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The word despite establishes a logical connection between the main and subordinate clauses.. The subordinator because in choice c establishes the logical causal relationship between subo

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SET 52 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)

The essays in this set and the next few contain more

personal topics—ones that ask you to reflect on a

specific event in your life or on your personality

492 Phyliss Bottome has said, “There are two ways

of meeting difficulties You alter the difficulties

or you alter yourself to meet them.”

Write about a time in which you attempted

to alter a difficult situation, or decided to alter

yourself Were you successful? Are you pleased

with the choice you made? Whichever you

chose to alter, would it have been easier to alter

the other? Would it have been better?

493 Bella Lewitzky once said, “To move freely you

must be deeply rooted.”

Write an essay in which you first state what

you interpret this statement to mean (there is

no right or wrong interpretation), then (using

your own interpretation) agree or disagree

with it Support your opinion with specific

examples and logical reasoning

SET 53 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)

Each body paragraph of your essay should have a topic sentence that forecasts the main idea of that paragraph Make sure your topic sentences are con-nected to your thesis statement in order to write a unified essay

494 Most people have faced a situation—perhaps

in a class, an organization, or just with a group

of friends—in which they held a strong, but unpopular, opinion

Write about a time when you were in this circumstance Did you speak up? Did you keep quiet? Why do you think you made the choice you did?

495 Do you consider yourself adventurous, a

risk-taker?

Write about a time in which you contem-plated an undertaking which others considered dangerous Did you do it? Why? If you did not

do it, why not? Do you have regrets? The danger involved need not have been physical, although it could have been

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SET 54 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)

It’s always important to explain yourself fully How will

the reader understand the event you’re describing if

you don’t “show all”? In both personal and persuasive

writing, it’s important to include lots of details, images,

and explanations to support your main idea

496 Nadine Stair said, “If I had my life to live

over again, I’d dare to make more mistakes

next time.”

Write an essay in which you agree or disagree

with this assessment, using your own life as a

touchstone Why do you agree or disagree?

How might your life have been different if you

had dared to make more mistakes?

497 In the 1960s and 1970s, women were demanding

the right to attend previously all-male educational

institutions Having won that right, some women

are now reconsidering Citing studies that indicate

girls perform better in all-girl schools than in coed

schools, some women are calling for the

establish-ment of single-sex educational institutions

Write an essay in which you take a position

on the issue of single-sex schools Be sure to

include specific examples and solid reasoning

in your opinion

SET 55 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)

Often the best way to organize a personal essay is chronologically, in time order But you should still make sure you have a thesis statement that responds to the question, and that your whole essay is related to your thesis statement

498 Susanne Curchod Necker said, “Worship your

heroes from afar; contact withers them.”

Do you agree? Write about a time when you made contact with a hero Were you disappointed with the experience or not? Or, perhaps someone once thought of you as a hero Did they feel the same way after they got close to you? Did close-ness make the relationship better or worse?

499 Most of us have been in a situation, perhaps at

work or at school, in which we felt we were being treated unfairly

Write about a time when you were treated unfairly How did you react? What did you

do or say about the treatment? If you had it

to do over again, would you do something differently?

– E S S AY Q U E S T I O N S –

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SET 56 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.)

Whether you’re writing a personal essay or a

persua-sive one, make sure you stick to the topic you are given

500 An old cliché says, “You can’t fight city hall.”

Do you believe this is true? What advice

would you give someone who wanted to

convince a city council that a stoplight should

be installed at a particular corner? Perhaps you

can write about a time in which you tried to

change or enact a law, or perhaps a regulation

at school or work Were you successful? Why

or why not?

501 Advances in genetic testing now allow

scientists to identify people whose genetic background makes them greater risks for certain diseases A genetic predisposition to a certain disease, however, does not guarantee that a patient will contract that disease Environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, and smoking also play a role Insurance companies want to have access to genetic information in order to help keep their costs down Opponents feel that insurance companies will misuse such information, by unfairly denying people coverage

Write an essay in which you take a position

on providing genetic testing information to insurance companies Be sure to support your argument with specific examples and logical reasoning

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S e c t i o n 1 : M e c h a n i c s

SET 1 (Page 3)

1 b A title, such as Dr., requires a capital.

2 d Nationalities and languages require capitals.

3 a Jr is a kind of title and therefore takes a capital.

4 b The first letter of a direct quotation takes a capital.

5 e Capitalization is correct.

6 a All words in the proper name of a place require capitals.

7 b Proper names require capitals.

8 c Movie titles are capitalized.

SET 2 (Page 4)

9 d There should be quotation marks before the word Coach to set off the dialogue.

10 d Commas set off nonrestrictive appositives, phrases that say the same thing as the previous phrase, in

different words (A comma should be placed after Patricia.)

11 a A colon can go before a list (Place a colon after the word flowers.)

12 a A semicolon can be used to separate two main clauses, which could each stand alone as complete

sentences

13 c A dash can be used to set off a parenthetical element, for emphasis (Place another dash after the

word senior.)

14 a The possessive Kim’s requires an apostrophe.

15 e This sentence is punctuated correctly.

16 b Commas set off parenthetical elements and always go inside the quotation marks in a line of

dialogue (Place a comma after the word remember.)

Answers

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17 d Commas set off a word or phrase that

describes the subject but does not alter the

meaning of the entire sentence (Place a

comma after the word Larkin.)

18 c A semicolon can be used to separate two

main clauses, which could each stand alone

as complete sentences (Place the semicolon

after the word treadmill.)

SET 3 (Page 5)

19 b The comma separates the main clause from

the long, descriptive subordinate clause

20 d The semicolon can be used to separate two

main clauses, which could each stand alone

as complete sentences

21 a The quotation is a question, and the tag

asked Timothy ends the sentence.

22 e The sentence is punctuated correctly.

23 b The word student’s is possessive and needs

an apostrophe

24 e The sentence does not require any

punctuation other than the period at the

end

25 c This is a declarative sentence; it asks an

indirect question, so a question mark

should not be used Also, the comma is

unnecessary

26 e The sentence is punctuated correctly.

27 a The phrase a root vegetable is a nonessential

element in the sentence and needs to be set

off with commas

28 d Commas separate dates and addresses.

SET 4 (Page 6)

29 a Winter should not be capitalized.

30 c There should not be an apostrophe after

the word girls.

31 a The comma is unnecessary and should be

deleted

32 b Mayor should be capitalized because it

refers to a particular mayor

33 c Cape Cod is a proper noun, and both words

should be capitalized

34 a Since this is a declarative sentence, the

question mark should be replaced with

a period

35 b Uncle is not used as a proper noun and

should not be capitalized

36 a Grandma is used as a proper name and

should be capitalized

37 b A colon should not be used between a verb

and its objects

38 a There should be an apostrophe in the word

else’s, which is possessive.

39 c The commas are missing from this series

of adjectives

40 b The quotation mark should appear on the

outside of the exclamation point: “Don’t run!”

41 c Polio and smallpox should not be

capitalized Diseases are not capitalized unless a proper noun is part of the name

42 a Ocean should be capitalized.

43 c To set off the dialogue, there should be

quotation marks before the word I’ll.

44 c Mayor should not be capitalized because it

does not refer to a particular mayor

45 b A semicolon is not used between a

dependent and an independent clause Use

a comma

46 b Veterinarian is not a proper noun and

should not be capitalized

47 c The word Why, which begins the

quotation, should be capitalized

48 b World War is a proper noun and should

be capitalized

49 a The phrase like many other viruses should

be set off by commas because it is a nonessential element in the sentence

50 a Industrial Revolution should be capitalized.

51 a The commas in this sentence should be

deleted Commas are not used in a series when the series is already linked by conjunctions

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52 a The names of centuries are not capitalized.

53 c This sentence asks a question and should

end with a question mark

SET 5 (Page 8)

54 c Commas are used to set off a word or

phrase that describes the subject but does

not alter the meaning of the entire

sentence

55 e The dash is used to set off parenthetical

elements, for emphasis

56 a The comma is used after an introductory

element

57 b The comma separates the main clause from

the descriptive subordinate clause

58 c Titles require capitals.

59 d First word of salutations, titles, and proper

names all take capitals; a colon follows the

salutation in a business letter

60 d Commas set off parenthetical elements.

61 a A comma goes before and when and links

two main clauses

S e c t i o n 2 : S e n t e n c e S t r u c t u r e

SET 6 (Page 12)

62 d Although means “despite the fact that” or

“even though.” Even though Sarah drives to

the cabin all the time, she still gets nervous

The other choices do not convey this

meaning

63 a Therefore best completes the sentence’s

meaning; it creates a cause and effect

relationship between how Lila is feeling

(the cause) and her decision to stay home

from work (the effect)

64 b While suggests that two things are

happening simultaneously; it is the only

logical choice Choice a implies that Sam

could control when the doctor called him

in Choices c and d are unclear.

65 c The sentence requires a condition—Ruby

likes blueberry pie on one condition:

freshly picked blueberries Choice b can be

ruled out because blueberry pie is not always made with freshly picked

blueberries Choices a and d result in

unclear sentences

66 a However indicates an impending

contradiction; it is the best choice because the two clauses compare musical tastes In this case, the comparison contrasts Mitchell’s preference to Greg’s

67 d If you rearrange the sentence, it would

read: If you sign up this week, you will

receive a low annual fee and a 20%

discount In addition means and; it is the

best choice Choices a, b, and c result in an

awkward construction

68 b The two clauses make a reference to time—

more specifically, to two different times

Choice b is the only logical response.

69 d The golden retriever is never outside

without a leash because the neighbor is afraid of dogs; one is the effect of the other

Consequently means following as an effect or

as a result This is the best choice.

70 a This sentence speculates that quilts were

made from fabrics taken from somewhere Only from completes this idea.

71 d This is the only choice that results in a

complete and logical sentence Choice a is illogical; choices b and c result in sentence

fragments

72 d The conditional tense, would have heard, is

the only one that logically fits with the second clause of the sentence

73 c The Beatles songs specifically named were

pulled from a pool of titles Only Among

suggests the existence of many other things,

in this case songs

– A N S W E R S –

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SET 7 (Page 14)

74 c Even though is the most logical subordinating

phrase, showing a contrast The other

choices are not only illogical but

ungrammatical

75 b In this choice, the subordinate clause

makes sense Choice b is also the least

wordy of the choices In choices a and d,

the subordinators are illogical Choice c

contains a misplaced modifier (Plato

believed; Plato’s idea could not believe).

76 a The word despite establishes a logical

connection between the main and

subordinate clauses Whereupon and so that

(choices b and c) make no sense Choice d

is both illogical and ungrammatical

77 c The subordinator because in choice c

establishes the logical causal relationship

between subordinate and main clause;

choices a and b do not make sense Choice

d has faulty construction.

78 b Whereas (in choice b) is the logical

subordinator, establishing contrast The

other answer choices make no sense

79 b The subordinators after (choice a),

whereupon (choice c), and unless (choice d)

do not make sense Although the word but

(choice b) can be used as a coordinating

conjunction, here it is a subordinator,

logically connecting subordinate and

main clause

80 c The subordinator although shows a logical

contrasting relationship between

subordinate and main clause The other

choices do not make sense

81 b The subordinator so (choice b) establishes

the correct causal relationship between

main and subordinate clause The other

subordinators do not point to cause

82 d The subordinator yet establishes a

contrasting relationship between the main and subordinate clauses The other choices

do not establish a logical relationship

83 a The subordinator whereas (choice a)

correctly establishes a contrast between subordinate and main clause The other choices point to an illogical causal relationship

84 c Choice a contains a misplaced modifier.

Choice b is a run-on sentence Choice d

establishes a faulty causal relationship between main and subordinate clauses

Choice c correctly states a simple fact.

SET 8 (Page 17)

85 c The conjunction but sets the reader up for a

contrast or opposite: TV passive (but)

computer game active.

86 b The conjunction so indicates a causal

relationship: Socrates taught [something obviously controversial], so he was

both loved and hated Choice c is

incorrect because it has a misplaced modifier

87 a The conjunction for in this sentence means

because and prepares the reader for a logical

causal relationship Choice d is a run-on

sentence

88 a The conjunction so indicates that there is a

causal relationship between the two main clauses

89 d The conjunction yet prepares the reader for

a contrast: respected, yet imprisoned.

Choice b is wrong because it is unclear.

90 c In this sentence, the conjunction for means

because and prepares the reader for a logical

causal relationship: new shoes (for)

Donnie will be upset if flip-flops.

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91 c The conjunction so indicates a logical

causal relationship between the first main

clause and the second: loaded with money,

(so) she can afford.

92 b The conjunction but sets the reader up for

an opposite or contrast: it is possible

(but) unlikely Choices c and d make

no sense

93 c The word Unless sets up the causal

relationship between the two clauses in the

sentence The other choices are illogical

94 a The subordinating conjunction Although

signals an impending contradiction; it

makes the most sense The other choices do

not make sense

95 d The subordinator but contrasts the main

clause and subordinate clause in a logical

way Choices a, b, and c do not make sense.

96 d Choice d is the most economical of the

choices and makes the most sense

SET 9 (Page 19)

97 d Because establishes the causal relationship

between the woman not responding and

everyone’s assumption that she would

not attend

98 b The transitional word whereas correctly

establishes a contrast between the speaker’s

opinion of the restaurant and the opinion

of her friends

99 c The transitional word although correctly

establishes a contrast between Elizabeth’s

athletic ability and her inability to swim or

ride a bike, which supposedly accompanies

athleticism

100 c The conjunctive adverb therefore establishes

the causal relationship between the number

of babies in the neighborhood and the

neighborhood’s nickname

101 a The transitional word however correctly

establishes a contrast between the large number of stores in the shopping mall and the absence of a pet shop

102 a The transitional word furthermore correctly

indicates the addition of one negative trait

to another Choice d is incorrect because

not everyone who is unreliable has a difficult personality

103 a The conjunction but means on the contrary,

and indicates that the two negatives in the first main clause will be followed by their

opposite or opposites in the second: Never

eat candy or ice cream (but) do drink soda.

104 c The conjunction but indicates that the first

main clause will be followed by something that indicates an opposite or contrast: is

definitely unpleasant (but) is not as

unpleasant as

105 d The conjunction so correctly indicates the

causality: The subject of the sentence always has a big party because she loves

celebrating her birthday Choice a indicates

causality but is ungrammatical

106 b The conjunction yet prepares the reader for

a contrast: is not usually (yet) it can.

Choice c is unclear.

107 d The conjunction and in this sentence

indicates also Choice a is wrong because it

is a sentence fragment Choice b makes no sense; choice c prepares the reader for a

contrast but fails to deliver: narcolepsy is

occurs in both main clauses

108 b The conjunction yet prepares the reader

for a contrast: much interest throughout the

ages (yet) scientific study is new.

Choices a and c are incomplete sentences – A N S W E R S –

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SET 10 (Page 21)

109 a Correct as is This sentence requires the

same form (parallelism) between the verbs

welcome and have, and choice a is the

only sentence that does this (welcoming

and having).

110 c This choice is the only one that does not

contain repetition or wordiness In choices

a and d, the words wide, variety, and

different mean the same thing, and in

choice e, many and numerous mean the

same thing Choice b is grammatically

incorrect

111 b This choice is correctly subordinated and

is logical

112 a Correct as is This is the only choice that

does not have a faulty subordination The

first part of the sentence is an independent

clause; the second part is a dependent clause

Choice a is correct because the dependent

clause is correctly introduced by the relative

pronoun which.

113 e This is the only choice that does not contain

repetition or wordiness In choices a, c, and

d, well known, prominent, famous, and

renown mean the same thing; in choice b, a

painter obviously lived and painted

114 c This choice is constructed so that the

sentence is logical and unambiguous The

opening phrase Having missed class several

times should be completed by a noun that

indicates who missed class

115 a Correct as is This is the only choice that

does not contain repetition or wordiness

In choice b diligent and careful mean the

same thing; in choice c, reviewing and

checking mean the same thing; in choice d,

workers and employees mean the same

thing; and in choice e, daily and every day

mean the same thing

116 d The word beside means at the side of;

the word besides means other than or

together with

117 d The comparison in this sentence between

the United States and Japan requires

as well as Choice d does this while at

the same time creating a clear and logical sentence

118 a Correct as is A comma is needed before a

coordinating conjunction and after a

subordinating clause; choice a is the only

one that does both

119 d In this complex sentence, choice d is the

only choice that results in a complete sentence The other choices are sentence fragments

SET 11 (Page 24)

120 b This is the only choice in which the

sen-tence construction is clear and

unambigu-ous In choices a and c, the sentence reads

as though the ingredients were making the

torte In choice e, no one is making the torte Choice d is incorrect because there is

a shift in tense from present (making) to past perfect (should have used).

121 a Correct as is This sentence requires that

the comparison between culture and

biol-ogy be logical and clear Choice b is wrong

because the use of the preposition with

does not observe standard usage

conven-tions The phrase somewhat better in choice

c makes no sense Choices d and e result in

an unclear comparison

122 e This is the only choice that does not

contain excessive wordiness or a

redundancy In choice a, the phrase the fifth

of five is redundant Choices b, c, and d also

repeats five and fifth.

123 e The opening phrase, An American poet of

the nineteenth century, should modify a

noun that identifies the poet Only choice e does this In choices a, b, and c, either

collection or Leaves of Grass is illogically

credited with being the poet Choice d is

incorrect because the subject of the

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resulting dependent clause, poems, would

not agree with its verb, celebrates.

124 d Choice d is correctly punctuated with a

semicolon between two independent

clauses, and there is no shift in person

Choices a, b, and e are incorrect because

the sentence shifts from the first person

(We) to the second person (you) Choice c

uses a semicolon when no punctuation

is necessary

125 b In this sentence Contrary to, which means a

viewpoint that is opposite to or in conflict

with another viewpoint, is used correctly

In choice a, in is inappropriately used with

opposite Similarly, choices c, d, and e do

not use standard phrasing

126 a Correct as is Choices b and e are wordy

while choices c and d are awkward.

127 c Choices a, b, and e are awkward and wordy.

Choice d is unclear and ambiguous; the

use of the preposition to distorts the

meaning of the sentence

128 d This choice is clear, logical, and

unambigu-ous and does not use extraneunambigu-ous words

Choice a is redundant: until the time when.

Choice b is also redundant (since when) and

uses extraneous words The redundancy in

choice c is to kill and stop In choice e, the

phrase up to when is awkward, and the word

its has an unclear referent.

129 a When constructing sentences, unnecessary

shifts in verb tenses should be avoided

Choice a is best because all three verbs in

the sentence indicate that the action

occurred in the past (had been covering,

became, and was called) In choice b, there

is a shift to the present (becomes) Choice c

begins in the present (is covering, becomes),

then shifts to the past (called) Choice d

makes two tense shifts, and choice e shifts

once, from present to past tense

130 d This is the only choice that is both

gram-a shift in construction; there gram-are two

sub-jects that mean the same thing (Donald

Trump and he) Choice b has a modifier

problem; the sentence implies that Donald Trump built a billion-dollar empire because

he was the son of a real estate developer

Choice c, though constructed differently, results in the same faulty logic Choice e

creates faulty subordination

131 e The correct punctuation between two

independent clauses is a semicolon

Choice a is wrong because it creates a comma splice Choice c creates a sentence fragment Choices b and d create faulty

subordination

132 b This is the correct choice because it is the

only one that is a complete sentence

133 e This is the correct choice because the

sentence is complete, logical, and unambiguous

134 b This is the only choice that is logical and

unambiguous

SET 12 (Page 26)

135 c This is a sentence fragment.

136 a The word going needs to be deleted.

137 d There are no errors.

138 b This is a run-on sentence.

139 c The modifier last summer is misplaced A

modifier should be nearest to the subject

or action that it modifies; in this case, that

action is visited, not grew up The sentence should read: Last summer, we visited the

town where my father grew up.

140 d There are no errors.

141 c The word unless does not logically connect

the independent clauses The sentence needs a word that indicates contrast, because what Liam loves and what Liam can expect are two opposite things; the

coordinating conjunction but should replace unless.

– A N S W E R S –

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