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TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® WIRELESS NETWORK DEPLOYMENTS THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE WIRELESS NETWORK DEPLOYMENTS edited by Rajamani Ganesh GTE Laboratories Kaveh Pahlavan Worcester Polytechnic Institute KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW eBook ISBN: 0-306-47331-3 Print ISBN: 0-792-37902-0 ©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow All rights reserved No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher Created in the United States of America Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com Contents Preface vii PART I: OVERVIEW AND ISSUES IN DEPLOYMENTS 1. Science, Engineering and Art of Cellular Network Deployment 3 SALEH FARUQUE; Metricom Inc. 2. Comparision of Polarization and Space Diversity in Operational Cellular and PCS Systems 23 JAY A WEITZEN, MARK S. WALLACE; NextWave Telecom 3. Use of Smart Antennas to Increase Capacity in Cellular and PCS Networks 39 MICHAEL A. ZHAO, YONGHAI GU, SCOT D. GORDON, MARTIN J. FEUERSTEIN; Metawave Communications Corp. PART II: DEPLOYMENT OF CDMA BASED NETWORKS 4. Optimization of Dual Mode CDMA/AMPS Networks 59 VINCENT O’BYRNE; GTE Service Corporation HARIS STELLAKIS, RAJAMANI GANESH; GTE Laboratories 5. Microcell Engineering in CDMA Networks 83 JIN YANG; Vodafone AirTouch Plc 6. Intermodulation Distortion in IS-95 CDMA Handset Transceivers 99 STEVEN D. GRAY AND GIRIDHAR D. MANDYAM; Nokia Research Center vi PART III: DEPLOYMENT OF TDMA BASED NETWORKS 7. Hierarchical TDMA Cellular Network With Distributed Coverage For High Traffic Capacity 131 JÉRÔME BROUET, VINOD KUMAR; Alcatel Corporate Reasearch Center ARMELLE WAUTIER; Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité 8. Traffic Analysis of Partially Overlaid AMPS/ANSI-136 Systems 153 R.RAMÉSH, KUMAR BALACHANDRAN; Ericsson Research 9. Practical Deployment of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks for capacity enhancement 173 ANWAR BAJWA; Camber Systemics Limited PART IV: DEPLOYMENT OF WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS 10. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 197 HAKAN INANOGLU; Opuswave Networks Inc. JOHN REECE, MURAT BILGIC; Omnipoint Technologies Inc. 11. Wireless LAN Deployments: An Overview 215 CRAIG J. MATHIAS; Farpoint Group 12. Wireless LANs Network Deployment in Practice 235 ANAND R. PRASAD, ALBERT EIKELENBOOM, HENRI MOELARD, AD KAMERMAN, NEELI PRASAD; Lucent Technologies Contributors 255 About the Editors 265 Index 267 PREFACE During the past decade, the wireless telecommunication industry’s pre- dominant source of income was cellular telephone service. At the start of the new millennium, data services are being perceived as complementing this prosperity. The cellular telephone market has grown exponentially during the past decade, and numerous companies in fierce competition to gain a portion of this growing market have invested heavily to deploy cellular networks. The main investment for deployment of a cellular network is the cost of the infrastructure, which includes the equipment, property, installation, and links connecting the Base Stations (BS). A cellular service provider has to develop a reasonable deployment plan that has a sound financial structure. The overall cost of deployment is proportional to the number of BS sites, and the income derived from the service is proportional to the number of subscribers, which grows in time. Service providers typically start their operation with a minimum number of sites requiring the least initial investment. As the number of subscribers grows, generating a source of income for the service provider, the investment in the infrastructure is increased to improve the service and capacity of the network to accept additional subscribers. A number of techniques have evolved to support the growth and expansion of cellular networks. These techniques involve methodologies to increase reuse efficiency, capacity, and coverage while maintaining the target quality of service (QoS) available to the subscriber. Most of the available literature on wireless networks focusses on wireless access techniques, modem design technologies, radio propagation modeling, and design of efficient protocols for reliable wireless communications. These issues are related to the efficiency of the air interface to optimize the usage viii of the available bandwidth and to minimize the consumption of power, consequently extending the lifetime of the batteries. An important aspect of wireless networks that has not received adequate attention is the deployment of the infrastructure. Most textbooks discuss the abstract mathematics employed in determining frequency reuse factors or the methodologies used in predicting radio propagation to determine the coverage of a radio system. The real issues faced in network deployments, which limit the theoretical capacity, coverage, voice quality, etc., or performance enhancements that take into account the current infrastructure, are not treated adequately. The objective of this book is to address this gap. To visualize the complexity of a “green field” or an “overlay” deployment, one should first realize that (1) a wireless service provider’s largest investment is the cost of the physical site location (antenna, property, and maintenance), and (2) the deployment is an evolutionary process. The service provider starts with an available and potentially promising technology and a minimum number of sites to provide basic coverage to high-traffic areas. To support an increasing number of subscribers, a demand for increased capacity and better quality of service, the service provider also explores use of more sophisticated antennas (sectored or smart), use of more efficient wireless access methods (TDMA or CDMA), and increasing the number of deployed sites and carriers. As a result, in addition to supporting the continual growth of user traffic with time, the service provider needs to be concerned about the impact of changes in the antenna, access technique, or number of sites on the overall efficiency and return on investment of the deployed network. All major service providers have a group or a division equipped with sophisticated and expensive deployment tools and measurement apparatus to cope with these continual enhancements made in the overall structure of the network. In this book, we have invited a number of experts to write on a variety of topics associated with deployment of digital wireless networks. We have divided these topics into four categories, each constituting a part of the book. The first part, consisting of three chapters, provides an overview of deployment issues. Saleh Faruque of Metricom provides a step-by-step process for system design and engineering integration required in various stages of deployment. Jay Weitzen and Mark Wallace of NextWave Telecom address and compare the issues related to deployment of polarization diversity antenna systems with deployment of the classic two-antenna space diversity system. Michael Zhao, Yonghai Gu, Scott Gordon, and Martin Feuerstein of Metawave Communications Corp. examine the performance of deploying smart antenna architectures in cellular and PCS networks. ix The next three parts of the book cover issues involved in deployment of CDMA, TDMA, and Wireless Data networks. The three chapters in Part II concern deployment of CDMA networks based on the IS-95 standard. Part II begins with a chapter by Vincent O’Byrne, Haris Stellakis, and Rajamani Ganesh of GTE that addresses the complex optimization of dual mode CDMA networks deployed in an overlaid manner over the legacy analog AMPS system. The second chapter, by Jin Yang of Vodafone AirTouch, discusses issues related to embedding a microcell to improve hot-spot capacity and dead-spot coverage in an existing macrocellular CDMA network. The last chapter in Part II, by Steven Gray and Giridhar Mandyam of Nokia Research Center in Texas, addresses detection and mitigation of intermodulation distortion in CDMA handset transceivers. Part III deals with issues found in deployment of TDMA based networks. The first chapter, by Jerome Brouet, Vinod Kumar, and Armelle Wautier of Alcatel and Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité in France, develops the principle of hierarchical systems to meet the traffic demand in high density hot-spots and compares this technique with conventional methods used to enhance the capacity of TDMA networks. The second chapter in Part III, by R. Ramesh and Kumar Balachandran of Ericsson, derives a strategy to maximize the number of ANSI-136 users supported for a given number of AMPS users and considers reconfigurable transceivers at the base station to increase traffic capacity in a dual mode ANSI-136/AMPS network. The last chapter in Part III, by Anwar Bajwa of Camber Systemics Limited in UK, addresses the practical deployment of the frequency hopping feature in GSM networks to realize increased capacity with marginal degradation in QoS. The final part, Part IV, of this book is devoted to Wireless Data Networks. Wireless data services are divided into (1) mobile data services, providing low data rates (up to a few hundered Kbps) with comprehensive coverage comparable to that of cellular telephones; and (2) Wireless LANs, providing high data rates (more than 1 Mbps) for local coverage and in-building applications. In the first chapter of Part IV, Hakan Inanoglu of Opuswave Network and John Reece and Murat Bilgic of Omnipoint Technologies Inc. discuss fixed deployment considerations of General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) as an upgrade to currently deployed networks and identify system performance for slow-moving and stationary terminal units. The last two chapters deal with deployment of wireless LANs (WLANs). Craig Mathias of Farpoint Group provides an overview of wireless LANs and talks about deployment issues related to placement of access points and interference management. The last chapter, by Anand Prasad, Albert Eikelenboom, Henri Moelard, Ad Kamerman and Neeli Prasad of Lucent Technogies in The [...]... 4 Chapter 1 1 INTRODUCTION The generic cellular communication system, shown in Fig.l, is an integrated network comprising a land base wire line telephone network and a composite wired -wireless network The land base network is the traditional telephone system in which all telephone subscribers are connected to a central switching network, commonly known as PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) It... deploying an IEEE 802 .11 based WLAN We graciously thank all the authors for their contributions and their help with this book, and we hope our readers will find the book’s content both unique and beneficial Rajamani Ganesh TE AM FL Y Kaveh Pahlavan Team- Fly PART I OVERVIEW AND ISSUES IN DEPLOYMENTS This page intentionally left blank Chapter 1 SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND ART OF CELLULAR NETWORK DEPLOYMENT... the available channels into 21 frequency groups, 16 channels per group in non-expanded spectrum Channel separation_ within this group is given by Cellular Network Deployment 15 Then a given frequency, say f2 can be related to f1 by means of the following equation: where Therefore, the 3rd order intermod products can be written as: and the total number of IM3 products due to 16 -channel combination appears... basic parameters: i) Number of interferers and ii) Reuse distance We also notice that the effective number of interferers is 50% reduced in the 12 0-degree sectorized system Yet, there is need to further reduce the C/I interference and enhance capacity 11 12 Chapter 1 B Directional Reuse Plan: In every tier of a hexagonal system, there exists an apex of a triangle where antennas are pointed back-to-back... frequency group 1, this frequency group is reused after frequency group 7 on the same line as the first use of frequency group 1 Frequency group 1 is also reused at a lower point from the first two uses and such that a triangle is formed when connecting each adjacent frequency group reuse Each adjacent frequency reuse of the triangle is radiating in a different direction 14 Chapter 1 The directional... on hexagonal geometry, was originally developed by V.H MacDonald in 19 79 [1] It ensures adequate channel reuse distance to an extent where cochannel interference is acceptable while maintaining a high channel capacity The principle is shown in Fig.4 where all the co-channel interferers are equidistant from each other Team- Fly Cellular Network Deployment This configuration provides a carrier to interference... (Public Switching Telephone Network) It is a digital switching system, providing: i) Switching, ii) Billing, iii) 911 dialing, iv)l-800 and 1- 900 calling features, v) Call waiting, call transfer, conference calling, voice mail etc., vi) Global connectivity vii) Interfacing with cellular networks Tens of thousands of simultaneous calls can be handled by means of a single PSTN The function of the Mobile... objective for TDMA is to get a value that is equal to or greater than 18 dB Obviously, since the present invention provides a of 21 dB, this objective is met The channel capacity provided by the frequency layout plan of the present invention is determined by dividing the total number of frequency groups, 416 , by the number of sectors, 16 In the present case, the frequency layout plan provides 26 channels... operating conditions are illustrated in Fig.2 Cellular Network Deployment The corresponding link budget that satisfies these conditions is as follows: i) Multipath Tolerance (Case 1) There is a unique combination of design parameters, for which the exponent of equation 2 vanishes, i.e., 7 8 Chapter 1 The corresponding link budget becomes where d = 1 km and independent of ii) Multipath Tolerance (Case... products are given by: and the total number of IM5 products due to each 16 channel combinations: 16 Chapter 1 Intermod Reduction: Most often, Intermod products are generated from the connectors due to high power transmission A solution to this problem would be to reduce the power flow though the connectors as shown in Fig.9 Here, a 16 -channel group is divided into two sub-groups, 8 channels each, designated . DEPLOYMENT OF WIRELESS DATA NETWORKS 10 . General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 19 7 HAKAN INANOGLU; Opuswave Networks Inc. JOHN REECE, MURAT BILGIC; Omnipoint Technologies Inc. 11 . Wireless LAN Deployments: . TEAMFLY Team- Fly ® WIRELESS NETWORK DEPLOYMENTS THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL. Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION The generic cellular communication system, shown in Fig.l, is an integrated network comprising a land base wire line telephone network and a composite wired -wireless network.