more than words book 1 phần 3 ppt

Parts of speech: verbs and nouns n Verb endings, signal changes in tense and aspect. There. are two tenser, present and fjgst. Present ^. ter&w usually, refer to the present, (but hpi always! and past tenses usually refer to the past (bit I not always). -Aspect sftowrs whether the verb tense (present or past), is simple (e r g,- He walks,- //•-' •walked),, continuous (e.g. He is walking., he been milking). perfect lked-, for has VERB ENDINGS PLURALS 4 Complete this chart of verbs from the text. Infinitive leave keep think Present participle having Past tense hid went tried Past participle made grown What is the difference between these verbs from the text and verbs like talk, love, play and wait? ••Fertnirig the* plurals of most nouns is very skmightforwarti. Others are more complicated* 0 Find the four plural nouns in the passage opposite. What is the singular form of each noun? 0 Work in pairs to find the plural of the following nouns. a donkey b tomato c ox d mouse e mouse trap f piano g pheasant h fish i cloth j syllabus k ship 1 star m elephant n man o sky p ostrich q cello r symphony | Check your answers in a dictionary. Were you right? What do you know about the way we make nouns plural? Is one way more 'regular' than others? / Read the continuation of the story from page 28. You will find it on the next page. a How accurate were your guesses in exercise 2? b What other facts about the writer and his/ her situation do you know from this extract? 28 Parts of speech: verbs and nouns I waited. •"I'tried to make plans. s j-; Instead I found myself thinking . 'of irrelevant things: cold beer, buttered toast, the time one of my children had chicken pox. I dozed. Hours must have passed, and there was a rainstorm. It left me soaked again but at least, 1 reasoned, it should have washed away most of my scent, making it more difficult if they came after me with dugs. I heard j helicopter overhead. I burrowed deep into the grass. • 1 didn't need a prize to guess that the helicopter was looking for us. Later in the morning I heard gunshots. I was relieved because they were a long way off. Then I was ashamed: it meant one of the others had probably been shot. I felt sure it must be Kasujja. He was the most vulnerable. Poor Kasujja. They'd got him. Then I saw movement in the grass. It was what T feared: a snake. It was a mamba, very poisonous. I kept still, telling myself that snakes attacked only moving ^a:^ things, and then only because they are afraid, not because they are aggressive. T hoped the mamba would remember this. It had seen me, raised its head, lowered it again, and then raised it once more, tongue flickering, as it preparing to strike. 1 don't know how long this went on. It seemed like hours. Then the mamba decided it didn't like the look of me, executed a simultaneous turn, climbed a wall and was gone. Kato An Escape from Kampala Grama Volume 22 (Granta Publications) 0 Describe the place that the writer is in, and its surroundings. Make a drawing of it if that would help. a What reasons can you think of for hiding from somebody? b Have you ever hidden from somebody (other than in a game}? c What do you think of when you are miserable or frightened? d How do you feel about snakes? What animals are you afraid of? Parts of speech: verbs and nouns 29 1U Invent an ending for the story. Discuss the following in pairs and/or groups: ArTiVATF 11 Tell 11 Tell a story about hiding from something somebody. The story should have two characteristics: a It should use as many words as possible from the texts in exercises 2 & 7. b (t should be as unlike the story in exercises 2& 7 as possible. or 8 Affixes We often add things to the beginning or end of a word'to change its-weaning, or status We aw make words have opposite meaning, (t:.g happy -unhnppyithmp thcit a verb is in the past (e.g. wash -washed) or make-a-noun into an adverb ($.g, hope - hopefully). -How does .this all work? . . ' • SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES The ending of a word will often show what part of speech the word /«& become Frr example titc -tion at the end of authorization tells us that the word is likely-to in- a noun the ~s at the end of hides tells it$ that this is cither the third person-singular (present simple) of the verb hide ,ot .&&_. plural of the noun hide. 1 In these words, taken from the text on C0Z Complete the table below. What endings: pages 26 and 28, (see box) what endings are used for the following? noun (singular) noun (plural) verb adjective fl ^ noun$ .^ verbs? b turn verbs and adjectives into nouns? c turn nouns and verbs into adjectives? waited irrelevant children soaked ashamed vulnerable poisonous attacked aggressive flickering simultaneous movement Think of other nouns, adjectives and adverbs. What other endings can you add to the list? Noun simplification dirt Adjective quick painless stupid Adverb hopefully xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx Verb legalize drive xxxxx retire wash Affixes si PREFIXES (WORD BEGINNINGS) If word etidings change the'-grantmdt oftiwoni,. word heginnm$$ oftendiangc ifa meaning of a word For example tlw Ttvrrf irrelevant in ihc'tcpt on. page 30 means 'notrel&vant', lr- 0 What meaning does the first part of each of the following words have? a oVsapprove b inexpensive C i/rt happy d //legal e descend f nonsense g impossible h expel i overestimate j predict . k subtract I coincide m rearrange n postpone Some of the words can be used without their prefixes (e.g. a approve) but some can't (e.g. e * scend is not possible}. Which words are like a and which are like e? T Using beginnings (prefixes) make the opposite of the following words, a kind b literate c temperate d honest e centralize f regular g resident h polite ACTIVATE Complete the text with the correct form of the word in brackets. Check your answers in a dictionary. The day that Carol ran away from school was one of great W . (anxious) for Miss Angela Beresford, the Headmistress. But then it had begun badly. She had woken up feeling very sick and GO (well) and at work almost all the teachers had been (3) (agree) - not at all pleasant - because they were cross about the latest pay settlement. They had wanted a 10% Increase, but she had only been able to offer them 5%. they started shouting at hei and after a bit she (4) (yell) back at them. Now she wished she hadn't. Even after ten years she still tf)_ (estimate) the effect of her shout- ing. She didn't think that it would affect her teachers at all, but it always did. They would get very angry and as a result they would (G) (active) work against hei. The (7)____ (discover) later that moining that Carol had run away (and run away, mind you, from the best upper-class girls' boarding school in the country) was quite @) Qiteral) the last straw. So when she found Carol's note - almost like a suicide's, com- pletely 0) (hysteria) - the thing that really upset her was the school's failure (and by 00) __ (imply), hers) to teach Carol how to spell, 'i carnt stey here enimoor coz ov Miss Turner,' read the note, 'she is honbul.' 32 Affixes Angela Beresford read the note in (in (amaze). The girl's 08 (cruel) to Miss Turner was common know- ledge. But it was then that she made the 0$ (decide) to stop being a head- mistress. Two weeks later she left the school and joined the circus as a lion-tamer. It was 04} (considerable) more fun and certainly less 05} (danger) than her previous job. 0 Why do you think Carol ran away? Did you go to a boarding school? Would you send your child to a boarding school? Why? Why not? SPELLING 1 Correct the spelling in Carol's note. Why do you think she wrote the words in the way that she did? 9 Spelling English spelling is usually considered difficult. That r$ because, there often appears to be no direct • , relationship 'between'the waif something sounds cw& the way it is written. Different spellings can lutiethe <«me sound. 1 The following pairs of words have different spellings. Do they sound the same or different? throw d bow (down) through bough a flour b ruff flower rough L The following pairs of words have the same combination of vowels in their spelling, fs the sound of the vowels the same or different in each pair? a through though b cough tough c shoe e key hoe fey d afra/d f seize so/d reign g team sconce h bury bun SOME SPELLING RULES Ip- there anytiiing about English sp which is'Tegular,. then? Ah' there any. rules? doe? spelling change when word's have 0 Add -ed, -d, -ing, -er, -r or -esfto the following words. Should you double the last consonant or not? Should you add a different consonant? a hop f fast k excel b hope 9 beat I refer c fat h develop m open d late 1 begin n visit e phone j rebel o panic p picnic q bat r marshall s omit English has many spelling 'rules'. Can you ' work Ihem owf for yourself? •. "• 'V 1 Using your answers to exercise 3, can you say what happens to the last consonant in a word when new endings are added in the following cases? o the original word ends in one vowel + one consonant {e.g. hop). b the original word ends in two vowels (or more) + one consonant (e.g. beat). c the original word ends in one vowel + two consonants (e.g. marshal!). d the original word is a two-syllable word with the stress on the first syllable (e.g. open), e the original word is a two-syllable with the stress on the second syllable {e.g. refer), f tfie original word ends in a single I (e.g. rebel}. (Note: this does not apply in American English.) g the original word ends in a c (e.g. p/cm'c). D Look at these words. What are the rules for a final -e when something is added to the end of a word? a hope-hoping, rope-roping, fume-fuming, fame-famous b see-seeing, agree-agreeing-agreeable c knowledge-knowledgeable, orange- orangeade, re place-replaceable replace-replacement, hate-hateful, live-lively t bleat e due-duly y argue-argtiment, true-truly 34 Spelling and sounds 0 Look at the following words. Which are spelt correctly (c}, which are spelt wrongly (wj? There arc several difference* between British a friend b feild t fftrfiivfi d concieve e believe f ceiling g seize , h greif What sound is being spelt here by ei or ie? What is the rule? What has the letter c got to do with it? Why is seize an exception? : in -British English we twite colour, irhilt! :• • (/ie Americans write color UP * "ut A {— American English) or B {= British English) for each of the following spellings. Use a dictionary to help you. a theater ( ) g theatre { ) b humanize { } h refueling ( ) c humour ( ) i traveller { ) d recognise { ) j check (book) ( ) e colorless ( ) k sulfur ( ) f sulphur ( ) 1 cheque (book) ( ) ACTIVATE 0 Correct the spelling in the following children's sayings (collected by Nanette Newman in a book called Lots of Love}. ! love my daddy becorse he give me a good ejukashun. Zoe aged 6. My mummy sais I must love evreyboddy even the peple who killed my daddy but 1 dont. Helen aged 7. My Dad went to prison and we have to keep remembring to love him. Jean aged 7. My teecher is very crule. She smaks peple all days and she eats frogs legs and maks cros spells. 1 dont like her becose she says 1 tell fibs. David aged 6. My father has a cros face in the holedays. Joan aged 7. Old ladys arent reely old ladys. There just pepel waring old clothes, Jamie aged 6. Spelling and sounds 35 9 What do you think is the background to Helen and Jean's comments? Ill In groups decide on five adjectives to describe the following: a a good mother b a good father c male children d female children 10 Countable and uncountable J1 Look at these exchanges: A Would you like a ? Yes, please. B Can I offer you some ? No, thanks. Many different words could go in the empty spaces above. Look at the words listed below, and decide which words could go in which dialogue by marking them A or B. Then explain why. Do not change the words and phrases listed in any way. milk medicine new shirt day off chewing tobacco companionship meal in a restaurant pair of scissors banana _ ticket biscuit brown sugar mineral water ride on my motorbike friendly advice useful information money help _ salt work Isfottws can be countable (tike chair -» '"jAror chairs) or uncountable (like information). It is important to know what HnS. of noun you are using because it may change the grammar of the whole sentence. For example, countable nouns may be singular or plural (e.g. girl —* , girts, woman -» women); uncountable nouns are always singular (oxygen, but not *oxygens). Uncountabk nouns cannot have a or an before them, and * often have no article before them, (e.g.: I like coffee. Love is all you need.) Which of the words and expressions in the box above are countable, and which are uncountable? L Read the recipe on the opposite page. Is it something you would like to eat? Why? Why not? List the underlined words from the ingredients in the two boxes below: UNCOUNTABLE COUNTABLE are uncountable. countable by using words to quantity, 3 For each of the quantities below, find at least one - and if possible three - appropriate kinds of uncountable food or drink. a a slice of b two spoonfuls of e a loaf of d a glass of e a piece of f a cup of g three bowls of h a bunch of i a pinch of j a drop of [...]...Countable and uncountable Stir-fry Chicken and Vegetables (for two) Ingredients boneless chicken meat (200 grams) bean sprouts (10 0 grams) 7 or 8 mushrooms 1 green pepper thin noodles (10 0 grams) Cut the chicken, pepper and mushrooms into small pieces Chop the onion and garlic finely Put 1 tablespoon of groundnut oil into the wok and heat well Then add the chopped onion and garlic Stir until lightly browned... fry for eight minutes Place the cooked chicken in a separate bowl Put more groundnut oil in the wok Then add the chopped pepper, with a teaspoon of soya sauce Stir fry until tender Add the chopped mushrooms Stir fry for two minutes Then remove from the heat 1 small onion 1 clove of garlic groundnut oil (4 tablespoons) soya sauce (3 teaspoons) salt and pepper to taste Boil a pan of water, and add some... the boiling water for three minutes Then drain with a sieve Put more groundnut oil and sey sauce in the wok and heat well Then add the beansprouts Stir fry for two minutes before adding the previously prepared noodles, mushrooms, pepper and chicken Stir constantly for one minute, adding more salt, pepper and soya to taste Then serve 37 38 Countable and uncountable ACTIVATE 4 Write a short recipe in... anger weather hope smoking cake Which words in the list above can only be used as uncountable nouns? Z Which of these nouns only exists in a plural form? eyes binoculars feet shorts pyjamas clothes scissors earnings people socks premises cattle remains (eye)glasses thanks scales outskirts boots Countable and uncountable 39 The ethers ere ordtseases Of course, these words must be 0 Look at this box which... Doctor, I can't be that heavy! B: (I can assure you/scales/checked and adjusted/only last week) Each story should involve using at least two words which always have the plural form Begin: Here is the Local News 11 Verbs TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE V E R B S 1 Make up at least two appropriate endings for each of the sentences below If possible, at least one of the endings should contain an object (for... children are almost like strangers, but then the conversation ( 10 ) , and they begin to talk about what they've been doing for the last month - life at school, their friends, their new toys After playing in the park or seeing a film, it's time to (") (Alison and Peter) and leave them with their mother The next day, Mike (12 ) early, ( 13 ) (the children) for lunch again, says goodbye to them with a... to them with a heavy heart, and returns to the south When he sees the expressions on his children's faces, he sometimes wonders whether his visits do more harm than good PREPOSITIONAL VERBS cannot say *'she looked the picture at', or *'she looked it *? 13 Which of the sentences on the right contain prepositional verbs? (You can test whether a verb is a prepositional verb by seeing whether it is possible... I'm always nagging him I'm worried that although he's only 30 , he's a prime candidate for a heart attack Anxious, Southampton nxious, S^KST*,,ntngf ^S ii fesent unhealthy Pfestyje perhaps you should try bv Verbs 41 4 In a close relationship with someone of the opposite sex, which of the following would you find it hardest to tolerate? Put 1 beside the hardest and 5 or 6 beside the easiest to tolerate... weigh PHRASAL V E R B S 1 Read the following poem quickly What does it describe? Is it a happy or a sad poem? Why? looks go die play leave get 42 Verbs 0 Which of the following people do you think is in the most difficult situation? What do the phrasal verbs in the following sentences mean? a A single mother with the care of a young child or children a The plane took off more than an hour late b A single... and six months ago they decided to (3) Judy and the two children stayed in their small suburban house, and a friend from work W (Mike) in his flat Then Mike's company (5) (him) to open a new office in the south of the country Now Mike only sees his children once a month, although he (6) (them) once or twice a week On the first Saturday of each month he (7) on the 30 0 mile journey to the north put up . pairs and/or groups: ArTiVATF 11 Tell 11 Tell a story about hiding from something somebody. The story should have two characteristics: a It should use as many words as possible from the texts. uncountable 37 Stir-fry Chicken and Vegetables (for two) Ingredients boneless chicken meat (200 grams) bean sprouts (10 0 grams) 7 or 8 mushrooms 1 green pepper thin noodles (10 0 grams) 1 small. children d female children 10 Countable and uncountable J1 Look at these exchanges: A Would you like a ? Yes, please. B Can I offer you some ? No, thanks. Many different words could go in the