ON TAP PHAN READING UNIT9-16LOP10

[...]... “the violence on the picket lines” because even granting that they were involved in it, they were only responding to provocation by their opponents, the police and the employers  He wanted his audience to infer that whereas he condemned the actions of the police and the National Coal Board, he actually approved of violent actions taken by members of his union on picket lines  Definition of Face: Face... of human communication and the reasoning faculty that underpins it -> The existence of variation does not undermine the general argument that successful linguistic communication depends on participants’ capacity for rational, purposeful and cooperative action -> Human communication practices are similar to one another in some ways, and different in others THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION ... uses the term co-operative about conversation, he means it in a special and limited sense - he is talking only about the kind and degree of co-operation that is necessary for people to make sense of one another’s contribution However, some utterances are uninformative or over-informative or evasive or obscure, etc The speaker is obviously flouting normal expectations regarding quantity, quality, relevance...Still a PROBLEM  E.g.: the use of tag questions by women   There is a general idea that people involved in a conversation will co-operate with each other  Paul Grice: When people interact with one another, a “co-operative principle” is in force  Make your contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are... you condemn the violence on the picket lines? Arthur Scargill: I condemn the violence of the police and the National Coal Board The answer: YES NO Not to supply YES or NO Under-informative and ambiguous He denies that the pickets have engaged in violent actions – in which case there is nothing for him to pass judgment on  Perhaps he intended listeners to infer that miners did not deserve to be condemned... turn up the air-conditioner or close the door without directly asking the listener to do so  Both the co-operative principles and the politeness principles are being applied very generally cross cultures - The politeness principles with their model are claimed to have universal application Variations in politeness behavior may arise because of different cultures; however, the same ones are operative... maintaining that "self-esteem" in public or in private situations  Two kinds of Face:  Not attempt to minimize the threat to the hearer’s face, these provide no effort to reduce the impact of the FTA’s  Examples  An Emergency: HELP!!  Task oriented: Give me that! Or Do the dishes, it’s your turn!  Alerting: Turn your headlights on! (When alerting someone to something they should be doing)  Request: Put . illocutionary force?  Examples: