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Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Struc- tures, http://pjm.math.berkeley.edu/jomms/2006/1-1/po1.xhtml 05 book 2007/5/15 page 175 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ Index agglomeration, 55, 56, 134, 135 black-body, 61, 62, 85, 122 Boussinesq, 96 central force, 4, 5, 57 chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), xv, 133 clustering, xvi, 55, 68–75, 105 CMP, see chemicalmechanicalplanariza- tion. conservative, 3, 4 contact, xv, xvi, 11, 12, 14, 15, 37, 58, 60, 71, 72 convexity, 39, 57, 58, 125 discretization, 14, 15, 22–24, 26, 63, 64, 66, 68, 83, 86, 123 electromagnetic, 104–108, 110, 112–114, 118, 120, 121, 128 emissivity, 61, 68, 85, 122 equation of state, 83, 96, 97, 142 FEM, see finite element method. finite element method (FEM), 15 fixed-point, 26, 32, 61, 62, 64, 68, 70, 74, 75, 90, 98, 124 Fresnel, 110, 111, 113, 148, 154, 163 friction, 11, 17–19, 36, 37, 39, 77, 78 genetic, 40–43, 50, 51, 104, 107, 121, 125–128 granular media, xv granular gas, xvi, 17, 72 Hessian, 4, 5, 42, 57 impact, 12–17, 19, 20, 26, 36, 39, 58–61, 64, 72–74, 79, 80, 85, 90, 91, 97 impulse, 7, 12, 18, 61 iterative scheme, 23, 25, 27, 62, 91, 123, 124 kinematic, 8 kinetic, 3, 7, 15, 16, 18, 33, 34, 40, 59, 60, 69, 71, 72, 85, 122 Maxwell, 103–107, 148, 152 momentum, xv, 6, 7, 12, 17–19, 60, 61, 72, 104, 122, 139–141, 162 Navier–Stokes, 81, 83, 86, 101, 143, 144 near-field, xv, xvi, 11, 12, 14–18, 26, 32– 34, 37, 39, 43, 47, 55, 58, 68, 69, 72, 81, 82, 86, 97–101, 133, 134 Newton, 3, 5, 7, 26, 44, 61, 64, 122, 139, 142–144 objective function, 39–42, 44, 50, 125– 128 particle, xv, 4, 6, 7, 11–18, 25, 31, 32, 37, 39, 47, 52, 55, 56, 58–61, 63, 68, 69, 71–75, 81, 101, 104– 106, 112, 114, 115, 119–130 potential, xvi, 4, 5, 44, 45, 55–57 Poynting, 108, 114, 120, 124, 153, 156, 157, 160 175 05 book 2007/5/15 page 176 ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ ✐ 176 Index ray-tracing, 103–107, 120, 123, 124, 128, 147, 148, 153, 160, 162 reflection, 104, 111, 112, 120, 122, 162, 164 reflectivity, 104, 119 Reynolds, 61, 62, 83, 98, 144 scaling, 12, 52, 64, 95, 97, 114, 155 similarity, 8 spectral radius, 66, 67 stable, 4, 5, 22, 57, 115, 127 staggering, 25, 62–64, 66, 67, 81, 86, 90– 93, 102, 121, 123 Stefan–Boltzmann, 61, 62, 85, 91, 122 swarm, 47–54 transmission, 111, 114, 152 vectors, 1, 6, 9, 11, 50, 82, 110, 116, 129, 130 volume fraction, 31, 32, 68, 96, 104, 107, 115, 118–120, 126, 128–130, 154 . Weidenschilling, S. J. and Cuzzi, J. N. 1993. Formation of planetesimals in the solar nebula. In Protostars and Planets III. Levy, E. H. and Lunine, J. I., editors. University of Arizona Press, 1031–1060. [199]. 121, 123 Stefan–Boltzmann, 61, 62, 85, 91, 122 swarm, 47–54 transmission, 111 , 114 , 152 vectors, 1, 6, 9, 11, 50, 82, 110 , 116 , 129, 130 volume fraction, 31, 32, 68, 96, 104, 107, 115 , 118 –120, 126,. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 361, 1021–1043. [212] Zohdi, T. I. 2004. Modeling and direct simulation of near-field granular flows. The International Journal of Solids and Structures,