Multiaxis Machine pps

Multiaxis machining is a manufacturing process, where computer numerically controlled tools that move in 4 or more ways are used to manufacture parts out of metal or other materials by milling away excess material, by water jet cutting or by laser cutting. Typical CNC tools support translation in 3 axes; multiaxis machines also support rotation around one or multiple axes. There are now many CAM (computer aided manufacturing) software systems available to support multiaxis machining including software that can automatically convert 3-axes toolpaths into 5-axes toolpaths. [1] Multiaxis machines offer several improvements over other CNC tools at the cost of increased complexity and price of the machine: • Amount of work is reduced, if the piece would otherwise have to be turned manually during the machining. • Better surface finish can be obtained by moving the tool tangentially about the surface. • More complex parts can be manufactured, particularly parts with curved holes. Number of axes for multiaxis machines varies from 4 to 9. [2] Each axis of movement is implemented either by moving the table (into which the workpiece is attached), or by moving the tool. The actual configuration of axes varies, therefore machines with the same number of axes can differ in the movements that can be performed. A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines by machining, which is the selective removal of metal. The term machine tool is usually reserved for tools that used a power source other than human movement, but they can be powered by people if appropriately set up. Many historians of technology consider that the true machine tools were born when direct human involvement was removed from the shaping or stamping process of the different kinds of tools. The earliest lathe with direct mechanical control of the cutting tool was a screw-cutting lathe dating to about 1483. [1] This lathe "produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest". The first machine tools offered for sale (i.e. commercially available) were constructed by one Matthew Murray in England around 1800. [2] Overview Machine tools can be powered from a variety of sources. Human and animal power are options, as is energy captured through the use of waterwheels. However, modern machine tools began to develop only after the development of the steam engine, which led to the Industrial Revolution. Today, most machine tools are powered by electricity. Machine tools can be operated manually, or under automatic control. Early machines used flywheels to stabilize their motion and had complex systems of gears and levers to control the machine and the piece being worked on. Soon after World War II, the numerical control (NC) machine was developed. NC machines used a series of numbers punched on paper tape or punched cards to control their motion. In the 1960s, computers were added to give even more flexibility to the process. Such machines became known as computerized numerical control (CNC) machines. NC and CNC machines could precisely repeat sequences over and over, and could produce much more complex pieces than even the most skilled tool operators. Before long, the machines could automatically change the specific cutting and shaping tools that were being used. For example, a drill machine might contain a magazine with a variety of drill bits for producing holes of various sizes. Previously, either machine operators would usually have to manually change the bit or move the work piece to another station to perform these different operations. The next logical step was to combine several different machine tools together, all under computer control. These are known as machining centers, and have dramatically changed the way parts are made. From the simplest to the most complex, most machine tools are capable of at least partial self- replication, and produce machine parts as their primary function. [edit] Examples Examples of machine tools are: • Broaching machine • Drill press • Gear shaper • Hobbing machine • Hone • Lathe • Screw machines • Milling machine • Shaper • Saws • Planer • Stewart platform mills • Grinding machines When fabricating or shaping parts, several techniques are used to remove unwanted metal. Among these are: • Electrical discharge machining • Grinding (abrasive cutting) • Multiple edge cutting tools • Single edge cutting tools Other techniques are used to add desired material. Devices that fabricate components by selective addition of material are called rapid prototyping machines. Several regions of the United States became centers for machine tool development between 1800 and 1950, including Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Cincinnati, Ohio; Rockford, Illinois; Providence, Rhode Island; Springfield, Vermont; Windsor, Vermont; Hartford, Connecticut; and Bridgeport, Connecticut. [edit] See also • Category:Machine tool builders • Epoxy granite • Four slide machine • Self-replicating machine • Machining vibrations • Machinist calculator • Metalworking • Multimachine - an open source machine tool • Swarf • Tool bit • Tool wear [edit] References 1. ^ Moore, Page 137, figure 213 2. ^ Moore [edit] Bibliography • Moore, Wayne R. (1970), Foundations of Mechanical Accuracy (1st ed.), Bridgeport, CT, USA: Moore Special Tool Co., LCCN 73-127307. [edit] Further reading [edit] History of machine tools • Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], The British Machine Tool Industry, 1850-1914, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, LCCN 2006-275684, LCCN 75- 046133, ISBN 0521212030, ISBN 978-0521025553, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70251252. • Hounshell, David A. (1984), From the American System to Mass Production, 1800-1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States, Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Johns Hopkins University Press, LCCN 83-016269, ISBN 978-0-8018- 2975-8. • Noble, David F. (1984), Forces of production: a social history of industrial automation, New York: Knopf, LCCN 83-048867, ISBN 978-0-394-51262-4. • Roe, Joseph Wickham (1916), English and American Tool Builders, New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press, LCCN 16-011753, http://books.google.com/books?id=X-EJAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage. Reprinted by McGraw-Hill, New York and London, 1926 (LCCN 27-024075); and by Lindsay Publications, Inc., Bradley, IL, USA (ISBN 978-0-917914-73-7). • Rolt, L.T.C. (1965), A Short History of Machine Tools, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT Press, LCCN 65-12439. Co-edition published as Rolt, L.T.C. (1965), Tools for the Job: a Short History of Machine Tools, London: B. T. Batsford, LCCN 65-080822. • Woodbury, Robert S. (1972), Studies in the History of Machine Tools, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, and London, England: MIT Press, LCCN 72-006354, ISBN 978-0- 262-73033-4. Collection of previously published monographs bound as one volume. [edit] Machine shop practice • Moltrecht, Karl Hans (1981), Machine Shop Practice (2 vols) (2nd ed.), New York: Industrial Press, LCCN 79-091236, ISBN 978-0831111267. • Rose, Joshua (1887), Modern Machine-Shop Practice (2 vols) (1 ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, LCCN 06-032714, http://catalog.lib.msu.edu/record=b6808254~S39a. [edit] External links Look up machine tool in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. • National Institute for Metalworking Skills Standards download page • U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook • American Precision Museum —A museum that preserves historically important machine tools and helps to educate on the history of machine tools • Canadian Museum of Making • Challenges of high speed spindle motor elements used in machine tools from the motor supplier's view . produce machine parts as their primary function. [edit] Examples Examples of machine tools are: • Broaching machine • Drill press • Gear shaper • Hobbing machine • Hone • Lathe • Screw machines. Category :Machine tool builders • Epoxy granite • Four slide machine • Self-replicating machine • Machining vibrations • Machinist calculator • Metalworking • Multimachine - an open source machine. therefore machines with the same number of axes can differ in the movements that can be performed. A machine tool is a powered mechanical device, typically used to fabricate metal components of machines