wdm optical interfaces for future fiber radio systems phần 3 ppsx

Chapter 2: Literature Review enabling the fibre feeder network to support the required large number of BSs to service a certain geographical area The introduction of OSSB+C modulation as well as tandem single sideband modulation enables increased spectral efficiency by reducing the required spectralband for an optical mm-wave channel, in addition to mitigating the effect of fibre chromatic dispersion due to ODSB+C modulation format [59-61,112-122] The tandem single sideband modulation effectively doubles the capacity of the mm-wave fibre-radio systems while compared to the conventional ODSB+C based systems [121-122] However, the use of WDM in fibre feeder networks can resolve the challenge by enabling transport of multiple optically modulated mm-wave signals, feeding multiple antenna BSs through one fibre [15-16, 23, 36-39] The following section reviews the literatures towards the implementation of WDM fibre feeder network in mm-wave fibre-radio systems 2.3.1 Wavelength Division Multiplexed MM-Wave Fibre-Radio WDM is an elegant and effective way to increase the capacity of the fibre optic feeder networks in mm-wave fibre radio systems In the WDM incorporated feeder networks, optical mm-wave channels, each carried by a separate wavelength, are transmitted to/from the BSs via the CO through a single fibre that provides quantum increase in network capacity without the need for laying new fibre [15-16, 23, 36-39, 44, 89, 92-93, 123-129] It also simplifies the network upgrades and the deployment of additional BSs, while support multiple interactive services for future broadband wireless access communications [15, 36-37, 125-126] Fig 2.12 shows the general concept of a typical mm-wave fibre-radio system incorporating WDM In the downlink direction, optical mm-wave channels, spaced at an effective WDM separation, are generated in the CO by using WDM optical sources, and are passed through a suitable multiplexer that aggregates them to a composite signal The multiplexed signals are then transported over optical fibre to the remote nodes (RN), where the individual optical mm-wave signals are demultiplexed and directed to antenna BSs for mm-wave wireless distribution In the uplink direction, mm-wave signals generated at the customer sites are converted 45 Chapter 2: Literature Review BS1 BS2 Remote Node (RN) BSN CO BS1 BS2 BSN Fig.2.12: Schematic diagram of typical mm-wave fibre-radio feeder network incorporating WDM from electrical-to-optical form at BSs and sent to the RN, where the optically modulated signals are multiplexed before directed to the CO through fibre for further processing Such fibre-radio feeder network enables a large number of BSs remotely share the switching and signal processing hardware located at the CO, in addition to simplifying the complexity of BSs by enabling passive multiplexing and demultiplexing functionality at the RNs Since each of the optical mm-wave channels are effectively separated from others, they can be independent in protocol, speed, and direction of communication As mentioned in Chapter 1, it is envisaged that future wireless bandwidth will be met by mm-wave WDM fibre-radio systems, where each of the remote antenna BS will be allocated a WDM optical carrier to transport the optically modulated mm-wave signals to/from the CO through the fibre optic feeder network, irrespective of direction of communication However, using the same wavelength for both downlink and uplink communication is not any requirement, since channel offset scheme as well as interleaved downlink and uplink channels can also be used 46 Chapter 2: Literature Review With the maturity of WDM components and system technologies, the effective WDM channel separations in the conventional optical access and metro domain are gradually replaced with dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (DWDM) separations of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz The introduction of DWDM fibre C1 S1 C2 S2 CN SN ∆fmm-wave ∆fWDM Fig 2.13: Optical spectra of the N optical mm-wave channels in a WDM feeder network for mmwave fibre-radio systems feeder networks in mm-wave fibre-radio systems may surprisingly increase the capacity of the systems by supporting huge number of BSs required for future multiple interactive broadband wireless services Also, it is important that mm-wave fibre-radio systems can coexist with other conventional DWDM access and metro technologies, as it is expected that mm-wave fibre-radio systems will be realised by utilising the unused capacity of the existing optical infrastructure in the access or metro domain, instead of deploying separate fibre-radio backbone However, the inherent wideband characteristics of mm-wave signals (25-100 GHz) impose spectral restrictions in realising fibre feeder network with a channel separation ≤ 100 GHz Fig 2.13 shows the optical spectra of OSSB+C modulated N optical mm-wave channels with a WDM channel separation and a mm-wave carrier frequency of ∆fWDM and ∆fmm-wave respectively, where ∆fmm-wave < ∆fWDM In order to realise DWDM fibre feeder networks for mm-wave fibre-radio systems, in most of the cases, it is necessary to reduce ∆fWDM < ∆fmm-wave, which has been an active area for 47 Chapter 2: Literature Review further explorations in the recent past To realise the DWDM feeder networks by reducing the channel separations smaller than mm-wave carrier frequencies, the data bandwidth capacity of the mm-wave carriers have been considered The data bandwidth capacity of the mm-wave carriers is usually limited within several Gb/s, and the major portion of the wideband spectra of the optical mm-wave signals remain unused Wavelength interleaving technique has been introduced, where these unused spectra are utilised to enable sub-GHz channel spacing of mm-wave signals, by which DWDM fibre feeder network can be realised [130-132] The following section reviews different wavelength interleaving schemes and capacity analysis of the systems incorporating such schemes based on network architectures and BS configurations that realises DWDM fibre feeder network for mm-wave fibre-radio systems 2.3.2 Wavelength Interleaved MM-Wave Fibre-Radio In mm-wave fibre-radio systems, when the mm-wave rf signals are imposed on to the optical carrier, sidebands are generated at the spacings equal to the modulating mm-wave frequency This causes the inter-channel spacing of a WDM feed network for a mm-wave fibre-radio system to rise and restricts the effective WDM channel separation ≥100 GHz A 100 GHz WDM channel separation in mm-wave fibre-radio system was first investigated in [133], and the analysis of the system was extended in [134] for measuring the crosstalk properties The properties of a mm-wave fibreradio system having a WDM channel separation of 40 GHz,” Electron Lett., vol 32, no 12, pp 1095-1096, 1996 [69] N Dagli., “Wide-bandwidth lasers and modulators for RF Photonics,” IEEE Trans, Microwave Theory Tech., vol 47, pp 1151-1171, 1999 [70] T Ido, S 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