.Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards Part 1 doc

Indigenous Rights and United Nations StandardsThe debate on indigenous rights has revealed some serious culties for current international law, posed mainly by differentunderstandings of

This page intentionally left blank

Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards

The debate on indigenous rights has revealed some serious culties for current international law, posed mainly by differentunderstandings of important concepts This book explores theextent to which indigenous claims, as recorded in the UnitedNations fora, can be accommodated by current international law

diffi-By doing so, it also highlights how the indigenous debate hasstretched the contours and ultimately evolved international humanrights standards The book first reflects on the international lawresponses to the theoretical arguments on cultural membership.After a comprehensive analysis of the existing instruments onindigenous rights, the discussion turns to self-determination.Different views are assessed and a fresh perspective on the right toself-determination is outlined Ultimately, the author refuses to shyaway from difficult questions and challenging issues and offers acomprehensive discussion of indigenous rights and their contribu-tion to international law

A L E X A N D R A X A N T H A K Iis a lecturer in International Human Rights

at Brunel University After graduating from Athens Law Faculty,Alexandra completed an LLM in Human Rights at Queens

University, Belfast, and later a PhD at Keele University under thesupervision of P Thornberry She has published on human rights,group rights and indigenous rights and has repeatedly acted as aconsultant to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on IndigenousIssues She has participated in several projects funded by theEuropean Commission, DfID and international NGOs in the UK,Greece and Ukraine She is a member of the Athens Bar

Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields

of public and private international law and comparative law Although theseare distinct legal sub-disciplines, developments since 1946 confirm theirinterrelation

Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law atnational, regional and international levels Private international law is nowoften affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classicalconflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of lawunder international auspices Mixed international arbitrations, especially thoseinvolving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and privateinternational law, while in many fields (such as the protection of human rightsand democratic standards, investment guarantees and international criminallaw) international and national systems interact National constitutionalarrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementation ofinternational norms, are a focus of attention

The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, andthose focusing on the new approaches to international or comparative law orconflicts of law Studies of particular institutions or problems are equallywelcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages.General Editors James Crawford SC FBA

Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, andDirector, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law,University of Cambridge

John S Bell FBAProfessor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of CambridgeEditorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth Australian National University

Professor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law SchoolProfessor John Dugard Universiteit Leiden

Professor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law SchoolProfessor Christopher Greenwood London School of EconomicsProfessor David Johnston University of Edinburgh

Professor Hein Ko¨tz Max-Planck-Institut, HamburgProfessor Donald McRae University of OttawaProfessor Onuma Yasuaki University of TokyoProfessor Reinhard Zimmermann Universita¨t RegensburgAdvisory Committee Professor D W Bowett QC

Judge Rosalyn Higgins QCProfessor J A Jolowicz QCProfessor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QCProfessor Kurt Lipstein

Judge Stephen Schwebel

A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume

Indigenous Rights and United Nations Standards

Self-Determination, Culture and Land Alexandra Xanthaki

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

First published in print format

ISBN-13 978-0-521-83574-9

ISBN-13 978-0-511-27509-8

© Alexandra Xanthaki 2007

2007

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521835749

This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take placewithout the written permission of Cambridge University Press

ISBN-10 0-511-27509-9

ISBN-10 0-521-83574-7

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urlsfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

hardback

eBook (NetLibrary)eBook (NetLibrary)hardback

The need for multiplicity of cultural frameworks 19

Basic orientation of Convention No 169 68

v

3 Emerging law: The United Nations draft Declaration

Process and status of the draft Declaration 103

Peoples, membership, self-identification,

4 Do indigenous peoples have the right to

Employment of international documents 136

The scope of the right to self-determination 146The minimalist approach: self-determination as

The maximalist approach: self-determination

Self-determination is a right and

5 Indigenous cultural rights 196

Obstacles to the effective protection of indigenous

Specific issues concerning cultural rights 214

Misappropriation and misuse of indigenous

Repatriation of indigenous cultural objects 221

Important issues related to indigenous land claims 243

Rights of consultation and participation 252Rights of use, management and resources 256

Table of cases

International courts

League of Nations

A8land Islands case, LNQJ Supp No 3 (1920)141,182–3

Permanent Court of Justice

Eastern Greenland case (1933), PCIJ Series A/B, no 53, 46243,270Minority Schools in Albania, Advisory Opinion (1935), PCIJ Series A/B, No

6418,40,248

International Court of Justice

Burkina Faso v Mali (Frontier Dispute case), Judgment, ICJ Reports (1986) at

Nauru v Australia (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru), Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1993, 243239,269

South West Africa cases (Second phase), 6 (1966) ICJ Reports, 303–4272Western Sahara case, Advisory Opinion of 16 October 1975188,

Diergaardt et al v Namibia, Communication no 760/1997163–4,192,

246,258,270,276

Hopu v France, Communication no 549/1993229,259,269

Ignatane v Latvia, Communication no 884/1999191

Kitok v Sweden, Communication no 197/198536,45,99,178,208,228,

229,231,269,275

I La¨nsman et al v Finland, Communication no 511/199236,45,99,228–9,

259,261,269

J La¨nsman et al v Finland, Communication no 671/199599

Lovelace v Canada, Communication no 24/197736,45,109,122,123,

African Commission on Human Rights

Katangese People’s Congress v Zaire, Communication 75/92, reproduced in(1996) 3 International Human Rights Reports at p 136109,143,183

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

Mayagna (Sumo) Community of Awas Tingni v Nicaragua, Case no 11.555P,Series C no 79, judgment of 31 August 2001246,252,254,271,274Miskito Indians case, OAS Docs OEA/Ser.L/V/II.62, docs 10 and 26139,181Moiwana Village v Suriname, Judgment of 15 June 2005252,273,275Velasquez Rodriguez Case, Compensatory Damages, Judgment of 21 July 1989,Inter-Am Ct H.R (Ser.C) No 7264–5,278

European Court on Human Rights

Chassagnou et al v France, ECHR, Reports 1999-III, para 112161

Loizidou v Turkey, 18 December 1996, Human Rights Law Journal 50 at 59

Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd and others, (1995) 17 European IntellectualProperty Review at 443206,230

Table of statutes

United Nations documents

Conventions and Treaties

United Nations Charter (1945)29,109–10,136,140,155,156

Chapter 11143

Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of

Genocide (1948)22,29,113,245

Article 2125

Universal Copyright Convention (1952)217

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) (GAResolution 2200A (XXI)), 16 December 1966156,219–20,243

Joint Article 1 (with ICESCR below)42,109–11,115,132–3,140,146,

Article 13116,219

Article 15205,206

Article 25239

xi

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of RacialDiscrimination (1969)18,29,40,57,198,220,243

Convention relating to the Distribution of Programme-carrying SignalsTransmitted by Satellite (1974)206

Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage(2003)218,233

Universal Declaration on Human Rights (GA Resolution 217),

Durban Declaration of the World Conference against Racism, RacialDiscrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (8 September2001)134,178

UNDP Draft Guidelines for Support to Indigenous Peoples134

Declaration of San Jose´ (1991)113

Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001)15,21,199

GA Resolution 545(VI) of 5 February 1952179

GA Resolution 567(VI) of 19 January 1952179

GA Resolution 637(VII) of 16 December 1952179

GA Resolution 648(VII) of 10 December 1952179

GA Resolution 742(VIII) of 27 November 1953179

GA Resolution 1188(XII) of 11 December 1957179

GA Resolution 1541(XV) of 15 December 1960137–8,144,147,#180,185

GA Resolution 1654 (1961)185

T A B L E O F S T A T U T E S xv

GA Resolution 1803(XVII) of 14 December 1962 on Permanent

Sovereignty over Natural Resources239

ECOSOC Resolution 1503(XLVIII), 197029,43

ECOSOC Resolution 1982/34, 7 May 198210

Sub-Commission on Indigenous Peoples, Resolution 1984/35C12Sub-Commission on Minorities, Resolution 1994/24 277

Recommendations and other non-binding documents

Agenda 21 (Action Plan, Rio 1992)243

Compilation of General Comments and General RecommendationsAdopted by Human Rights Treaty Bodies, UN Doc HRI/GEN/1

xvi T A B L E O F S T A T U T E S

Commission Drafting Group/WGIP/other indigenous fora:

UN Doc E/CN.4/1993/29121

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/26/Add1 (Explanatory Note concerning theDraft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Erica-IreneDaes)187,189

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/28 (Study on the Cultural and IntellectualProperty of Indigenous Peoples, Erica-Irene Daes)227

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1993/10 (Future Role of the Working Group:Working Paper submitted by Mr Miguel Alfonso Martinez, Member ofthe Working Group)10

T A B L E O F S T A T U T E S xvii

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/1994/40 (Transnational Investments Report)277Statement of the Cultural Council of Marican Indians, Alaska

Natives and Native Hawaiians, WGIP, 12th session, 25–29 July 1994

221,234

UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/WG.15/2 (Consideration of a Draft United NationsDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, InformationReceived from Governments)133,177,192,193

UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/WG.15/2/Add.1 (Consideration of a Draft UnitedNations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, InformationReceived from Governments)44,177,182

UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/WG.15/2/Add.2 (Consideration of a Draft UnitedNations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, InformationReceived from Governments)193

UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/WG.15/3 (Consideration of a Draft United NationsDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, InformationReceived by Non-Governmental Organisations)125

UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/WG.15/4 (Statement by the International IndianTreaty Council in Consideration of a Draft United Nations Declaration

on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Information Received by Governmental Organisations)176

Non-UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/WG.15/CRP.4 (Draft Report of the CommissionWorking Group)179,184,187

UN Doc E/CN.4/1995/119 (Comments on the Draft United NationsDeclaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Note by the

International Labour Office)279

Statement made on behalf of the Office of the Aboriginal and TorresStrait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, 24 November 1995

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1996/2/Add.1 (Comments by the Aboriginaland Torres Strait Islander Commission concerning a Definition ofIndigenous Peoples)12

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1996/6/Add.1 (Report of Expert Seminar onPractical Experiences regarding Land Rights and Claims)272

UN Doc E/CN.4/107/102 Report of the 1996 Session of the CommissionDrafting Group126,127

Statement of Delegation of Canada on Articles 27, 28 and 30,

Commission Drafting Group, 29 October 1996278

Delegation of the United States of America, US comments on Articles 27,

28 and 30, Commission Drafting Group, 30 October 1996278

Statement by T Moses on behalf of the Grand Council of the Crees in theCommission Drafting Group, 30 October 1996168,193,278

Statement of Kekula P Bray-Crawford of Hawaii, representing theIndigenous Peoples of the Pacific, Commission Drafting Group,

Statement of the Caucus of Australian Indigenous Representatives, 1997Commission Drafting Group159

UN Doc E/CN.4/1998/106 (Report of the Working Group established inaccordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32)122

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/1998/2 (Statement of the Federation ofIndependent Aboriginal Education Providers in review of

Developments pertaining to the Promotion and Protection of HumanRights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People)14,39

T A B L E O F S T A T U T E S xix

UN Doc E/CN.4/1999/82 (Report of the Working Group established inaccordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32)

UN Doc E/CN.4/2000/84 (Report of the Working Group established inaccordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32)

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/2001/17 (Report of the WGIP)268

UN Doc E/CN.4/2001/85 (Report of the Working Group established inaccordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32)

xx T A B L E O F S T A T U T E S

UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/85 (Report of the Working Group established inaccordance with Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1995/32)

123,195

UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/WG.15/CRP.1 (Information provided by States’Working Group established in accordance with Commission on HumanRights Resolution 1995/32)123,195

UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/WG.15/CRP.4 (Chairperson’s Summary of

Proposals, Commission Working Group)124,195

UN Doc E/CN.4/2004/WG.15/CRP.5 (Information provided by the Sa´miCouncil and Tebtebba Foundation)124,127,195

UN Doc E/CN.4/2005/89 (Report of the 10th Commission WorkingGroup)127

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/WP.1 of 14 July 2005 (Legal

Commentary on the Concept of Free, Prior and Informed Consent)

255,275

UN Doc E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/CRP.5 of 18 July 2005 (Review ofDevelopments pertaining to the Promotion and Protection of theRights of Indigenous Peoples)227

Indigenous Peoples’ Proposed Amendments relating to the Right of Determination, Proposal submitted to the 2005 session of theDrafting Working Group, 20 September 2004124

Self-Dalee Sambo and Millani Trask proposals combined, Written Statementdistributed during the 2005 session of the Drafting Working Group124

2nd Intervention of the USA on Self-determination, Statement made inthe 2005 session of the Drafting Working Group124

‘The Convention on Biological Diversity and Traditional Knowledge’,International Workshop on Traditional Knowledge, Panama City,21–23 September 2005, UN Doc PFII/2005/WS.TK/1235–6

‘For the Recovery and Protection of Indigenous Knowledge’,

International Workshop on Traditional Knowledge, Panama City,21–23 September 2005, UN Doc PFII/2005/WS.TK/6234

T A B L E O F S T A T U T E S xxi