Societ english 9 pot

52. The instrument shown in this picture can be used to study a. cell organelles. b. the flight pattern of birds. c. the movement of stars in other galaxies. d. old manuscripts. e. human vision defects. 53. A large surface area results in a high rate of cool- ing. This is why we tend to curl up when we sleep in a cold room and spread our limbs out when we sleep in a very hot room. Which of the fol- lowing is an example where this principle is used in technology? a. Refrigerators can be used to cool containers of milk with large surface areas. b. Fans that cool computers are often ribbed to increase the surface area for cooling. c. Airplanes are shaped to minimize heat loss in the cabin. d. Heat packs are designed to have a large surface area. e. Microwave ovens are designed to completely close during food preparation. 54. The amount of dissolved gas in a liquid solution depends on the pressure of the gas. Under a high pressure, greater amounts of gas can be dis- solved. Pressure is used to increase the solubility of carbon dioxide gas in a. fish ponds. b. cereals. c. carbonated drinks. d. milk. e. gasoline. Questions 55 and 56 are based on the following diagram. 55. This instrument is used to a. determine the direction of the wind. b. determine the directions of the world. c. find the nearest piece of land when navigating the seas. d. find underground waters. e. determine the direction of water flow. 56. This instrument works because a. it has an internal clock. b. the needle points to the direction of mini- mum pressure. c. the needle changes position depending on the position of the sun. d. the Earth has two magnetic poles. e. the temperatures on Earth’s poles are very low. S N E W 1 8 0 2 1 0 2 4 0 2 7 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 280 Questions 57 and 58 are based on the following passage. Farm animals can carry salmonella, a kind of bacteria that can cause severe food poi- soning. However, animals fed antibiotics can carry especially deadly strains of salmonella. In Minnesota in 1983, 11 people were hos- pitalized with salmonella poisoning. This number itself was not striking at all. Forty- thousand Americans are hospitalized with salmonella poisoning every year. What was striking about the cases in Minnesota was that each patient had severe symptoms and all the patients were infected with the same, rare strain of salmonella, resistant to several common antibiotics. A young scientist, Scott Holmberg, noted that eight patients were taking the same antibiotics for sore throats. He ruled out the possibility that the antibiotics themselves were infected with the bacteria because three of the patients were not taking antibiotics at all. He later showed that the people were infected with salmonella prior to taking the antibiotics, but that the antibiotics triggered the onset of salmonella poisoning. He postulated that salmonella suddenly flourished when the patients took antibiotics, because the antibi- otics killed off all other competing bacteria. He was also able to trace the antibiotic- resistant salmonella to the beef that was imported to Minnesota from a farm in South Dakota, at which cattle were routinely fed antibiotics and at which one calf died of the same strain of salmonella. 57. As a result of this finding, the Food and Drug Administration should a. carefully regulate the prescription of antibi- otics for sore throats. b. prevent the export of meat from South Dakota to Minnesota. c. limit the practice of feeding antibiotics to cattle. d. take the antibiotic that caused salmonella off the market. e. require special prescription for antibiotics resistant to salmonella. 58. Based on the passage, which one of the following statements is false? a. Salmonella poisoning is a common bacterial infection. b. Some strands of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. c. Antibiotics kill off bacteria that are not resist- ant to antibiotics. d. Antibiotics transmit salmonella. e. Farm animals can carry salmonella. – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 281 Questions 59 through 61 are based on the passage below and the table at the bottom of the page. Minerals are an important component of the human diet. Some minerals are needed in relatively large amounts. These include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, and magnesium. Others, including iron, manganese, and iodine, are needed in smaller amounts. Humans need 26 minerals all together, but some of them are only required in tiny amounts. Some minerals, such as lead and selenium, are harmful in large quantities. Dietary supplements can decrease the chance of mineral deficiencies listed in the table below, but should be taken with great care, since overdose can lead to poisoning. 59. Taking several iron supplements per day can a. decrease the chance of bone loss. b. make you stronger. c. help relieve PMS symptoms. d. cause poisoning. e. make up for an unbalanced diet. 60. Which of the minerals listed in the table are you most likely lacking if you experience irregular heartbeat? a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. phosphorous e. magnesium 61. Which two minerals are necessary for formation of healthy bones and teeth? a. calcium and magnesium b. calcium and phosphorous c. calcium and potassium d. calcium and sodium e. sodium and magnesium 62. Which of the following is the most common result of prolonged excessive alcohol consumption? a. heart attack b. brain tumor c. lung cancer d. liver damage e. cataracts 63. Which of the following could be transmitted through kissing? a. lung cancer b. brain tumor c. flu d. diabetes e. Down’s syndrome – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 282 MINERAL GOOD SOURCES SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY FUNCTIONS Sodium Table salt, normal diet Muscle cramps Water balance, muscle and nerve operation Potassium Fruits, vegetables, grains Irregular heartbeat, fatigue, Muscle and nerve opera- muscle cramps tion, acid-base balance Calcium Dairy, bony fish, leafy Osteoporosis Formation of bone and green vegetables teeth, clotting, nerve signaling Phosphorous Dairy, meat, cereals Bone loss, weakness, lack of appetite Formation of bone and teeth, energy metabolism Magnesium Nuts, greens, whole grains Nausea, vomiting, weakness Enzyme action, nerve signaling 64. A woman is most likely to get pregnant if she has unprotected sex a few days before and on the day of ovulation, when the egg is released from the ovaries. The release of the egg is hormonally stimulated, meaning that a hormone in the woman’s body triggers ovulation. On average, women ovulate around the 14th day of their menstrual cycle. The following is a graph show- ing the levels of three hormones throughout the menstrual cycle of an average woman. Based on the graph, which hormone is most directly responsible for triggering ovulation? a. FSH b. LH c. progesterone d. testosterone e. cholesterol 65. Through friction, energy of motion is converted to heat. You use this in your favor when you a. wear gloves to make your hands warm. b. rub your hands together to make them warm. c. soak your hands with hot water to make them warm. d. place your hands near a fireplace to make them warm. e. hold a cup of tea to make your hands warm. 66. The boiling point of water decreases with increasing pressure. At high altitudes, the atmos- pheric pressure is lower than at sea level. Where would you expect to find the highest boiling point temperature of water? a. in the Grand Canyon Valley b. at sea level c. at the base of Mount Everest d. at the top of Mount Everest e. at the top of a small hill 67. As the pressure of a gas increases at constant temperature, the volume of the gas decreases. If you were a diver and you wanted to take an oxygen tank with you, what would you do? a. Pressurize the oxygen, so more of it can fit in a tank of a manageable size. b. Decrease the pressure of oxygen in the tank, so the tank doesn’t explode. c. Increase the temperature of oxygen in the tank, so that the cold oxygen doesn’t damage the lungs. d. Decrease the temperature of oxygen, so that it doesn’t escape from the tank. e. Increase the temperature of the oxygen and decrease the pressure, so the volume stays the same. Apply pressure GAS GAS 70 80 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 FSH LH Progesterone Hormone concentration (units per ml) Day of menstrual cycle – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 283 68. The amount of solute that can be dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature is called solubility. For most substances, solubility increases with temperature. Rock candy can be made from sugar solutions that have an excess of sugar dis- solved. The amount of sugar per 100 grams of water at a given temperature has to be higher than the amount that is normally soluble in order to make rock candy. Based on the solubil- ity of sugar in water as a function of tempera- ture, plotted in the graph, how much sugar would you need to dissolve in 100 grams of water to make rock candy at 40° C? a. less than 50 grams b. between 50 and 100 grams c. between 100 and 150 grams d. between 150 and 200 grams e. more than 250 grams 69. Which of the following energy sources causes the least pollution to the environment? a. coal b. nuclear power c. gasoline d. solar e. oil Questions 70 and 71 are based on the following passage. In 1628, English physician William Harvey established that the blood circulates throughout the body. He recognized that the heart acts as a pump and does not work by using up blood as earlier anatomists thought. To carefully observe the beating of the heart and the direction of blood flow, Harvey needed to see the works of the blood in slow motion. Since there was no way for him to observe a human heart in slow motion, he studied the hearts of toads and snakes, rather than the rapidly beating hearts of “warm-blooded” mammals and birds. By keeping these animals cool, he could slow their hearts down. The main argument for his conclusion that the blood circulates stemmed from his measurement of the amount of blood pumped with each heartbeat. He calculated that the amount of blood pumped each hour by far exceeds the total amount of blood in the body and proved that the same blood passes through the heart over and over again. 70. What misconception did scientist harbor before Harvey’s study? a. The heart circulates blood. b. The heart pumps blood. c. The heart uses up blood. d. The heart contains no blood. e. The heart of birds beats faster than the heart of frogs. 71. Which of the following did Harvey do? I. Observe the heartbeat and blood flow in snakes and frogs. II. Determine that the heart acts as a pump. III. Count the number of blood cells that pass through the heart every hour. IV. Show that the blood circulates. a. He did only I. b. He did I and II. c. He did I, II, and IV. d. He did I, III, and IV. e. He did II, III, and IV. Solubility of Sugar in Water 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 50 0 0 102030405060708090100110 Solubility (g of sugar/100 g of water) Temperature (degrees Celsius) – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 284 Questions 72 and 73 are based on the following passage. Radiation from radioisotopes can be used to kill cancer cells. Chemist Marie Curie received two Nobel Prizes for her work with radioisotopes. Her work led to the discovery of the neutron and synthesis of artificial radioactive elements. She died of leukemia at 67, caused by extensive exposure to radia- tion. Curie never believed that radium and other materials she worked with were a health hazard. In World War I, glowing radium was used on watch dials to help sol- diers read their watches in the dark and to synchronize their attacks. Unfortunately, women who worked in factories were draw- ing their radium stained brushes to fine points by putting them between their lips. As a result, their teeth would glow in the dark. But this was an amusement for chil- dren more than a cause of worry. About ten years later, the women developed cancer in their jaws and mouths and had problems making blood cells. This exposed the dan- gers of radiation. 72. Based on the information in the passage, which statement about radioisotopes is false? a. Radioisotopes can kill cancer cells. b. Radioisotopes can cause cancer. c. A radioisotope can glow in the dark. d. Einstein received the Nobel Prize for working with isotopes. e. A radioisotope was used in watch dials. 73. Which dangers of radiation were mentioned in the passage? I. Radiation can cause genetic mutations. II. Radiation can lead to leukemia. III. Radiation can cause chemotherapy. a. danger I only b. danger II only c. danger III only d. dangers I and II e. dangers II and III Questions 74 and 75 are based on the following passage. In the past, people thought that the Earth was flat and that a ship that sailed too far would fall off the edge of the world. The Earth appears flat because the Earth is too large for humans on Earth to see its curvature. Several events helped shed the misconceptions. For one, during a lunar eclipse, the Earth is posi- tioned between the sun and the moon. It eclipses the moon by casting a shadow on it. The shadow the Earth casts is round. When Magellan circumnavigated the Earth, he proved that one could not fall off the edge of the Earth, because the Earth was round and had no edges. Finally, space missions provided us with images of our round Earth from far away and showed us how beautiful our planet looks, even from a distance. 74. In the passage, what was cited as proof that the Earth is round? I. Earth casts a round shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse. II. Earth revolves around the sun. III. Magellan circumnavigated the Earth. IV. images from space a. I and II b. I, II, and III c. I, II, and IV d. I, III, and IV e. II, III, and IV 75. With which misconception about the Earth is the passage concerned? a. that the Earth turned b. that the Earth was in the center of the solar system c. that the Earth was flat d. that the Earth was created at the same time as the sun e. that the Earth could be eclipsed by the sun – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 285 . Earth’s poles are very low. S N E W 1 8 0 2 1 0 2 4 0 2 7 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 6 0 9 0 1 2 0 1 5 0 – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 280 Questions 57 and 58 are based on the following. However, animals fed antibiotics can carry especially deadly strains of salmonella. In Minnesota in 198 3, 11 people were hos- pitalized with salmonella poisoning. This number itself was not striking. salmonella. e. Farm animals can carry salmonella. – GED SCIENCE PRACTICE QUESTIONS– 281 Questions 59 through 61 are based on the passage below and the table at the bottom of the page. Minerals are