21st Century Manufacturing Episode 2 Part 13 pdf

434 A "Workbook" of Ideas for Projects, Tours. and Business Plans App. A computer. The headset with the small video camera and microphone allows video input to the notebook computer and also audio input/output. The notebook computer holds the software to connect to the Internet and the video- conferencing software. Actually, the camera was detachable and could be held inside a machine tool to look at a particular problem. An engineer at the borne site or headquarters could then receive video and audio over his or her computer and carry out a dialogue on how to fix assembly problems at the factory in another country. A small stereolithography package was built for the camera attachment and the wires into a standard headset. A similar product is at <www.xybemaut.com>. A.9 PROJECT 4: GPS-BASED CONSUMER PRODUCTS In these projects, the emerging market of global positioning systems (GPS) was used as the basis for prototyping new products. As in previous years, each group was also provided with a Motorola Talkabout Radio. However, there was no obligation to stay with this format, and other units were developed. For example, one group was interested in developing MP3 devices, and another was interested in "energy scavenging" to make such portable units less reliant on standard batteries. • The "Voyager" was an integrated bicycle computer and global positioning system (GPS) unit: It mounted on standard bicycle handlebars via two custom brackets. An ergonomically shaped thermoplastic housing contained the two separate circuit boards and liquid crystal display (LCD) screens. The shape of the housing minimized interference with the rider's hands and allowed information to be read easily. The bicycle computer circuit board continually read the wheel speed via a magnetic sensor that was mounted on the bicycle fork. The wheel speed data were converted into instantaneous velocity by the bicycle computer. Based on this data. the LCD could display instantaneous speed, average speed, riding time, and total elapsed time. The bicycle computer also computed elapsed trip distance and continuous mileage. The actual display was chosen by the user, based on a pair of buttons on the face of the device. Con- currently, the GPS circuit board read data from the GPS satellite constellation. Based on these data. the LCD displayed a variety of information. including position (latitude, longitude, and elevation), average speed. bearing, and time of day.The GPS also stored way-point and route data. By means of an embedded memory chip, the combined unit stored and displayed trip data to a PC via an output port. The CAD files for the product are shown in Figures A.3 and A.4 . • The "Inlande" was targeted at land surveyors: It integrated a GPS unit with an organizer. Coordinates of a location were established using the GPS and stored in the organizer. The large amount of memory of the organizer allowed for storage of tens of thousands of data points, which could be uploaded to a computer to plot them on a map. The unit came equipped with a belt clip to carry it around easily, and it was rugged enough to handle any terrain and climate. A.9 Project 4: GPS·Based Consumer Products 435 Flpre A.4 Exploded view of solid model. • The "Child Locator" was a personal device that could detect the location of its bearer and transmit this information to a central station: The intended use was for a large crowded public area such as an amusement park, where parents could locate a lost child by referring themselves to a base station. The system made use of existing GPS and radio transmitting technology and included two main units: the first unit was the portable module, and the second was a central Back of tbe case GPStmil Battery cover Antennae Handlebar clip Display unit From of case 436 A "Workbook" of Ideas for Projects, Tours, and Business Plans App. A base station that received the position. Individual devices continuously emitted their coordinates with a unique channel and code. • The "MP3 Music Player" was designed for consumers who wish to use their computers to play music, but do not want to be tied to a monitor or keyboard: It was designed to control and display real-time song information in conjunction with Nullsoft's Winamp MP3 player. The product consisted of a display module with an integrated infrared receiver and software to connect to the Winamp. The display module provided song information and player status on a high- contrast liquid crystal display. When used in conjunction with a remote control, the IR receiver allowed the user to switch songs, load play lists, and modify Winamp settings such as equalizer positions and volume. The display module communicated over serial ports.This feature gave a user freedom to mount the unit anywhere the cables could be routed, typically up to 40 feet. • The "Solorcutor" combined the GPS with the battery-extending capability of solar power: The front of the unit was a liquid crystal display with a keypad for user input. The back of the unit held a solar panel that charged an internal set of rechargeable alkalines. When placed in direct sunlight, the panel charged the internal batteries. Using nonrechargeable alkaline batteries, the unit could run for approximately 15 hours. With the solar panel and rechargeable alkalines, the battery life could be theoretically extended by a factor of 30 to 450 hours in optimal conditions. • The "nTouch" was a wireless networking module for the Handspring Visor PDA-"Palm Pilot" clone-based on the industry standard IEEE 802.11 communication protocol: The module allowed the Visor to communicate at speeds of 2 Mbps within a lOO-meter range of a hub. Enabled Visors could also communicate directly with other Visors, or any 802.11 device such as Apple's iBook. Communication took place over unregulated radio frequencies, thus there were no connect or usage fees. • The "GPS Xtreme2K" (GX2K) wasa GPS module that also interfaced with the Handspring PDA: In this product the Handspring Visor utilized a standardized expansion slot and the Springboard development board to interface and send geolocation information to the PDA platform. Software was written enabling the PDA to poll the GPS unit,display the geolocation information on the PDA display, and perform other miscellaneous control functions. The GPS Xtreme 2K contained its own power supply in order to process GPS signals. • The "NAVTalk" combined two-way radio and the GPS in a single, lightweight, easy-to-use device: It was developed for outdoor use by hikers and campers. However, fi.refighters and some military units could also be potentially large customers. Also, it was perceived as a safer solution for rescue missions because of its reliable GPS signal reception and short-range radio. • The "Pulse" was an integrated heart monitor and walkie-talkie: It was designed for athletes in training and elderly people needing health monitoring. The unit was capable of monitoring an individual's heart rate. The heart rate was meas- ured using a pulse sensor clip that could be attached to either an ear lobe or a A.10 Consulting Projects 437 finger. It could then transmit a radio signal to another walkie-talkie when an abnormal biorhythm was detected outside the user-defined operating range. Technology projections indicate that within the next few years it willbc entirely feasible to use CMOS technology to fully install a radio on a chip (see Rudell et aI., 1997; Chien, 2000). Devices that truly emulate Dick Tracy's famous wristwatch-size, two-way radio will then be consumer items. It will be interesting to pursue this opportunity in future projects. A.10 CONSULTING PROJECTS' The projects described in the last four sections were largely successful at the concept level; namely, in the final "trade show," the electromechanical package functioned satisfactorily. Tn fact, they usually functioned in a rather fragile way, and the func- tionality did not last much beyond the demo. And here and there a few "kluges" were needed. Despite these deficiencies, the concept was well demonstrated. It is of course unreasonable to expect a highly robust system ready for market testing. A reasonable goal is a device that more or less works and shows basic func- tionality, backed up with a modest business plan. This plan should include how the product would be developed over a more substantial period of time and with more budget. Another method of running the course is the "consulting project," where teams of three or four students work together through the semester as "consultants" for a local production facility. The consulting project allows student teams to get hands-on experience with working production systems. Ttfunctions well in a class where the fabrication of a full prototype or model is not as convenient-perhaps because of limited staff support or laboratory facilities. Each team develops a report on its client, summarizing the product, materials, and current production methods. Teams then identify and quantify a specific problem related to quality or throughput, measure and analyze relevant data, research alternative production methods involving automation, and propose solutions with cost analysis. The client facility can be anything from a cement mixing plant to a high-volume coffee house. The facility must be involved in the production at volumes where issues of production are important. Each team gives presentations on the progress of its consulting project during the semester. These are in the form of timed lO-minute Powerpoint (or Internet) presentations given by the team to the class in a computer lab.This allows the instructor and the class to provide feedback at each step. A to-page report is required after the final oral presentation. In Phase I, the team finds an appropriate facility and contact person. Finding a friendly and enthusiastic contact person makes the project much more enjoyable. It is important to clarify that this is an educational project and that there are no guarantees "Professor Kenneth Goldberg has contributed the written material in the next few pages. 438 A "Workbook" of Ideas for Projects, Tours, and Business Plans App. A about the results. Often companies are concerned about confidentiality of their production methods and levels. One option is to keep the company identity confidential in all presentations (see examples 11 and 12 in the following section). Also, teams can offer to scale production numbers or to suppress confidential details, but the company must agree with the group to present enough information to describe the project. The facility should be close enough to permit at least three site visits by the team. Also, Phase I includes a report on how team responsibilities will be divided. In Phase II, the team prepares a presentation on the client, history, product, and the current methods of production. Photographs and plant layout plans with flow- charts are very helpful. Teams should also use the Internet and the library to research similar production facilities and give statistics about their clients' market and industry in general. In Phase III, the team identifies and quantifies a specific research problem related to quality or throughput. Clearly it is impossible to analyze everything in the facility. Often this is related to current methods that are labor intensive and could be improved with automation. The objective could be to reduce product variance, reduce waste, reduce production cost, improve throughput, modify product design, and so forth. See the examples in the following section. Where appropriate, teams should describe existing equipment models and get performance characteristics from the vendors. The key is to identify specific numerical metrics to measure and compare performance and show how these relate to cost and profit. Teams can gather data from the facility using direct measurements (e.g., with stopwatches or rulers) or data provided by the client. Teams can analyze these data statistically and present results graphically. Computer simulation can be useful during Phases III and IV. In Phase IV, groups should use the Internet and/or phone book to find alternative solutions, usually involving automation (or new models of existing machinery). One very useful resource for finding industrial vendors is the online Thomas Register. Students can then quantify predicted improvements and provide a cost analysis, taking into account factors such as labor, increases in market share, decreased liability risks, and the like. This final report is presented to the class and to the client, whose feedback is included in the written report. A.10.1 Examples from Recent Consulting Projects Examples from recent consulting projects are as follows: L Flour delivery methods for Diamond Team Noodle Company 2. Facility layout analysis for Berkeley Farms ice cream plant 3. Automation of molding and decorating for San Francisco Chocolate Co. 4. Statistical analysis of cocoa bean weights for WWW Chocolate Co. 5. Simulation and cycle time analysis for Hauser Window Shade Company 6. Analysis of meter refurbishing process for PG&E 7. Optimal choice of stereolithography build orientation for rapid prototyping 8. Scheduling of grinding and polishing pads for Komag Magnetic Disk Co. 9. Analysis of automated packaging machine for Procter & Gamble 10. Efficiency analysis of rod breakdown machines for the Saudi Cable Co. A.12 Rationale 439 lL Workstation assembly sequence design for a network computer company 12. Automated packaging analysis fur pharmaceutical products 13. Bottle conveyor failure analysis for Pyramid Brewing Co. 14. Waste wax analysis for J and S Candles 15. Solar wafer load time analysis far SunPowcr, Inc. 16. Mall-order processing analysis far Peet's Coffee Co. 17. To:rque data analysis for GM-lbyata NUMMI auto plant A.11 OVERVIEW OF POSSIBLE FACTORY TOURS Factory tours may be organized to reflect the technical chapters of the book: CAD/CAM Rapid prototyping and SFF Semiconductor manufacturing Computer manufacturing Metal-products manufacturing Plastic-products manufacturing Biotechnology manufacturing These can be analyzed in two-week segments. The first lecture of a segment can deal with the essential technical and economic factors of a technology. In the subse- quent lectures it is most instructive to visit a factory and listen to one of its senior managers review the history, future, and economic competitiveness of the company. During the second week, information about the company can be gathered con- cerning the technical capabilities and economic strengths or weaknesses. The last lectures can consolidate the technical aspects of the field. A.12 RATIONALE The topic of manufacturing covers a very broad field, much broader than the seven basic areas listed in the preceding section. The rationale for choosing those particular industries is now briefly reviewed. CAD and rapid prototyping represent the front end of most manufacturing concerns and launch the new product, or a redesigned old product, into the development cycle.Larger companies may well have their own in-house rapid prototyping facilities. On the other hand, many of these new processes are best outsourced to a specialized bureau. Specialized technicians in these smaller service-oriented companies can usually "tweak" the rapid prototyping machines to get the best accuracies out of them. A visit to such a company is an excellent experience. The list of Websites-for example, <wwwanetelcast.eomc-c-given at the end of Chaper 4 pro- vides the contact information for a number of rapid prototyping services both in the United States and abroad. 440 A "workbook" of Ideas for Projects, Tours, and Business Plans App. A Semiconductor manufacturing (and semiconductor equipment manufacturing) remains a major economy in the United States, even though many of the new "tabs" are in Asia or restricted to u.s. states that have provided the leading Ie manufacturers with handsome tax benefits, well-funded infrastructures, cheap natural resources, and an adequate stream of well-trained engineers to run the plants. A visit to any kind of tab is an impressive demonstration of pre- cision manufacturing. Computer manufacturing covers the whole endeavor from chips to board assembly to case assembly. Ideally a class can visit some kind of local production line to see the detailed steps needed to assemble one of today'a consumer electronic or computer components. These production lines might well include layout areas, detailed assembly, reliability testing, and quality assurance methods. Many companies that today provide the outsourcing for the main computer companies have also established design for manufacturahility teams and integrated quality assurance programs (see, for example, <www.solectron.com». Metal-products and plastic-products manufacturing are the next areas of interest. It is especially instructive for students to visit machine shops that specialize in products such as high-accuracy molds for plastic injection molding, ultraprecise stepping equipment for lithography, disc-drive assembly systems, and biotechnology equipment. Many rapid prototyping shops and some machine shops also carry out plastic injection molding. A tour can often include several processes at once. Biotechnology is an important area from a manufacturing perspective. How- ever, it is new enough that most university courses have not yet included some of the basics in the engineering curriculum. This book attempts to rectify this omission with the material in Chapter 9. However, a visit to some kind of biotech finn is even better. Biotech companies tend to be clustered around the San Francisco Bay Area, Boston, and Baltimore. To get a sense of biotech manufacturing, students in other parts of the country may be obliged to visit their local microbrewery. From a class perspective, an interesting focus can be the scale-up from successful "test tube" research to efficient flexible production systems. Sensors and control-system software are the topics that need to be more widely introduced into this industry. A.13 FACTORY· TOUR CASE STUOY WRITE·UP For the assignments that follow the factory visits, the same project groups should pre- pare a 3,000-to 5,OOO-wordcase study (not a "case" in the traditional business school use of the tenn).lt is reasonable to complete the written assignment two weeks after a visit.The suggested format for the case studies is given in the next section. The tone of the material should be of the type seen in consulting reports; that is, formal and factual. One can be "direct," but one should always be polite. As the semester pro- ceeds, it is a good idea to photocopy the best case studies and circulate them to the rest of the class.Also, the best reports can be passed on to the companies. About 90% of the needed information comes from the tour and the talk, and a little information and background can be obtained from the Internet. It seems to A.14 Suggested Format and Content for the Factory-Tour Case Studies 441 take a well-organized group about four hours to draft a report and another hour to edit and dean it up. As a final note of encouragement, it can be emphasized that the format for the case study is exactly the kind of preinterview research a person might do when looking for a job. The use of the template to gather data on the company can fonnu- late interesting questions. This creates a great impression and helps in landing the position. On another spin, if a person feels like being an investor in the stock market, the template also asks the critical questions one might need answered before investing hard-earned cash. A.14 SUGGESTED FORMAT AND CONTENT FOR THE FACTORY- TOUR CASE STUDIES A.14.1 Vital Statistics of the Company Ideally these are listed in a spreadsheet-type "box" on the first page of the study; • Name and location • 'Iype of business •Typical client •Major clients • Major rivals or competitors • Public or private company • Gross revenues and profits •Internet URL A.14.2 Size and Scope The material to cover in this area can be written out in bullets or prose and might cover the following topics; • Annual gross sales • Approximate profits • Gross margin of the company • Potential economies of scale • Possible cash flow problems in this business • The pricing structure • Number of people employed • Balance between engineers and other staff • Recent hiring rate • Projected hiring rate 442 A "workbook" of Ideas for Projects, Tours, and Business Plans App. A A.14.3 Market Analysis This material will be more descriptive than the preceding data-oriented aspects: •Major product in the context of the clients listed earlier. • How do they react to the competition (the prisoner's dilemma)? • Do they build "to order" or "for inventory"? If the latter, do they have good inventory control? • What is a typical delivery time (faster or slower than rivals)? • History of product development • Future of market or projected growth (flat versus high) • Comments about distribution, packaging, image A.14.4 What Is Unique about This Industry or Company in Comparison with Other Industries? A company near the top right of Figure 2.2 fabricates an "old" product and, to be competitive, must focus on quality, incremental improvements, and finding the cor- rect market niche. By contrast, manufacturers of PDAs and new computer gizmos are in the bottom left corner and need to focus on market identification. Some companies, like the subcontracting firms that specialize in printed circuit board assembly, really have no product of their own but provide a DFM and board assembly tech- niques: they must therefore focus on customer satisfaction and securing large quan- tities of subcomponents at an excellent discount. Biotech firms might focus more on patents and FDA approvals. Each sector and each company has specific issues that affect competitive advantage. It is useful to surf the Web and make comparisons with rival companies. A.14.5 Engineering Analysis This section can briefly describe the following: • Major and/or unique skills •Equipment value • Equipment age •Needed updates to equipment or skills • Rework, scrap, and environmental considerations A.14.6 Why Has This Company Been Successful in the Past? This could cover a wide range of topics. Answers might be: • Good relationship with consumer •Good market niche (If so, what is its size?) • High-quality engineering • Good advertising • Geographical positioning . book: CAD/CAM Rapid prototyping and SFF Semiconductor manufacturing Computer manufacturing Metal-products manufacturing Plastic-products manufacturing Biotechnology manufacturing These can be analyzed in two-week. the Saudi Cable Co. A. 12 Rationale 439 lL Workstation assembly sequence design for a network computer company 12. Automated packaging analysis fur pharmaceutical products 13. Bottle conveyor failure. or any 8 02. 11 device such as Apple's iBook. Communication took place over unregulated radio frequencies, thus there were no connect or usage fees. • The "GPS Xtreme2K" (GX2K) wasa