501 grammar and writing 3e phần 8 doc

SET 52 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.) The essays in this set and the next few contain more personal topics—ones that ask you to reflect on a specific event in your life or on your personality. 492. Phyliss Bottome has said, “There are two ways of meeting difficulties. You alter the difficulties or you alter yourself to meet them.” Write about a time in which you attempted to alter a difficult situation, or decided to alter yourself. Were you successful? Are you pleased with the choice you made? Whichever you chose to alter, would it have been easier to alter the other? Would it have been better? 493. Bella Lewitzky once said, “To move freely you must be deeply rooted.” Write an essay in which you first state what you interpret this statement to mean (there is no right or wrong interpretation), then (using your own interpretation) agree or disagree with it. Support your opinion with specific examples and logical reasoning. SET 53 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.) Each body paragraph of your essay should have a topic sentence that forecasts the main idea of that paragraph. Make sure your topic sentences are con- nected to your thesis statement in order to write a unified essay. 494. Most people have faced a situation—perhaps in a class, an organization, or just with a group of friends—in which they held a strong, but unpopular, opinion. Write about a time when you were in this circumstance. Did you speak up? Did you keep quiet? Why do you think you made the choice you did? 495. Do you consider yourself adventurous, a risk-taker? Write about a time in which you contem- plated an undertaking which others considered dangerous. Did you do it? Why? If you did not do it, why not? Do you have regrets? The danger involved need not have been physical, although it could have been. – ESSAY QUESTIONS– 100 SET 54 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.) It’s always important to explain yourself fully. How will the reader understand the event you’re describing if you don’t “show all”? In both personal and persuasive writing, it’s important to include lots of details, images, and explanations to support your main idea. 496. Nadine Stair said, “If I had my life to live over again, I’d dare to make more mistakes next time.” Write an essay in which you agree or disagree with this assessment, using your own life as a touchstone. Why do you agree or disagree? How might your life have been different if you had dared to make more mistakes? 497. In the 1960s and 1970s, women were demanding the right to attend previously all-male educational institutions. Having won that right, some women are now reconsidering. Citing studies that indicate girls perform better in all-girl schools than in coed schools, some women are calling for the establish- ment of single-sex educational institutions. Write an essay in which you take a position on the issue of single-sex schools. Be sure to include specific examples and solid reasoning in your opinion. SET 55 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.) Often the best way to organize a personal essay is chronologically, in time order. But you should still make sure you have a thesis statement that responds to the question, and that your whole essay is related to your thesis statement. 498. Susanne Curchod Necker said, “Worship your heroes from afar; contact withers them.” Do you agree? Write about a time when you made contact with a hero. Were you disappointed with the experience or not? Or, perhaps someone once thought of you as a hero. Did they feel the same way after they got close to you? Did close- ness make the relationship better or worse? 499. Most of us have been in a situation, perhaps at work or at school, in which we felt we were being treated unfairly. Write about a time when you were treated unfairly. How did you react? What did you do or say about the treatment? If you had it to do over again, would you do something differently? – ESSAY QUESTIONS– 101 SET 56 (Scoring guide on pages 132–133.) Whether you’re writing a personal essay or a persua- sive one, make sure you stick to the topic you are given. 500. An old cliché says, “You can’t fight city hall.” Do you believe this is true? What advice would you give someone who wanted to convince a city council that a stoplight should be installed at a particular corner? Perhaps you can write about a time in which you tried to change or enact a law, or perhaps a regulation at school or work. Were you successful? Why or why not? 501. Advances in genetic testing now allow scientists to identify people whose genetic background makes them greater risks for certain diseases. A genetic predisposition to a certain disease, however, does not guarantee that a patient will contract that disease. Environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, and smoking also play a role. Insurance companies want to have access to genetic information in order to help keep their costs down. Opponents feel that insurance companies will misuse such information, by unfairly denying people coverage. Write an essay in which you take a position on providing genetic testing information to insurance companies. Be sure to support your argument with specific examples and logical reasoning. – ESSAY QUESTIONS– 102 Section 1: Mechanics SET 1 (Page 3) 1. b. A title, such as Dr., requires a capital. 2. d. Nationalities and languages require capitals. 3. a. Jr. is a kind of title and therefore takes a capital. 4. b. The first letter of a direct quotation takes a capital. 5. e. Capitalization is correct. 6. a. All words in the proper name of a place require capitals. 7. b. Proper names require capitals. 8. c. Movie titles are capitalized. SET 2 (Page 4) 9. d. There should be quotation marks before the word Coach to set off the dialogue. 10. d. Commas set off nonrestrictive appositives, phrases that say the same thing as the previous phrase, in different words. (A comma should be placed after Patricia.) 11. a. A colon can go before a list. (Place a colon after the word flowers.) 12. a. A semicolon can be used to separate two main clauses, which could each stand alone as complete sentences. 13.c. A dash can be used to set off a parenthetical element, for emphasis. (Place another dash after the word senior.) 14. a. The possessive Kim’s requires an apostrophe. 15. e. This sentence is punctuated correctly. 16. b. Commas set off parenthetical elements and always go inside the quotation marks in a line of dialogue. (Place a comma after the word remember.) Answers 103 17. d. Commas set off a word or phrase that describes the subject but does not alter the meaning of the entire sentence. (Place a comma after the word Larkin.) 18. c. A semicolon can be used to separate two main clauses, which could each stand alone as complete sentences. (Place the semicolon after the word treadmill.) SET 3 (Page 5) 19. b. The comma separates the main clause from the long, descriptive subordinate clause. 20. d. The semicolon can be used to separate two main clauses, which could each stand alone as complete sentences. 21. a. The quotation is a question, and the tag asked Timothy ends the sentence. 22. e. The sentence is punctuated correctly. 23. b. The word student’s is possessive and needs an apostrophe. 24. e. The sentence does not require any punctuation other than the period at the end. 25. c. This is a declarative sentence; it asks an indirect question, so a question mark should not be used. Also, the comma is unnecessary. 26. e. The sentence is punctuated correctly. 27. a. The phrase a root vegetable is a nonessential element in the sentence and needs to be set off with commas. 28. d. Commas separate dates and addresses. SET 4 (Page 6) 29. a. Winter should not be capitalized. 30. c. There should not be an apostrophe after the word girls. 31. a. The comma is unnecessary and should be deleted. 32. b. Mayor should be capitalized because it refers to a particular mayor. 33. c. Cape Cod is a proper noun, and both words should be capitalized. 34. a. Since this is a declarative sentence, the question mark should be replaced with a period. 35. b. Uncle is not used as a proper noun and should not be capitalized. 36. a. Grandma is used as a proper name and should be capitalized. 37. b. A colon should not be used between a verb and its objects. 38. a. There should be an apostrophe in the word else’s, which is possessive. 39. c. The commas are missing from this series of adjectives. 40. b. The quotation mark should appear on the outside of the exclamation point: “Don’t run!” 41. c. Polio and smallpox should not be capitalized. Diseases are not capitalized unless a proper noun is part of the name. 42. a. Ocean should be capitalized. 43. c. To set off the dialogue, there should be quotation marks before the word I’ll. 44. c. Mayor should not be capitalized because it does not refer to a particular mayor. 45. b. A semicolon is not used between a dependent and an independent clause. Use a comma. 46. b. Veterinarian is not a proper noun and should not be capitalized. 47. c. The word Why, which begins the quotation, should be capitalized. 48. b. World War is a proper noun and should be capitalized. 49. a. The phrase like many other viruses should be set off by commas because it is a nonessential element in the sentence. 50. a. Industrial Revolution should be capitalized. 51. a. The commas in this sentence should be deleted. Commas are not used in a series when the series is already linked by conjunctions. – ANSWERS– 104 52. a. The names of centuries are not capitalized. 53. c. This sentence asks a question and should end with a question mark. SET 5 (Page 8) 54. c. Commas are used to set off a word or phrase that describes the subject but does not alter the meaning of the entire sentence. 55. e. The dash is used to set off parenthetical elements, for emphasis. 56. a. The comma is used after an introductory element. 57. b. The comma separates the main clause from the descriptive subordinate clause. 58. c. Titles require capitals. 59. d. First word of salutations, titles, and proper names all take capitals; a colon follows the salutation in a business letter. 60. d. Commas set off parenthetical elements. 61. a. A comma goes before and when and links two main clauses. Section 2: Sentence Structure SET 6 (Page 12) 62. d. Although means “despite the fact that” or “even though.” Even though Sarah drives to the cabin all the time, she still gets nervous. The other choices do not convey this meaning. 63. a. Therefore best completes the sentence’s meaning; it creates a cause and effect relationship between how Lila is feeling (the cause) and her decision to stay home from work (the effect). 64. b. While suggests that two things are happening simultaneously; it is the only logical choice. Choice a implies that Sam could control when the doctor called him in. Choices c and d are unclear. 65. c. The sentence requires a condition—Ruby likes blueberry pie on one condition: freshly picked blueberries. Choice b can be ruled out because blueberry pie is not always made with freshly picked blueberries. Choices a and d result in unclear sentences. 66. a. However indicates an impending contradiction; it is the best choice because the two clauses compare musical tastes. In this case, the comparison contrasts Mitchell’s preference to Greg’s. 67. d. If you rearrange the sentence, it would read: If you sign up this week, you will receive a low annual fee and a 20% discount. In addition means and; it is the best choice. Choices a, b, and c result in an awkward construction. 68. b. The two clauses make a reference to time— more specifically, to two different times. Choice b is the only logical response. 69. d. The golden retriever is never outside without a leash because the neighbor is afraid of dogs; one is the effect of the other. Consequently means following as an effect or as a result. This is the best choice. 70. a. This sentence speculates that quilts were made from fabrics taken from somewhere. Only from completes this idea. 71. d. This is the only choice that results in a complete and logical sentence. Choice a is illogical; choices b and c result in sentence fragments. 72. d. The conditional tense, would have heard, is the only one that logically fits with the second clause of the sentence. 73. c. The Beatles songs specifically named were pulled from a pool of titles. Only Among suggests the existence of many other things, in this case songs. – ANSWERS– 105 SET 7 (Page 14) 74. c. Even though is the most logical subordinating phrase, showing a contrast. The other choices are not only illogical but ungrammatical. 75. b. In this choice, the subordinate clause makes sense. Choice b is also the least wordy of the choices. In choices a and d, the subordinators are illogical. Choice c contains a misplaced modifier (Plato believed; Plato’s idea could not believe). 76. a. The word despite establishes a logical connection between the main and subordinate clauses. Whereupon and so that (choices b and c) make no sense. Choice d is both illogical and ungrammatical. 77. c. The subordinator because in choice c establishes the logical causal relationship between subordinate and main clause; choices a and b do not make sense. Choice d has faulty construction. 78. b. Whereas (in choice b) is the logical subordinator, establishing contrast. The other answer choices make no sense. 79. b. The subordinators after (choice a), whereupon (choice c), and unless (choice d) do not make sense. Although the word but (choice b) can be used as a coordinating conjunction, here it is a subordinator, logically connecting subordinate and main clause. 80. c. The subordinator although shows a logical contrasting relationship between subordinate and main clause. The other choices do not make sense. 81. b. The subordinator so (choice b) establishes the correct causal relationship between main and subordinate clause. The other subordinators do not point to cause. 82. d. The subordinator yet establishes a contrasting relationship between the main and subordinate clauses. The other choices do not establish a logical relationship. 83. a. The subordinator whereas (choice a) correctly establishes a contrast between subordinate and main clause. The other choices point to an illogical causal relationship. 84. c. Choice a contains a misplaced modifier. Choice b is a run-on sentence. Choice d establishes a faulty causal relationship between main and subordinate clauses. Choice c correctly states a simple fact. SET 8 (Page 17) 85. c. The conjunction but sets the reader up for a contrast or opposite: TV passive (but) computer game active. 86. b. The conjunction so indicates a causal relationship: Socrates taught [something obviously controversial], so he was . . . both loved and . . . hated. Choice c is incorrect because it has a misplaced modifier. 87. a. The conjunction for in this sentence means because and prepares the reader for a logical causal relationship. Choice d is a run-on sentence. 88. a. The conjunction so indicates that there is a causal relationship between the two main clauses. 89. d. The conjunction yet prepares the reader for a contrast: respected, yet . . . imprisoned. Choice b is wrong because it is unclear. 90. c. In this sentence, the conjunction for means because and prepares the reader for a logical causal relationship: new shoes . . . (for) Donnie will be upset if . . . flip-flops. – ANSWERS– 106 91. c. The conjunction so indicates a logical causal relationship between the first main clause and the second: loaded with money, (so) she can afford. 92. b. The conjunction but sets the reader up for an opposite or contrast: it is possible . . . (but) unlikely. Choices c and d make no sense. 93. c. The word Unless sets up the causal relationship between the two clauses in the sentence. The other choices are illogical. 94. a. The subordinating conjunction Although signals an impending contradiction; it makes the most sense. The other choices do not make sense. 95. d. The subordinator but contrasts the main clause and subordinate clause in a logical way. Choices a, b, and c do not make sense. 96. d. Choice d is the most economical of the choices and makes the most sense. SET 9 (Page 19) 97. d. Because establishes the causal relationship between the woman not responding and everyone’s assumption that she would not attend. 98. b. The transitional word whereas correctly establishes a contrast between the speaker’s opinion of the restaurant and the opinion of her friends. 99. c. The transitional word although correctly establishes a contrast between Elizabeth’s athletic ability and her inability to swim or ride a bike, which supposedly accompanies athleticism. 100. c. The conjunctive adverb therefore establishes the causal relationship between the number of babies in the neighborhood and the neighborhood’s nickname. 101. a. The transitional word however correctly establishes a contrast between the large number of stores in the shopping mall and the absence of a pet shop. 102. a. The transitional word furthermore correctly indicates the addition of one negative trait to another. Choice d is incorrect because not everyone who is unreliable has a difficult personality. 103. a. The conjunction but means on the contrary, and indicates that the two negatives in the first main clause will be followed by their opposite or opposites in the second: Never eat candy or ice cream . . . (but) do drink soda. 104. c. The conjunction but indicates that the first main clause will be followed by something that indicates an opposite or contrast: is definitely unpleasant (but) is not as unpleasant as. 105. d. The conjunction so correctly indicates the causality: The subject of the sentence always has a big party because she loves celebrating her birthday. Choice a indicates causality but is ungrammatical. 106. b. The conjunction yet prepares the reader for a contrast: is not usually . . . (yet) it can. Choice c is unclear. 107. d. The conjunction and in this sentence indicates also. Choice a is wrong because it is a sentence fragment. Choice b makes no sense; choice c prepares the reader for a contrast but fails to deliver: narcolepsy is occurs in both main clauses. 108. b. The conjunction yet prepares the reader for a contrast: much interest throughout the ages (yet) scientific study is new. Choices a and c are incomplete sentences. – ANSWERS– 107 SET 10 (Page 21) 109. a. Correct as is. This sentence requires the same form (parallelism) between the verbs welcome and have, and choice a is the only sentence that does this (welcoming and having). 110. c. This choice is the only one that does not contain repetition or wordiness. In choices a and d, the words wide, variety, and different mean the same thing, and in choice e, many and numerous mean the same thing. Choice b is grammatically incorrect. 111. b. This choice is correctly subordinated and is logical. 112. a. Correct as is. This is the only choice that does not have a faulty subordination. The first part of the sentence is an independent clause; the second part is a dependent clause. Choice a is correct because the dependent clause is correctly introduced by the relative pronoun which. 113. e. This is the only choice that does not contain repetition or wordiness. In choices a, c, and d, well known, prominent, famous, and renown mean the same thing; in choice b,a painter obviously lived and painted. 114. c. This choice is constructed so that the sentence is logical and unambiguous. The opening phrase Having missed class several times should be completed by a noun that indicates who missed class. 115. a. Correct as is. This is the only choice that does not contain repetition or wordiness. In choice b diligent and careful mean the same thing; in choice c, reviewing and checking mean the same thing; in choice d, workers and employees mean the same thing; and in choice e, daily and every day mean the same thing. 116. d. The word beside means at the side of; the word besides means other than or together with. 117. d. The comparison in this sentence between the United States and Japan requires as well as. Choice d does this while at the same time creating a clear and logical sentence. 118. a. Correct as is. A comma is needed before a coordinating conjunction and after a subordinating clause; choice a is the only one that does both. 119. d. In this complex sentence, choice d is the only choice that results in a complete sentence. The other choices are sentence fragments. SET 11 (Page 24) 120. b. This is the only choice in which the sen- tence construction is clear and unambigu- ous. In choices a and c, the sentence reads as though the ingredients were making the torte. In choice e, no one is making the torte. Choice d is incorrect because there is a shift in tense from present (making) to past perfect (should have used). 121. a. Correct as is. This sentence requires that the comparison between culture and biol- ogy be logical and clear. Choice b is wrong because the use of the preposition with does not observe standard usage conven- tions. The phrase somewhat better in choice c makes no sense. Choices d and e result in an unclear comparison. 122. e. This is the only choice that does not contain excessive wordiness or a redundancy. In choice a, the phrase the fifth of five is redundant. Choices b, c, and d also repeats five and fifth. 123. e. The opening phrase, An American poet of the nineteenth century, should modify a noun that identifies the poet. Only choice e does this. In choices a, b, and c, either collection or Leaves of Grass is illogically credited with being the poet. Choice d is incorrect because the subject of the – ANSWERS– 108 resulting dependent clause, poems, would not agree with its verb, celebrates. 124. d. Choice d is correctly punctuated with a semicolon between two independent clauses, and there is no shift in person. Choices a, b, and e are incorrect because the sentence shifts from the first person (We) to the second person (you). Choice c uses a semicolon when no punctuation is necessary. 125. b. In this sentence Contrary to, which means a viewpoint that is opposite to or in conflict with another viewpoint, is used correctly. In choice a, in is inappropriately used with opposite. Similarly, choices c, d, and e do not use standard phrasing. 126. a. Correct as is. Choices b and e are wordy while choices c and d are awkward. 127. c. Choices a, b, and e are awkward and wordy. Choice d is unclear and ambiguous; the use of the preposition to distorts the meaning of the sentence. 128. d. This choice is clear, logical, and unambigu- ous and does not use extraneous words. Choice a is redundant: until the time when. Choice b is also redundant (since when) and uses extraneous words. The redundancy in choice c is to kill and stop. In choice e, the phrase up to when is awkward, and the word its has an unclear referent. 129. a. When constructing sentences, unnecessary shifts in verb tenses should be avoided. Choice a is best because all three verbs in the sentence indicate that the action occurred in the past (had been covering, became, and was called). In choice b, there is a shift to the present (becomes). Choice c begins in the present (is covering, becomes), then shifts to the past (called). Choice d makes two tense shifts, and choice e shifts once, from present to past tense. 130. d. This is the only choice that is both gram- matically and logically correct. Choice a has a shift in construction; there are two sub- jects that mean the same thing (Donald Trump and he). Choice b has a modifier problem; the sentence implies that Donald Trump built a billion-dollar empire because he was the son of a real estate developer. Choice c, though constructed differently, results in the same faulty logic. Choice e creates faulty subordination. 131. e. The correct punctuation between two independent clauses is a semicolon. Choice a is wrong because it creates a comma splice. Choice c creates a sentence fragment. Choices b and d create faulty subordination. 132. b. This is the correct choice because it is the only one that is a complete sentence. 133. e. This is the correct choice because the sentence is complete, logical, and unambiguous. 134. b. This is the only choice that is logical and unambiguous. SET 12 (Page 26) 135. c. This is a sentence fragment. 136. a. The word going needs to be deleted. 137. d. There are no errors. 138. b. This is a run-on sentence. 139. c. The modifier last summer is misplaced. A modifier should be nearest to the subject or action that it modifies; in this case, that action is visited, not grew up. The sentence should read: Last summer, we visited the town where my father grew up. 140. d. There are no errors. 141. c. The word unless does not logically connect the independent clauses. The sentence needs a word that indicates contrast, because what Liam loves and what Liam can expect are two opposite things; the coordinating conjunction but should replace unless. 142. a. This is a run-on sentence. – ANSWERS– 109 [...]... c The other choices contain unnecessary shifts in person: from people to their and we in choice a, to your and one in choice b, and to our and they in choice d 150 a This is the only choice that is clear and logical It has no misplaced modifiers, and it has no shifts in verb tense Choices b and d have misplaced modifiers and result in unclear sentences; choice c has an unnecessary shift from past to... and verb and between the pronoun and its antecedent 240 d When the relationship between a pronoun and its antecedent is unclear, as it is in this sentence, it should be changed to avoid ambiguity There are two boys, Andre and Robert, and choice d makes the relationship clear: Robert’s family moved, and not Andre’s family SET 22 (Page 40) 241 c The word I should be replaced with the word me, because the... requires an adverb Choices a and b are adjectives and can be ruled out Choice c makes an unnecessary comparison 274 b The comparison is being made among three brothers; therefore, this sentence requires a superlative Choices a and c only compare two things, and choice d is redundant 275 a The missing phrase modifies a noun and makes a comparison between two things, what he thought and what it was; therefore... from the present to the past tense 112 203 a The verbs got and took agree in tense 204 d The verbs liked and got agree in tense 205 a Became and eating are the correct forms of the verbs 206 a This is a complete sentence; the others are fragments 207 d This is a complete sentence; the others are fragments 2 08 b This is a complete sentence; c and d are fragments; in choice a the verb does not agree in... brother, my Aunt Clarissa, and I is the subject, and the nominative (subject) case is required Me should be only used as an object pronoun SET 20 (Page 39) 2 28 b The correct form of the pronoun is me (objective case) 229 c The correct pronoun is who, because it refers to a person, and it is the subject form of who (not the object form, whom), because who is doing something, making candied figs 230 b The pronoun... immediately after the introductory phrase—which rules out choices a and c Choice d is awkwardly constructed and unclear 152 c This is the only choice that is clear and logical Choice a reads as though the eyes are in the third or fourth grade Choices b and d are unclear 153 c Choice c creates a clear comparison It is the only choice that is clear and logical 110 154 a The verb is formed incorrectly; must of... 257 d The other answers contain unnecessary shifts in person from I to one, you, and a person 2 58 b This is the only choice that is clear and unambiguous All the other choices contain misplaced modifiers, resulting in unclear and illogical statements 259 c This is the only choice that is grammatically correct Choices a and d use the verbs incorrectly Choice b uses a instead of an before anthology –... in the past tense 187 d To ensure means to make certain; to assure means to cause a feeling of certainty The Senator wants his constituents to feel secure; he is not actually securing the money by putting it in a vault Choice e is redundant; the verbs to assure and to promise mean the same thing 188 e Conscience is a moral awareness; conscious is a physical awareness Josh was awake and physically aware... proper form of possessive pronouns 2 38 c This choice is best because it is the only one in which there is no shift in person; i.e., If you are looking , you should compare All of the other choices shift from third person (someone, one, a person) to second person (you) 239 e This is the only choice to have agreement between the subject and verb and between the pronoun and its antecedent 240 d When the... unnecessary; two independent clauses use a comma and a coordinating conjunction SET 14 (Page 31) SET 13 (Page 27) 147 a The other choices are unclear because they are awkwardly constructed, obscuring who intends to set the fire 1 48 a Choices b and c are sentence fragments Choice d represents confused sentence structure as well as lack of agreement between subject and verb 149 c The other choices contain unnecessary . Similarly, choices c, d, and e do not use standard phrasing. 126. a. Correct as is. Choices b and e are wordy while choices c and d are awkward. 127. c. Choices a, b, and e are awkward and wordy. Choice. b diligent and careful mean the same thing; in choice c, reviewing and checking mean the same thing; in choice d, workers and employees mean the same thing; and in choice e, daily and every day mean. a proper noun and should not be capitalized. 36. a. Grandma is used as a proper name and should be capitalized. 37. b. A colon should not be used between a verb and its objects. 38. a. There should