The word despite establishes a logical connection between the main and subordinate clauses.. The subordinator because in choice c establishes the logical causal relationship between subo
Trang 1SET 52 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)
The essays in this set and the next few contain more
personal topics—ones that ask you to reflect on a
specific event in your life or on your personality
492 Phyliss Bottome has said, “There are two ways
of meeting difficulties You alter the difficulties
or you alter yourself to meet them.”
Write about a time in which you attempted
to alter a difficult situation, or decided to alter
yourself Were you successful? Are you pleased
with the choice you made? Whichever you
chose to alter, would it have been easier to alter
the other? Would it have been better?
493 Bella Lewitzky once said, “To move freely you
must be deeply rooted.”
Write an essay in which you first state what
you interpret this statement to mean (there is
no right or wrong interpretation), then (using
your own interpretation) agree or disagree
with it Support your opinion with specific
examples and logical reasoning
SET 53 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)
Each body paragraph of your essay should have a topic sentence that forecasts the main idea of that paragraph Make sure your topic sentences are con-nected to your thesis statement in order to write a unified essay
494 Most people have faced a situation—perhaps
in a class, an organization, or just with a group
of friends—in which they held a strong, but unpopular, opinion
Write about a time when you were in this circumstance Did you speak up? Did you keep quiet? Why do you think you made the choice you did?
495 Do you consider yourself adventurous, a
risk-taker?
Write about a time in which you contem-plated an undertaking which others considered dangerous Did you do it? Why? If you did not
do it, why not? Do you have regrets? The danger involved need not have been physical, although it could have been
Trang 2SET 54 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)
It’s always important to explain yourself fully How will
the reader understand the event you’re describing if
you don’t “show all”? In both personal and persuasive
writing, it’s important to include lots of details, images,
and explanations to support your main idea
496 Nadine Stair said, “If I had my life to live
over again, I’d dare to make more mistakes
next time.”
Write an essay in which you agree or disagree
with this assessment, using your own life as a
touchstone Why do you agree or disagree?
How might your life have been different if you
had dared to make more mistakes?
497 In the 1960s and 1970s, women were demanding
the right to attend previously all-male educational
institutions Having won that right, some women
are now reconsidering Citing studies that indicate
girls perform better in all-girl schools than in coed
schools, some women are calling for the
establish-ment of single-sex educational institutions
Write an essay in which you take a position
on the issue of single-sex schools Be sure to
include specific examples and solid reasoning
in your opinion
SET 55 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)
Often the best way to organize a personal essay is chronologically, in time order But you should still make sure you have a thesis statement that responds to the question, and that your whole essay is related to your thesis statement
498 Susanne Curchod Necker said, “Worship your
heroes from afar; contact withers them.”
Do you agree? Write about a time when you made contact with a hero Were you disappointed with the experience or not? Or, perhaps someone once thought of you as a hero Did they feel the same way after they got close to you? Did close-ness make the relationship better or worse?
499 Most of us have been in a situation, perhaps at
work or at school, in which we felt we were being treated unfairly
Write about a time when you were treated unfairly How did you react? What did you
do or say about the treatment? If you had it
to do over again, would you do something differently?
– E S S AY Q U E S T I O N S –
Trang 3SET 56 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)
Whether you’re writing a personal essay or a
persua-sive one, make sure you stick to the topic you are given
500 An old cliché says, “You can’t fight city hall.”
Do you believe this is true? What advice
would you give someone who wanted to
convince a city council that a stoplight should
be installed at a particular corner? Perhaps you
can write about a time in which you tried to
change or enact a law, or perhaps a regulation
at school or work Were you successful? Why
or why not?
501 Advances in genetic testing now allow
scientists to identify people whose genetic background makes them greater risks for certain diseases A genetic predisposition to a certain disease, however, does not guarantee that a patient will contract that disease Environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, and smoking also play a role Insurance companies want to have access to genetic information in order to help keep their costs down Opponents feel that insurance companies will misuse such information, by unfairly denying people coverage
Write an essay in which you take a position
on providing genetic testing information to insurance companies Be sure to support your argument with specific examples and logical reasoning
Trang 4S e c t i o n 1 : M e c h a n i c s
SET 1 (Page 3)
1 b A title, such as Dr., requires a capital.
2 d Nationalities and languages require capitals.
3 a Jr is a kind of title and therefore takes a capital.
4 b The first letter of a direct quotation takes a capital.
5 e Capitalization is correct.
6 a All words in the proper name of a place require capitals.
7 b Proper names require capitals.
8 c Movie titles are capitalized.
SET 2 (Page 4)
9 d There should be quotation marks before the word Coach to set off the dialogue.
10 d Commas set off nonrestrictive appositives, phrases that say the same thing as the previous phrase, in
different words (A comma should be placed after Patricia.)
11 a A colon can go before a list (Place a colon after the word flowers.)
12 a A semicolon can be used to separate two main clauses, which could each stand alone as complete
sentences
13 c A dash can be used to set off a parenthetical element, for emphasis (Place another dash after the
word senior.)
14 a The possessive Kim’s requires an apostrophe.
15 e This sentence is punctuated correctly.
16 b Commas set off parenthetical elements and always go inside the quotation marks in a line of
dialogue (Place a comma after the word remember.)
Answers
Trang 517 d Commas set off a word or phrase that
describes the subject but does not alter the
meaning of the entire sentence (Place a
comma after the word Larkin.)
18 c A semicolon can be used to separate two
main clauses, which could each stand alone
as complete sentences (Place the semicolon
after the word treadmill.)
SET 3 (Page 5)
19 b The comma separates the main clause from
the long, descriptive subordinate clause
20 d The semicolon can be used to separate two
main clauses, which could each stand alone
as complete sentences
21 a The quotation is a question, and the tag
asked Timothy ends the sentence.
22 e The sentence is punctuated correctly.
23 b The word student’s is possessive and needs
an apostrophe
24 e The sentence does not require any
punctuation other than the period at the
end
25 c This is a declarative sentence; it asks an
indirect question, so a question mark
should not be used Also, the comma is
unnecessary
26 e The sentence is punctuated correctly.
27 a The phrase a root vegetable is a nonessential
element in the sentence and needs to be set
off with commas
28 d Commas separate dates and addresses.
SET 4 (Page 6)
29 a Winter should not be capitalized.
30 c There should not be an apostrophe after
the word girls.
31 a The comma is unnecessary and should be
deleted
32 b Mayor should be capitalized because it
refers to a particular mayor
33 c Cape Cod is a proper noun, and both words
should be capitalized
34 a Since this is a declarative sentence, the
question mark should be replaced with
a period
35 b Uncle is not used as a proper noun and
should not be capitalized
36 a Grandma is used as a proper name and
should be capitalized
37 b A colon should not be used between a verb
and its objects
38 a There should be an apostrophe in the word
else’s, which is possessive.
39 c The commas are missing from this series
of adjectives
40 b The quotation mark should appear on the
outside of the exclamation point: “Don’t run!”
41 c Polio and smallpox should not be
capitalized Diseases are not capitalized unless a proper noun is part of the name
42 a Ocean should be capitalized.
43 c To set off the dialogue, there should be
quotation marks before the word I’ll.
44 c Mayor should not be capitalized because it
does not refer to a particular mayor
45 b A semicolon is not used between a
dependent and an independent clause Use
a comma
46 b Veterinarian is not a proper noun and
should not be capitalized
47 c The word Why, which begins the
quotation, should be capitalized
48 b World War is a proper noun and should
be capitalized
49 a The phrase like many other viruses should
be set off by commas because it is a nonessential element in the sentence
50 a Industrial Revolution should be capitalized.
51 a The commas in this sentence should be
deleted Commas are not used in a series when the series is already linked by conjunctions
Trang 652 a The names of centuries are not capitalized.
53 c This sentence asks a question and should
end with a question mark
SET 5 (Page 8)
54 c Commas are used to set off a word or
phrase that describes the subject but does
not alter the meaning of the entire
sentence
55 e The dash is used to set off parenthetical
elements, for emphasis
56 a The comma is used after an introductory
element
57 b The comma separates the main clause from
the descriptive subordinate clause
58 c Titles require capitals.
59 d First word of salutations, titles, and proper
names all take capitals; a colon follows the
salutation in a business letter
60 d Commas set off parenthetical elements.
61 a A comma goes before and when and links
two main clauses
S e c t i o n 2 : S e n t e n c e S t r u c t u r e
SET 6 (Page 12)
62 d Although means “despite the fact that” or
“even though.” Even though Sarah drives to
the cabin all the time, she still gets nervous
The other choices do not convey this
meaning
63 a Therefore best completes the sentence’s
meaning; it creates a cause and effect
relationship between how Lila is feeling
(the cause) and her decision to stay home
from work (the effect)
64 b While suggests that two things are
happening simultaneously; it is the only
logical choice Choice a implies that Sam
could control when the doctor called him
in Choices c and d are unclear.
65 c The sentence requires a condition—Ruby
likes blueberry pie on one condition:
freshly picked blueberries Choice b can be
ruled out because blueberry pie is not always made with freshly picked
blueberries Choices a and d result in
unclear sentences
66 a However indicates an impending
contradiction; it is the best choice because the two clauses compare musical tastes In this case, the comparison contrasts Mitchell’s preference to Greg’s
67 d If you rearrange the sentence, it would
read: If you sign up this week, you will
receive a low annual fee and a 20%
discount In addition means and; it is the
best choice Choices a, b, and c result in an
awkward construction
68 b The two clauses make a reference to time—
more specifically, to two different times
Choice b is the only logical response.
69 d The golden retriever is never outside
without a leash because the neighbor is afraid of dogs; one is the effect of the other
Consequently means following as an effect or
as a result This is the best choice.
70 a This sentence speculates that quilts were
made from fabrics taken from somewhere Only from completes this idea.
71 d This is the only choice that results in a
complete and logical sentence Choice a is illogical; choices b and c result in sentence
fragments
72 d The conditional tense, would have heard, is
the only one that logically fits with the second clause of the sentence
73 c The Beatles songs specifically named were
pulled from a pool of titles Only Among
suggests the existence of many other things,
in this case songs
– A N S W E R S –
Trang 7SET 7 (Page 14)
74 c Even though is the most logical subordinating
phrase, showing a contrast The other
choices are not only illogical but
ungrammatical
75 b In this choice, the subordinate clause
makes sense Choice b is also the least
wordy of the choices In choices a and d,
the subordinators are illogical Choice c
contains a misplaced modifier (Plato
believed; Plato’s idea could not believe).
76 a The word despite establishes a logical
connection between the main and
subordinate clauses Whereupon and so that
(choices b and c) make no sense Choice d
is both illogical and ungrammatical
77 c The subordinator because in choice c
establishes the logical causal relationship
between subordinate and main clause;
choices a and b do not make sense Choice
d has faulty construction.
78 b Whereas (in choice b) is the logical
subordinator, establishing contrast The
other answer choices make no sense
79 b The subordinators after (choice a),
whereupon (choice c), and unless (choice d)
do not make sense Although the word but
(choice b) can be used as a coordinating
conjunction, here it is a subordinator,
logically connecting subordinate and
main clause
80 c The subordinator although shows a logical
contrasting relationship between
subordinate and main clause The other
choices do not make sense
81 b The subordinator so (choice b) establishes
the correct causal relationship between
main and subordinate clause The other
subordinators do not point to cause
82 d The subordinator yet establishes a
contrasting relationship between the main and subordinate clauses The other choices
do not establish a logical relationship
83 a The subordinator whereas (choice a)
correctly establishes a contrast between subordinate and main clause The other choices point to an illogical causal relationship
84 c Choice a contains a misplaced modifier.
Choice b is a run-on sentence Choice d
establishes a faulty causal relationship between main and subordinate clauses
Choice c correctly states a simple fact.
SET 8 (Page 17)
85 c The conjunction but sets the reader up for a
contrast or opposite: TV passive (but)
computer game active.
86 b The conjunction so indicates a causal
relationship: Socrates taught [something obviously controversial], so he was
both loved and hated Choice c is
incorrect because it has a misplaced modifier
87 a The conjunction for in this sentence means
because and prepares the reader for a logical
causal relationship Choice d is a run-on
sentence
88 a The conjunction so indicates that there is a
causal relationship between the two main clauses
89 d The conjunction yet prepares the reader for
a contrast: respected, yet imprisoned.
Choice b is wrong because it is unclear.
90 c In this sentence, the conjunction for means
because and prepares the reader for a logical
causal relationship: new shoes (for)
Donnie will be upset if flip-flops.
Trang 891 c The conjunction so indicates a logical
causal relationship between the first main
clause and the second: loaded with money,
(so) she can afford.
92 b The conjunction but sets the reader up for
an opposite or contrast: it is possible
(but) unlikely Choices c and d make
no sense
93 c The word Unless sets up the causal
relationship between the two clauses in the
sentence The other choices are illogical
94 a The subordinating conjunction Although
signals an impending contradiction; it
makes the most sense The other choices do
not make sense
95 d The subordinator but contrasts the main
clause and subordinate clause in a logical
way Choices a, b, and c do not make sense.
96 d Choice d is the most economical of the
choices and makes the most sense
SET 9 (Page 19)
97 d Because establishes the causal relationship
between the woman not responding and
everyone’s assumption that she would
not attend
98 b The transitional word whereas correctly
establishes a contrast between the speaker’s
opinion of the restaurant and the opinion
of her friends
99 c The transitional word although correctly
establishes a contrast between Elizabeth’s
athletic ability and her inability to swim or
ride a bike, which supposedly accompanies
athleticism
100 c The conjunctive adverb therefore establishes
the causal relationship between the number
of babies in the neighborhood and the
neighborhood’s nickname
101 a The transitional word however correctly
establishes a contrast between the large number of stores in the shopping mall and the absence of a pet shop
102 a The transitional word furthermore correctly
indicates the addition of one negative trait
to another Choice d is incorrect because
not everyone who is unreliable has a difficult personality
103 a The conjunction but means on the contrary,
and indicates that the two negatives in the first main clause will be followed by their
opposite or opposites in the second: Never
eat candy or ice cream (but) do drink soda.
104 c The conjunction but indicates that the first
main clause will be followed by something that indicates an opposite or contrast: is
definitely unpleasant (but) is not as
unpleasant as
105 d The conjunction so correctly indicates the
causality: The subject of the sentence always has a big party because she loves
celebrating her birthday Choice a indicates
causality but is ungrammatical
106 b The conjunction yet prepares the reader for
a contrast: is not usually (yet) it can.
Choice c is unclear.
107 d The conjunction and in this sentence
indicates also Choice a is wrong because it
is a sentence fragment Choice b makes no sense; choice c prepares the reader for a
contrast but fails to deliver: narcolepsy is
occurs in both main clauses
108 b The conjunction yet prepares the reader
for a contrast: much interest throughout the
ages (yet) scientific study is new.
Choices a and c are incomplete sentences – A N S W E R S –
Trang 9SET 10 (Page 21)
109 a Correct as is This sentence requires the
same form (parallelism) between the verbs
welcome and have, and choice a is the
only sentence that does this (welcoming
and having).
110 c This choice is the only one that does not
contain repetition or wordiness In choices
a and d, the words wide, variety, and
different mean the same thing, and in
choice e, many and numerous mean the
same thing Choice b is grammatically
incorrect
111 b This choice is correctly subordinated and
is logical
112 a Correct as is This is the only choice that
does not have a faulty subordination The
first part of the sentence is an independent
clause; the second part is a dependent clause
Choice a is correct because the dependent
clause is correctly introduced by the relative
pronoun which.
113 e This is the only choice that does not contain
repetition or wordiness In choices a, c, and
d, well known, prominent, famous, and
renown mean the same thing; in choice b, a
painter obviously lived and painted
114 c This choice is constructed so that the
sentence is logical and unambiguous The
opening phrase Having missed class several
times should be completed by a noun that
indicates who missed class
115 a Correct as is This is the only choice that
does not contain repetition or wordiness
In choice b diligent and careful mean the
same thing; in choice c, reviewing and
checking mean the same thing; in choice d,
workers and employees mean the same
thing; and in choice e, daily and every day
mean the same thing
116 d The word beside means at the side of;
the word besides means other than or
together with
117 d The comparison in this sentence between
the United States and Japan requires
as well as Choice d does this while at
the same time creating a clear and logical sentence
118 a Correct as is A comma is needed before a
coordinating conjunction and after a
subordinating clause; choice a is the only
one that does both
119 d In this complex sentence, choice d is the
only choice that results in a complete sentence The other choices are sentence fragments
SET 11 (Page 24)
120 b This is the only choice in which the
sen-tence construction is clear and
unambigu-ous In choices a and c, the sentence reads
as though the ingredients were making the
torte In choice e, no one is making the torte Choice d is incorrect because there is
a shift in tense from present (making) to past perfect (should have used).
121 a Correct as is This sentence requires that
the comparison between culture and
biol-ogy be logical and clear Choice b is wrong
because the use of the preposition with
does not observe standard usage
conven-tions The phrase somewhat better in choice
c makes no sense Choices d and e result in
an unclear comparison
122 e This is the only choice that does not
contain excessive wordiness or a
redundancy In choice a, the phrase the fifth
of five is redundant Choices b, c, and d also
repeats five and fifth.
123 e The opening phrase, An American poet of
the nineteenth century, should modify a
noun that identifies the poet Only choice e does this In choices a, b, and c, either
collection or Leaves of Grass is illogically
credited with being the poet Choice d is
incorrect because the subject of the
Trang 10resulting dependent clause, poems, would
not agree with its verb, celebrates.
124 d Choice d is correctly punctuated with a
semicolon between two independent
clauses, and there is no shift in person
Choices a, b, and e are incorrect because
the sentence shifts from the first person
(We) to the second person (you) Choice c
uses a semicolon when no punctuation
is necessary
125 b In this sentence Contrary to, which means a
viewpoint that is opposite to or in conflict
with another viewpoint, is used correctly
In choice a, in is inappropriately used with
opposite Similarly, choices c, d, and e do
not use standard phrasing
126 a Correct as is Choices b and e are wordy
while choices c and d are awkward.
127 c Choices a, b, and e are awkward and wordy.
Choice d is unclear and ambiguous; the
use of the preposition to distorts the
meaning of the sentence
128 d This choice is clear, logical, and
unambigu-ous and does not use extraneunambigu-ous words
Choice a is redundant: until the time when.
Choice b is also redundant (since when) and
uses extraneous words The redundancy in
choice c is to kill and stop In choice e, the
phrase up to when is awkward, and the word
its has an unclear referent.
129 a When constructing sentences, unnecessary
shifts in verb tenses should be avoided
Choice a is best because all three verbs in
the sentence indicate that the action
occurred in the past (had been covering,
became, and was called) In choice b, there
is a shift to the present (becomes) Choice c
begins in the present (is covering, becomes),
then shifts to the past (called) Choice d
makes two tense shifts, and choice e shifts
once, from present to past tense
130 d This is the only choice that is both
gram-a shift in construction; there gram-are two
sub-jects that mean the same thing (Donald
Trump and he) Choice b has a modifier
problem; the sentence implies that Donald Trump built a billion-dollar empire because
he was the son of a real estate developer
Choice c, though constructed differently, results in the same faulty logic Choice e
creates faulty subordination
131 e The correct punctuation between two
independent clauses is a semicolon
Choice a is wrong because it creates a comma splice Choice c creates a sentence fragment Choices b and d create faulty
subordination
132 b This is the correct choice because it is the
only one that is a complete sentence
133 e This is the correct choice because the
sentence is complete, logical, and unambiguous
134 b This is the only choice that is logical and
unambiguous
SET 12 (Page 26)
135 c This is a sentence fragment.
136 a The word going needs to be deleted.
137 d There are no errors.
138 b This is a run-on sentence.
139 c The modifier last summer is misplaced A
modifier should be nearest to the subject
or action that it modifies; in this case, that
action is visited, not grew up The sentence should read: Last summer, we visited the
town where my father grew up.
140 d There are no errors.
141 c The word unless does not logically connect
the independent clauses The sentence needs a word that indicates contrast, because what Liam loves and what Liam can expect are two opposite things; the
coordinating conjunction but should replace unless.
– A N S W E R S –