10.2 s h ows t h e s i mp li f i e d o bj ect mo d e l w i t h a ddi t i ona l i nformat i on a b out i nformat i on f l ow. Steps 1–5 d ef i ne t he n o rma l f low o f i nf o rmat io n f o r a “serv i ce” use case. T h at i s, i f t h e request i s comp l ete d an d carr i e d out – t h e pr i mar y sce nari o. In step number 1 the user a g ent ( c u stomer) issues a request for service b y con - tactin g the respective service a g en t . The service a g ent will then send a pa y ment request to t h e user agent ( step 2 ) , w hi c h i n turn f o r war d s t hi s request to i ts account i ng agent ( step 3 ) . After t h e transact i o n i s b oo k e d t h e serv i ce agent i s i nforme d ( step 4 ) . F i na ll y t h e serv i ce i s carr i e d out ( step 5 ) . One must note t h a t t h e act i ons of contact i n g t h e serv i ce prov id er an d g ett i n g t h e resu l ts h ave no num - b ers i n t hi s sequence. T hi s i s d ue t o t h e fact t h at t h e y can i n d ee d h appen at j ust about an y time d e s ir ed. A c l ose r l oo k r eve al s ar e t wo c a ses that ar e o f int e r es t : • T he request (e. g ., a quer y to a datab a se) is ver y cost int e n s i ve. Th e se r v i ce a g ent then will not start the actual r e q uest to the p rovider until the ex p enses f or i t are covere d . In t hi s case t h e r e q uest to t h e prov id er w ill h appen afte r th e account agent h as not i f i e d t h e serv i ce agent of t h e comp l ete d transac - ti on (i mme di ate l y b efore step 5 ) . T h i s l azy eva l uat i on i s a l ways t h e pre- f erre d opt i on by t h e prov id er s i nce operat i n g costs are k ept to a m i n i mum. • Th e resu l ts of t h e quer y m igh t b e nee de d , h owever, to ca l cu l ate t h e pr i ce f or t hi s request. T hi s app li es for a ll pr i c i n g mo d e l s t h at use “per hi t” as a f actor. In this case the entire request has to be carried out b y the time the p a y ment request to the user a g ent is issued (between steps 1 and 2). Y. L i u et a l . [...]... application for SMS It enables people to chat, t communicate, and discuss by means of short messages Commercial chat services will let participants select the message sender Chat can be distinguished from general information services because the source of the information is a person, whereas it tends to be from an Internet site for information services • Information service is to deliver a wide range of information... task, and any mobile payment system should undergo careful examination before it is put into practice 10.4.2 Infrastructure Wireless Wide Area Network and Security Mobile payment is often performed on handset devices and messages are transmitted via wireless networks, thus cellular wireless network is one of the most important technologies Cellular system users can conduct m-commerce operations through... or a wireless protocol, it initiates a payment and exchanges information with the intended merchant The secure requirements include the requirements for form fill standards and developing best practices with regard to the transmission of PI and device-wallet requirements Authentication For any secure protocol including mobile authenticity of payment, authentication is of paramount importance for it... Requirements) OMA-MMS Conformance Document OMA-MMS-ARCH (Architecture) 3GPP TS 26.140 3GPP TS 23.140 3GPP TS 32.235 (Media Formats and Codes) (Stage 2, Arc Info Flow, Service Behav.) (Charging Data for MMS) OMA-MMS-CTR OMA-MMS-ENC 3GPP TS 23.140 3GPP TS 23.140 (Protocal Bindings: Client Transactions) (Stage 3, Formats: Message Encapsulation ) (Stage 3, MM4 - Protocol Bindings & Formats) (Stage 3, MM7 - Protocol... Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Technology, 0 -76 95-2098 -7/ 04 $20.00, 2004 S Fonseca, M Griss, and R Letsinger, Software Technology Laboratory, HP Laboratories Palo Alto, An Agent-Mediated E-Commerce Environment for the Mobile Shopper, HPL-2001-1 57, 21 June 2001 R Rockinger, and H Baumeister, Institut fur Informatik Universitat Munchen, BABSy: Basic Agent Framework Billing System... Chinese SMS market is expected to be 76 .5% for 2004, 50% for 2005, and 22.2% for 2006 [3] 11.2.2 Business Model and Applications The commercial success of SMS comes from both its wide deployment by operators/mobiles and its universally accepted billing model The standard SMS billing model is pay-per-message that occurs among operators and mobile phone users, especially for peer-to-peer communication To... stands for interface agent, TA for task agent, and OIA for other intelligent agent Fig 10.3 System architecture There are two types of intelligent agents in the system: interface agent (IA) and task agent (TA) IAs interact with the user by delivering results and receiving specifications They obtain user preferences to perform system collaboration to m help facilitate the user’s tasks TAs help users perform... y UDHL TP-User-Data IEa (1 byte) IEI IEDL (1 byte) (1 byte) IEb IEx Padding SM (text by 7 bits, 8 bits or 16 bits encoding) IED Information-Element-Identifier: IEI-Length: Element type, e.g Text Formatting, RFC 822 E-Mail Header, Predifined Sound Length Indicator, in bytes Information-Element-Data: Element information Fig 11.4 Structure of SMS-DELIVER TPDU 11.2.5 Deployment of MS Today, all mobile... shows its recent growth The research group, IDC, expects the strong growth in camera phones to help drive a strong growth in MMS subscribers IDC forecasts a 178 % compound annual growth rate through 20 07 in the number of wireless MMS subscribers, reaching 67 million MMS subscribers with camera phones and 29 million MMS subscribers without camera phones Some analyses [11] show that the overall messaging... mechanism Security of PKI and WPKI Public key infrastructure (PKI) is an integrated secure platform based on asymmetric encryption, its combination with wireless network technology leads to the wireless PKI (WPKI) WPKI optimizes the traditional PKI and applies it to the wireless environment The optimization includes the format of certificate and the adoption of ECC rather than traditional RSA, which improves . via a network or a wireless protocol, it initiates a payme n t and exchanges information with the i ntended merchant. The secure re q uirements include the re q uirements for form fill standards. pro g rammable coordi- n ation architecture for mobile agents. Internet Computing, vol. 4, no. 4, pp . 26 – 3 5, 2000 7 . Rowstron. WCL: A co-o r d ination language for g e ographically distributed. Reactive tuple space for a mobile agent platform. Master Thesis, Dept. of Computer Sc i ence, Concor di a Un i vers i ty, Montrea l , 2004 12. G. R i massa. Runt i me support for di s tr ib ute d