Machinery''''s Handbook 27th Episode 2 Part 9 pps

WELDING SYMBOLS 1435 American National Standard Letter Designations for Welding and Allied Processes ANSI/AWS A2.4-91 Letter Designation Welding and Allied Processes Letter Designation Welding and Allied Processes AAC air carbon arc cutting HPW hot pressure welding AAW air acetylene welding IB induction brazing AB arc brazing INS iron soldering ABD adhesive bonding IRB infrared brazing AC arc cutting IRS infrared soldering AHW atomic hydrogen welding IS induction soldering AOC oxygen arc cutting IW induction welding ASP arc spraying LBC laser beam cutting AW carbon arc welding LBC-A laser beam cutting—air B brazing LBC-EV laser beam cutting— evaporative BB block brazing BMAW bare metal arc welding LBC-IG laser beam cutting— inert gas CAB carbon arc brazing CAC carbon arc cutting LBC-O laser beam cutting—oxygen CAW carbon arc welding LBW laser beam welding CAW-G gas carbon arc welding LOC oxygen lance cutting CAW-S shielded carbon arc welding MAC metal arc cutting CAW-T twin carbon arc welding OAW oxyacetylene welding CEW coextrusion welding OC oxygen cutting CW cold welding OFC oxyfuel gas cutting DB dip brazing OFC-A oxyacetylene cutting DFB diffusion brazing OFC-H oxyhydrogen cutting DFW diffusion welding OFC-N oxynatural gas cutting DS dip soldering OFC-P oxypropane cutting EBC electron beam cutting OFW oxyfuel gas cutting EBW electron beam welding OHW oxyhydrogen welding EBW-HV electron beam welding— high vacuum PAC plasma arc cutting PAW plasma arc welding EBW-MV electron beam welding— medium vacuum PEW percussion welding PGW pressure gas welding EBW-NV electron beam welding— nonvacuum POC metal powder cutting PSP plasma spraying EGW electrogas welding PW projection welding ESW electroslag welding RB resistance brazing EXW explosion welding RS resistance soldering FB furnace brazing RSEW resistance seam welding FCAW flux-cored arc welding RSEW-HF resistance seam welding— high frequency FLB flow brazing FLOW flow welding RSEW-I resistance seam welding— induction FLSP flame spraying FOC chemical flux cutting RSW resistance spot welding FOW forge welding ROW roll welding FRW friction welding RW resistance welding FS furnace soldering S soldering FW flash welding SAW submerged arc welding GMAC gas metal arc cutting SAW-S series submerged arc welding GMAW gas metal arc welding GMAW-P gas metal arc welding—pulsed arc SMAC shielded metal arccutting GMAW-S gas metal arc welding— short-circuiting arc SMAW shielded metal arc welding GTAC gas tungsten arc cutting SSW solid state welding GTAW gas tungsten arc welding SW stud arc welding GTAW-P gas tungsten arc welding— pulsed arc Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY 1436 WELDING SYMBOLS Application of AmercanNational StandardWelding Symbols Desired Weld Symbol Symbol Meaning Symbol indicates fillet weld on arrow side of the joint. Symbol indicates square-groove weld on other side of the joint. Symbol indicates bevel-groove weld on both sides of joint. Breaks in arrow indicate bevels on upper member of joint. Breaks in arrows are used on symbols designating bevel and J-groove welds. Symbol indicates plug weld on arrow side of joint. Symbol indicates resistance-seam weld. Weld symbol appears on both sides of reference line pointing up the fact that arrow and other side of joint references have no signifi- cance. Symbol indicates electron beam seam weld on other side of joint. A A A – A A A A – A RSEW RSEW A A A – A EBW EBW Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY WELDING SYMBOLS 1437 Symbol indicates single-pass back weld. Symbol indicates a built-up surface 1 ⁄ 8 inch thick. Symbol indicates a bead-type back weld on the other side of joint, and a J-groove grooved horizontal mem- ber (shown by break in arrow) and fillet weld on arrow side of the joint. Symbol indicates two fillet welds, both with 1 ⁄ 2 -inch leg dimensions. Symbol indicates a 1 ⁄ 2 -inch fillet weld on arrow side of the joint and a 1 ⁄ 4 - inch fillet weld on far side of the joint. Symbol indicates a fillet weld on arrow side of joint with 1 ⁄ 4 - and 1 ⁄ 2 - inch legs. Orientation of legs must be shown on drawing. Application of AmercanNational StandardWelding Symbols (Continued) Desired Weld Symbol Symbol Meaning Groove Weld Made Before Welding Other Side Back Weld 2 2 3 1 /8 223 1 / 8 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 /4 1 /2 1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 2 1 / 4 ( ) Orientation Shown on Drawing 1 / 4 1 / 2 × Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY 1438 WELDING SYMBOLS Symbol indicates a 24-inch long fillet weld on the arrow side of the joint. Symbol indicates a series of intermit- tent fillet welds each 2 inches long and spaced 5 inches apart on centers directly opposite each other on both sides of the joint. Symbol indicates a series of intermit- tent fillet welds each 3 inches long and spaced 10 inches apart on cen- ters. The centers of the welds on one side of the joint are displaced from those on the other. Symbol indicates a fillet weld around the perimeter of the member. Symbol indicates a 1 ⁄ 4 -inch V-groove weld with a 1 ⁄ 8 -inch root penetration. Symbol indicates a 1 ⁄ 4 -inch bevel weld with a 5 ⁄ 16 -inch root penetration plus a subsequent 3 ⁄ 8 -inch fillet weld. Application of AmercanNational StandardWelding Symbols (Continued) Desired Weld Symbol Symbol Meaning 24 6 24 6 222 5 5 of Weld C Locate Welds at Ends of Joint 2–5 2–5 3 3 3 3 10 5 of Weld C Locate Welds at Ends of Joint 3–10 3–10 1 / 4 1 / 8 Root Penetration 1 / 4 1 / 8 + 5 / 16 5 / 16 1 / 4 1 / 4 3 / 8 3 / 8 1 Note Overlap 1 / 4 5 / 16 3 / 8 + Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY WELDING SYMBOLS 1439 Symbol indicates a bevel weld with a root opening of 3 ⁄ 36 inch. Symbol indicates a V-groove weld with a groove angle of 65 degrees on the arrow side and 90 degrees on the other side. Symbol indicates a flush surface with the reinforcement removed by chip- ping on the other side of the joint and a smooth grind on the arrow side. The symbols C and G should be the user's standard finish sym- bols. Symbol indicates a 2-inch U-groove weld with a 25-degree groove angle and no root opening for both sides of the joint. Symbol indicates plug welds of 1- inch diameter, a depth of filling of 1 ⁄ 2 inch and a 60-degree angle of coun- tersink spaced 6 inches apart on cen- ters. Symbol indicates all-around bevel and square-groove weld of these studs. Application of AmercanNational StandardWelding Symbols (Continued) Desired Weld Symbol Symbol Meaning 3 / 16 3 / 16 65 90 90 65 C – G – 25 25 2 2 0 R R R = User’s St’d. 25 0 2 1 / 2 26 A A 6 60 ID A – A 1 / 2 16 2 60 Preparation Process Reference Must Be Placed on Symbol SW SW Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY 1440 WELDING SYMBOLS Symbol indicates an electron beam seam weld with a minimum accept- able joint strength of 200 pounds per lineal inch. Symbol indicates four 0.10-inch diameter electron beam spot welds located at random. Symbol indicates a fillet weld on the other side of joint and a flare-bevel- groove weld and a fillet weld on the arrow side of the joint. Symbol indicates gas tungsten-arc seam weld on arrow side of joint. Symbol indicates edge-flange weld on arrow side of joint and flare-V- groove weld on other side of joint. Symbol indicates melt-thru weld. By convention, this symbol is placed on the opposite side of the reference line from the corner-flange symbol. Application of AmercanNational StandardWelding Symbols (Continued) Desired Weld Symbol Symbol Meaning Min. Acceptable Shear Strength 200 lb/lin. in. A A A–A EBW 200 A A A–A 0.10′′ 0.10′′ (4) EBW 0.10′′ A A A–A GTAW GTAW Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 1441 Nondestructive Testing Nondestructive testing (NDT) is aimed at examination of a component or assembly, usu- ally for surface or internal cracks or other nonhomogeneities, to determine the structure, or to measure thickness, by some means that will not impair its use for the intended purpose. Traditional methods include use of radiography, ultrasonic vibration, dye penetrants, mag- netic particles, acoustic emission, leakage, and eddy currents. These methods are simple to use but some thought needs to be given to their application and to interpretation of the results. Space limitations preclude a full discussion of NDT here, but the nature of the welding process makes these methods particularly useful, so some information on use of NDT for testing welds is given below. Nondestructive Testing Symbol Application.—The application of nondestructive test- ing symbols is also covered in American National Standard ANSI/AWS A2.4-79. Basic Testing Symbols: These are shown in the following table. ANSI Basic Symbols for Nondestructive Testing ANSI/AWS A2.4-79 Testing Symbol Elements: The testing symbol consists of the following elements: Refer- ence Line, Arrow, Basic Testing Symbol, Test-all-around Symbol, (N) Number of Tests, Test in Field, Tail, and Specification or other reference. The standard location of the testing symbol elements are shown in the following figure. Locations of Testing Symbol Elements The arrow connects the reference line to the part to be tested. The side of the part to which the arrow points is considered to be the arrow side. The side opposite the arrow side is con- sidered to be the other side. Location of Testing Symbol: Tests to be made on the arrow side of the part are indicated by the basic testing symbol on the side of the reference line toward the reader. Symbol Type of Test Symbol Type of Test AET Acoustic Emission PT Penetrant ET Eddy Current PRT Proof LT Leak RT Radiographic MT Magnetic Particle UT Ultrasonic NRT Neutron Radiographic VT Visual Basic testing symbol (N) T L }{ }{ Other side Arrow side Reference line Tail Specifications or other reference Arrow Number of tests Length of section to be tested Test in field Test-all-around symbol sidesBoth Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY 1442 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Tests to be made on the other side of the part are indicated by the basic testing symbol on the side of the reference line away from the reader. To specify where only a certain length of a section is to be considered, the actual length or percentage of length to be tested is shown to the right of the basic test symbol. To specify the number of tests to be taken on a joint or part, the number of tests is shown in parenthe- ses. Tests to be made on both sides of the part are indicated by test symbols on both sides of the reference line. Where nondestructive symbols have no arrow or other significance, the testing symbols are centered in the reference line. Combination of Symbols: Nondestructive basic testing symbols may be combined and nondestructive and welding symbols may be combined. Direction of Radiation: When specified, the direction of radiation may be shown in con- junction with the radiographic or neutron radiographic basic testing symbols by means of a radiation symbol located on the drawing at the desired angle. Tests Made All Around the Joint: To specify tests to be made all around a joint a circular test-all-around symbol is used. Areas of Revolution: For nondestructive testing of areas of revolution, the area is indi- cated by the test-all-around symbol and appropriate dimensions. Plane Areas: The area to be examined is enclosed by straight broken lines having a small circle around the angle apex at each change in direction. Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY LASERS 1443 LASERS Introduction Lasers are used for cutting, welding, drilling, surface treatment, and marking. The word laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation, and a laser is a unit that produces optical-frequency radiation in intense, controllable quantities of energy. When directed against the surface of a material, this quantity of energy is high enough to cause a localized effect. Heating by a laser is controlled to produce only the desired result in a specific area, ensuring low part distortion. The four basic components of a laser, shown in Fig. 1, are an amplifying medium, a means to excite this medium, mirrors arranged to form an optical resonator, and an output transmission device to cause beam energy to exit from the laser. The laser output wave- length is controlled by the type of amplifying medium used. The most efficient industrial lasers use optical excitation or electrical discharge to stimulate the medium and start the lasing action. Solid-state lasers, in which the medium is a solid crystal of an optically pure material such as glass or yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) doped with neodymium (Nd), are excited by a burst of light from a flashlamp(s) arranged in a reflective cavity that acts to concen- trate the excitation energy into the crystal. Neodymium lasers emit radiation at 1.06 µm (1 µm = 0.00004 in.), in the near infrared portion of the spectrum. The carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser uses a gaseous mixture of helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. The gas molecules are energized by an electric discharge between strategically placed cathodes and anodes. The light produced by CO 2 lasers has a wavelength of approx- imately 10.6 µm. Laser Light.—The characteristics of light emitted from a laser are determined by the medium and the design of the optical resonator. Photons traveling parallel to the optical axis are amplified and the design provides for a certain portion of this light energy to be transmitted from the resonator. This amplifier/resonator action determines the wavelength and spatial distribution of the laser light. The transmitted laser light beam is monochromatic (one color) and coherent (parallel rays), with low divergence and high brightness, characteristics that distinguish coherent laser light from ordinary incoherent light and set the laser apart as a beam source with high energy density. A typical industrial laser operating in a very narrow wavelength band determined by the laser medium is called monochromatic because it emits light in a spe- cific segment of the optical spectrum. The wavelength is important for beam focusing and material absorption effects. Coherent laser light can be 100,000 times higher in energy density than equivalent- power incoherent light. The most important aspect of coherent light for industrial laser applications is directionality. which reduces dispersion of energy as the beam is directed over comparatively long distances to the workpiece. Laser Beams.—The slight tendency of a laser beam to expand in diameter as it moves away from its source is called beam divergence, and is important in determining the size of the spot where it is focused on the work surface. The beam-divergence angle for high- power lasers used in processing industrial materials is larger than the diffraction-limited value because the divergence angle tends to increasewith increasing laser output power. The amount of divergence thus is a major factor in concentration of energy in the work. The power emitted per unit area per unit solid angle is called brightness. Because the laser can produce very high levels of power in very narrowly collimated beams, it is a source of high brightness energy. This brightness factor is a major characteristic of solid- state lasers. Other important beam characteristics in industrial lasers include spatial mode and depth of focus. Ideally, the output beam of the laser selected should have a mode struc- ture, divergence, and wavelength sufficient to process the application in optimum time and Machinery's Handbook 27th Edition Copyright 2004, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY [...]... 1.5 6 3 7.4 2. 5 1.15 26 .2 13.1 4 .9 19. 7 9. 8 … 3 1.5 2. 8 1.5 2. 5 3.5 0.4 0.08 9. 8 4 .9 9 .2 … 1.1 mm 0.08 3.6 in … … … 0.06 0.1 0.14 0.016 … 0.003 … … … 0.003 … Speed m/min Power ft/min … … … 2. 5 1.0 0.5 1.0 8 .2 3.3 1.6 3.3 … 0.03 0.1 … … … 0.5 1.6 … watts … … … 1000 1000 1000 150 … 25 0 … … … 150 … LIVE GRAPH 9 Click here to view Cutting Mild Steel with Oxygen Gas = 1500-W CO2 + 7 6 = 1000-W CO2 = 1750-W... Thickness Speed Power Material mm in m/min ft/min watts 500 Fiberglass 1.6 0.063 5 .2 17 450 56 500 Glass 1 0.04 1.5 4 .9 500 19 62 500 Alumina 1 0.04 1.4 4.6 500 0.04 20 66 500 Hardwood 10 0. 39 2. 6 8.5 500 1 0.04 21 69 500 Plywood 12 0.47 4.8 15.7 1000 Polycarbonate 1 0.04 21 69 500 Cardboard 4.6 0.18 9. 0 29 .5 350 PVC 1 0.04 28 92 500 Welding with Lasers Laser Welding Theory.—Conversion of absorbed laser... shall be applied Type I is 99 .7% gold minimum (Grades A, B, or C); Type II is 99 .0% (Grades B, C, or D); and Type III is 99 .9% (Grade A only) Grade A is 90 Knoop maximum; Grade B is 91 - 1 29 Knoop; Grade C is 130 -20 0 Knoop; and Grade D is 20 1 Knoop and over Class 00 has a thickness of 0.000 02 in minimum; Class 0, 0.00003 in.; Class 1, 0.00005 in.; Class 2, 0.0001 in.; Class 3, 0.00 02 in.; Class 4, 0.0003... Copyright 20 04, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY Machinery's Handbook 27 th Edition 1450 LASERS Table 5 CO2 and Nd: YAG Cutting Speeds for Nonferrous Metals CO2 (1500 watts) Thickness mm Material 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 Copper Aluminum Titanium Tungsten 1 2 2.5 Brass Hastalloy Hastalloy X Inconel 718 4 in 0.04 0.08 0. 12 0.04 0.08 0. 12 0.04 0.08 … 0.04 0.08 0.1 … 0.16 Nd: YAG Speed Thickness m/min ft/min 2. 25 0.75... Copyright 20 04, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY Machinery's Handbook 27 th Edition TABLE OF CONTENTS FASTENERS NAILS, SPIKES, AND WOOD SCREWS TORQUE AND TENSION IN FASTENERS (Continued) 1476 1477 Wire Nails and Spikes Wood Screws RIVETS AND RIVETED JOINTS 1478 1478 1478 14 79 1480 1480 1481 1483 1483 1483 1484 1485 1485 1485 1485 1486 1487 1487 1488 14 89 1 490 1 491 1 491 1 491 14 92 1 493 1 494 Riveted... Countersunk Head Rivet Dimensions and Diameters TORQUE AND TENSION IN FASTENERS 1 496 1 496 1 496 1 497 1 498 1 498 1 499 1 499 Wrench Torque Preload in Loaded Joint Preload In Shear General Application of Preload Preload Adjustments Coefficients of Friction Preload Relaxation Measuring Preload 1500 1500 15 02 1503 1505 1506 1508 1508 15 09 15 09 15 09 1510 1511 1511 Bolt Preload Application Methods Elongation Measurement... FASTENERS 15 12 Bolts, Screws, and Nuts 1513 Square and Hex Bolts 1514 ANSI Square Bolts 1515 ANSI Hex and Heavy Hex Bolts 1516 Heavy Hex Screws 1517 Square Lag Screws 1518 Hex Lag Screws 15 19 Hex Nuts and Jam Nuts 1 520 Heavy Hex Flat Nuts 1 521 Heavy Hex Slotted Nuts 1 522 Square Nuts 1 523 Low and High Crown Nuts 1 525 Round Head Square Neck Bolts 1 525 T Head Bolts 1 526 Round Head Square Neck Bolts 1 526 Round... dynamic loads Class 2c will be used on parts below 40 Rc and designed for unlimited life under dynamic loads Class 2d parts have hardness of 40 Rc or above, which are subject to static loads or designed for unlimited life under dynamic loads Copyright 20 04, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY Machinery's Handbook 27 th Edition 1466 PLATING STANDARDS Class 2e parts have hardness of 40 Rc or above, which... To color brass a hardware green, immerse the parts in a 160°F solution of ferric nitrate, 1 ounce; sodium thiosulfate, 6 ounces; and water, 1 gallon To color brass a light brown, immerse the parts in a 195 21 2°F solution of potassium chlorate, 5.5 ounces; nickel sulfate, 2. 75 ounces; copper sulfate, 24 ounces; and water, 1 gallon Post treatment: The treated parts should be scratch brushed to remove any... all mechanical operations are performed Steel parts with hardness in excess of 40 Rc shall be stress relieved prior to plating by baking one hour or more (300 to 500°F) and baked after plating (375°F ± 25 °F) for 3 hours Copyright 20 04, Industrial Press, Inc., New York, NY Machinery's Handbook 27 th Edition PLATING STANDARDS 1465 Black Oxide Coating, MIL-C-13 92 4 C: A uniform, mostly decorative black coating . Side Back Weld 2 2 3 1 /8 22 3 1 / 8 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 /4 1 /2 1 / 2 1 / 4 1 / 2 1 / 4 ( ) Orientation Shown on Drawing 1 / 4 1 / 2 × Machinery's Handbook 27 th Edition Copyright 20 04, Industrial. Meaning 3 / 16 3 / 16 65 90 90 65 C – G – 25 25 2 2 0 R R R = User’s St’d. 25 0 2 1 / 2 26 A A 6 60 ID A – A 1 / 2 16 2 60 Preparation Process Reference Must Be Placed on Symbol SW SW Machinery's Handbook. 21 69 500 Plywood 12 0.47 4.8 15.7 1000 Polycarbonate 1 0.04 21 69 500 Cardboard 4.6 0.18 9. 0 29 .5 350 PVC 1 0.04 28 92 500 Machinery's Handbook 27 th Edition Copyright 20 04, Industrial Press,