holcim strength performance passion technical manual cement concrete holcim vietnam ltd 1st edition 2013

Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd. 1 st edition 2013 Cement & Concrete Technical Manual Strength. Performance. Passion. 2 3 Copyright C2013, Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd All rights, including the partial re-print of parts or entire section of the book in Vietnamese version and/ or English version (including photo copy, micro copy, CD-Rom, or any other way of copying and presenting it in public), the storage in date centers and the translation, are reserved to the authors. Special permission must be requested in writing to Holcim (Vietnam) Authors Technical consultant team Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd A special thank to Silvia Vieiria Mcs, PhD – Holcim Group Support Ltd Publication 1st edition 2013 in Vietnamese 1st edition 2013 in English Disclaimer Alone the complete standards referred hereto serve as reference. They can be sourced at the respective organizations. Holcim (Vietnam) is not liable for misapplication and/or interpretation of the content of this manual. Imprint 4 5 About Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd. Founded in 1912 in the tiny Swiss village of Holderbank, Holcim is one of the world leading cement and construction materials companies. Holcim operates in more than 70 countries across all continents and employs around 90,000 people world-wide. Today Holcim has become synonymous of leadership in the supply of cement and aggregates (crushed stone, sand and gravel), as well as readymix concrete and construction-related services. Holcim (Vietnam), founded in 1993, has the unique network of 4 cement plants in south Vietnam at Hon Chong, Hiep Phuoc, Cat Lai, Thi Vai, to guarantee the best supply security for each project. To meet the requirements of every application, Holcim Vietnam has researched and developed a wide range of cements that offer the optimal solution for every project. Established in 2005, Holcim Beton has developed into a leading readymix supplier in southern Vietnam, offering its customers high quality, innovative products and services. Over the last years, Holcim Vietnam has worked with leading national and international contractors and developers as the preferred partner in projects in southern Vietnam. 6 7 Preface To develop Vietnam in the 21 st century and to meet the requirements of modern society, many high rise buildings and infrastructure projects, like ports, roads, bridges… are being designed and constructed by national and international developers, designers and contractors. These structures are expected to be in service for long time, sometimes for 100 years, with low maintenance costs. The durability of concrete as building material is a key element for long lasting projects. This Technical Manual offers an overview of good practices in concrete as well as an overview of relevant Vietnamese and international standards. A better understanding of cement/concrete standards can make it easier for designers, consultants and contractors to choose the type of cement and concrete, suitable for their specific project. With good concrete practice at the jobsite, the high quality building material “concrete” will be molded and transformed into long lasting concrete structures, to build Vietnam for future generations. As the different standards are complex to summarize and the construction industry changes quickly in Vietnam, it is possible that there are inaccuracies in this Technical Manual. We are looking forward to any feedback or input for improvement on technical.service-vnm@holcim.com. Yours sincerely, Pieter Keppens Technical Marketing Manager 8 Index Chapter I Cement & Concrete 11 A. Components of concrete 11 1. Cement 11 2. Mixing water 12 3. Fine aggregate 13 4. Coarse aggregate 14 5. Admixtures 16 6. Additions 17 B. From fresh concrete to hardened concrete 20 1. Composition of concrete 20 2. Workability 23 3. Concrete strength 27 4. Special characteristics 33 5. Production and transport 37 6. Placing and compaction 38 7. Concreting in hot weather 41 8. Pumped concrete 43 9. Curing 45 10. Influence of formwork 47 Chapter II Applications with specific requirements 49 A. Infrastructure 49 1. Introduction 49 2. Cement for infrastructure 49 B. Aggressive environments 50 1. Introduction 50 2. Sulfate resistant Portland cement 50 3. Sulfate resistant blended cements 51 C. Massive structure 52 1. Introduction 52 2. Cement for massive structures 52 3. Concrete for massive structures 53 D. High strength concrete 54 1. Introduction 54 2. Production and use of high strength concrete 55 E. Very flowable and self-compacting concrete 56 1. Introduction 56 2. Production of very flowable / self-compacting concrete 57 F. Cement treated aggregates 58 1. Introduction 58 2. Cement for treated aggregates 58 3. Testing procedure for cement treated aggregates 59 4. Optimization of cement treated aggregates 61 9 Chapter III Causes and prevention of concrete defects 62 A. Segregation of concrete 63 B. Cracking 64 1. Plastic settlement cracks 65 2. Plastic shrinkage cracks 66 3. Surface crazing 67 4. Drying shrinkage cracks 67 5. Early thermal cracking 68 C. Carbonation and corrosion of reinforcement 69 D. Degradation in seawater environment 70 1. Chloride-induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement 70 2. Attack by sulfates from seawater 71 3. Preventive measures 71 E. Chemical attack 72 1. Classification 72 2. Preventive measures 73 F. Alkali – Aggregate Reaction 74 G. Fire Resistance 75 1. Concrete in fire 75 2. Preventive measures 75 Chapter IV Overview of cement & concrete standards 76 A. Cement 77 Vietnamese standards – TCVN 77 American standards – ASTM 83 European standards – EN 86 B. Concrete 89 Vietnamese standards – TCVN 89 American standards – ASTM 91 European standards – EN 93 British standards – BS 95 C. Recommendation for limiting values of concrete composition 97 Chloride - induced corrosion in sea water 97 Aggressive chemical environments 97 Reference 98 10 [...]... I: Cement & Concrete B From fresh concrete to hardened concrete 3 Concrete strength One of the most important characteristics of concrete is the strength, as strength is an important input parameter to the design of the concrete structure Concrete is a very strong material when it is used in compression and it is however, less resistant to tension There are different ways to measure the concrete strength, ... lowest strength specimen f’c : the specified compressive strength fmin: lowest strength specimen fmed: median strength specimen f’cr : the average compressive strength fmax: highest strength specimen fmax: highest strength specimen fcm = (fmax + fmin) / 2 Measure compressive strength of the specimens fmin: strength of the specimen with lowest strength fmax: strength of the specimen with highest strength. ..Chapter I: Cement & Concrete A Components of concrete 1 Cement General Cement is a hydraulic binder – a material that hardens after being mixed with water, either in the air or under water The hardened cement paste is water-resistant and possesses high strength For all concrete without specific requirements, the type of cement generally used in Vietnam is a blended Portland cement, type PCB 40,... I: Cement & Concrete B From fresh concrete to hardened concrete In Vietnam, the concrete is classified based on grade and class of hardened concrete Grade of hardened concrete (TCXDVN 239:2006) The grade of concrete is the mean compressive strength in MPa, tested on 150 x 150 x 150mm cube samples, which are casted, compacted, cured and tested according to the standard at the age of 28 days Grade of concrete. .. hardended concrete (TCXDVN 356:2005) The class of concrete is the compressive strength of concrete which the reliable probability is 0.95 Class of concrete is prefixed with letter “B” B = M(1 – 1.64v) With: v – variable strength coefficient b Flexural strength The flexural strength of concrete is measured by loading 150x150mm concrete beams with a span length at least three times the depth The flexural strength. .. batches of concrete are not contaminated Even the best pigments cannot prevent the color of concrete from fading somewhat over time Cement & Concrete Concrete component 19 20 B From fresh concrete to hardened concrete 1 Composition of Concrete Concrete is a composite material that consists essentially of fine and coarse aggregates, glued together by the cement paste Aggregates occupy 60-75% of the concrete. .. all the particles in concrete Measured in this way, the dominant component in concrete is clearly cement and the cement paste is fundamental in defining many concrete characteristics Concrete mixing In proportioning the constituents of concrete, or determining the so-called concrete mix or mix design, the producer is primarily concerned with optimizing concrete' s: • Workability • Strength • Production... affect the consistence and 28-day compressive strength of concrete Chapter I: Cement & Concrete B From fresh concrete to hardened concrete Change Workability 23 28-day compressive strength Smoother grading More rounded aggregate Table I.4 Effect of various factors on workability and strength of concrete More crushed (angular) aggregate More mixing water Higher concrete temperature Use of a superplasticizer... the concrete, its efficiency in increasing strength and durability will be reduced Fig I.11 Silica fume 18 Chapter I: Cement & Concrete A Components of concrete Other mineral additions (puzzolan, fly ash) In many countries, high quality fly ash, a by product from thermo power plants, is commonly used in concrete, as this is an active puzzolan that contributes to the strength of the concrete In Vietnam, ... high quality concrete structure, the method of placing and compaction as well as the shape of the concrete element and reinforcement arrangement, should be considered to select the workability of the concrete The concrete workability affects the speed of placement and the degree of compaction of concrete Inadequate compaction may result in the reduction in both strength and durability of concrete Different . Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd. 1 st edition 2013 Cement & Concrete Technical Manual Strength. Performance. Passion. 2 3 Copyright C2013, Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd All rights, including. Holcim (Vietnam) Authors Technical consultant team Holcim (Vietnam) Ltd A special thank to Silvia Vieiria Mcs, PhD – Holcim Group Support Ltd Publication 1st edition 2013 in Vietnamese 1st edition. & Concrete A. Components of concrete 19 Cement & Concrete Concrete component 20 B. From fresh concrete to hardened concrete 1. Composition of Concrete Concrete is a composite material