Optical Networking Crash Course

Optical Networking Crash Course

TE AM FL Y OPTICAL NETWORKING CRASH COURSE STEVEN SHEPARD McGraw-Hill Telecommunications Ali Ash Azzam/Ransom Azzam Bartlett Bates Bates Bayer Bedell Clayton Collins Davis Gallagher/Snyder Harte Harte Harte Harte/Kikta Heldman Macario Muller Muller Muller Muller Lachs Lee Lee Lee Louis Louis Pattan Pecar Richharia Roddy Rohde/Whitaker Russell Russell Russell Shepard Shepard Simon Smith Smith Smith Smith Turin Winch Digital Switching Systems Dynamic Routing in Telecommunications Networks Broadband Access Technologies High Speed Cable Modems Cable Communications Broadband Telecommunications Handbook Optical Switching and Networking Handbook Computer Telephony Demystified Wireless Crash Course McGraw-Hill Illustrated Telecom Dictionary 3/e Carrier Class Voice Over IP ATM for Public Networks Wireless Telecommunications Networking with ANSI-41 2/e Cellular and PCS: The Big Picture CDMA IS-95 GSM Superphones Delivering xDSL Competitive Telecommunications Cellular Radio 2/e Bluetooth Demystified Desktop Encyclopedia of Telecommunications Desktop Encyclopedia of Voice and Data Networking Mobile Telecommunications Factbook Fiber Optics Communications Mobile Cellular Telecommunications 2/e Mobile Communications Engineering 2/e Lee’s Essentials of Wireless Communications M-Commerce Crash Course Telecommunications Internetworking Satellite-Based Cellular Communications Telecommunications Factbook 2/e Satellite Communications Systems 2/e Satellite Communications 3/e Communications Receivers 3/e Signaling System #7 3/e Telecommunications Protocols 2/e Telecommunications Pocket Reference Telecommunications Convergence SONET/SDH Demystified Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook Cellular System Design and Optimization Practical Cellular and PCS Design Wireless Telecom FAQs LMDS Digital Transmission Systems Telecommunications Transmission Systems 2/e OPTICAL NETWORKING CRASH COURSE STEVEN SHEPARD McGraw-Hill New York • Chicago • San Francisco • Lisbon London • Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • New Delhi San Juan • Seoul • Singapore ã Sydney ã Toronto abc McGraw-Hill Copyright â 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-138281-X The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-137208-3 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069 TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise DOI: 10.1036/007138281X DEDICATION or Gary, who helped me see the light and start this great and grand F adventure And for my family, again and always This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Dedication Acknowledgments Preface Overall Design v xiii xv xvii PART ONE THE OPTICAL NETWORKING MARKETPLACE Toward a New Network Model Edge Versus Core: What’s the Difference? A Corollary: The Data Network The Local Service Providers’ Response 11 Service Regions of the Optical Network 12 The Optical Networking Applications Set Long-Haul Optical Packet Core Regional Metropolitan Packet Core Metropolitan Multiservice Access Expected Access Trends Digital Video Services The Data Center Environment The Storage Area Network (SAN) Ethernet to SONET/SDH Metropolitan Access Metropolitan Wavelength Services 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 21 21 A Brief History of the Network 22 The Traditional Digital Hierarchy 24 The Birth of Optical Networking: SONET and SDH The Role of SONET and SDH SONET Technology Overview Other SONET and SDH Advantages SONET and SDH Architectures Beyond SONET and SDH 28 29 30 32 33 35 Copyright 2001 The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc Click Here for Terms of Use viii Contents Switching and Routing Data Communications Protocols 36 37 The Service Provider’s World: Back to Switching and Routing Switching Routing 54 54 55 Ring Architectures in the Optical Domain The Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring (UPSR) Bidirectional Switched Rings An Alternative: The Two-Fiber BLSR 56 56 57 58 Amplification and Regeneration Bandwidth Multiplication in Optical Systems 58 59 Summary 60 PART TWO FROM COPPER TO GLASS 61 Overview of Optical Technology 61 Total Internal Reflection 63 Later Developments in Optical Transmission 66 Fundamentals of Optical Networking 68 Optical Sources Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Laser Diodes 68 69 70 Optical Fiber Drawing the Fiber 70 73 Optical Fiber Scattering Absorption Dispersion Multimode Dispersion Chromatic Dispersion 73 74 75 76 76 77 Contents ix Material Dispersion Waveguide Dispersion 77 78 Putting It All Together 78 Fiber Nonlinearities The Power/Refractive Index Problem Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) 80 81 81 82 82 Intermodulation Effects 83 Scattering Problems Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) 83 83 85 An Aside: Optical Amplification Traditional Amplification and Regeneration Techniques Optical Amplifiers: How They Work Other Amplification Options 85 85 87 89 Pulling it all Together 90 Optical Receivers 90 Photodetector Types Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (PIN) Photodiodes Avalanche Photodiodes (APD) 92 92 93 Optical Fiber 94 Multimode Fiber Multimode Step-Index Fiber Multimode Graded-Index Fiber 94 95 95 Single-Mode Fiber Single-Mode Fiber Designs Dispersion-Shifted Fiber (DSF) 97 98 98 Why Do We Care? 100 Summary 100 256 Acronyms TSTS TTL TUP UA UART UBR UDI UDP UHF UI UNI UNIT™ UNMA UPS UPSR UPT URL USART UTC UTP UUCP VAN VAX vBNS VBR VBR-NRT VBR-RT VC Time-Space-Time-Space Switching Time To Live Telephone User Part (SS7) Unnumbered Acknowledgment (HDLC) Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Unspecified Bit Rate (ATM) Unrestricted Digital Information (ISDN) User Datagram Protocol (IETF) Ultra High Frequency Unnumbered Information (HDLC) User-to-Network Interface (ATM, FR) Unified Network Interface Technology™ (Ocular) Unified Network Management Architecture Uninterruptable Power Supply Unidirectional Path Switched Ring Universal Personal Telecommunications Uniform Resource Locator Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter Coordinated Universal Time Unshielded Twisted Pair (Physical Layer) UNIX-UNIX Copy Value-Added Network Virtual Address Extension (DEC) Very High Speed Backbone Network Service Variable Bit Rate (ATM) Variable Bit Rate-Non-Real-Time (ATM) Variable Bit Rate-Real-Time (ATM) Virtual Channel (ATM) Acronyms VC VCC VCI VCI VCSEL VDSL VDSL VERONICA VGA VHF VHS VINES VIP VLF VLR VLSI VM VM VMS VOD VP VPC VPI VPN VPN VR VSAT VSB VSELP 257 Virtual Circuit (PSN) Virtual Channel Connection (ATM) Virtual Channel Identifier (ATM) Virtual Channel Identifier (ATM) Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line Very High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Netwide Index to Computerized Archives (Internet) Variable Graphics Array Very High Frequency Video Home System Virtual Networking System (Banyan) VINES Internet Protocol Very Low Frequency Visitor Location Register (Wireless/GSM) Very Large Scale Integration Virtual Machine (IBM) Virtual Memory Virtual Memory System (DEC) Video-On-Demand Virtual Path Virtual Path Connection Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Private Network Virtual Private Network Virtual Reality Very Small Aperture Terminal Vestigial Sideband Vector-Sum Excited Linear Prediction 258 Acronyms VT VTAM VTOA VTP WACK WACS WAIS WAN WARC WATS WDM WIN WTO WWW WYSIWYG xDSL XID XNS XPM ZBTSI ZCS Virtual Tributary Virtual Telecommunications Access Method (SNA) Voice and Telephony Over ATM Virtual Terminal Protocol (ISO) Wait Acknowledgment (BISYNC) Wireless Access Communications System Wide Area Information Server (IETF) Wide Area Network World Administrative Radio Conference Wide Area Telecommunications Service Wavelength Division Multiplexing Wireless In-building Network World Trade Organization World Wide Web (IETF) What You See Is What You Get x-Type Digital Subscriber Line Exchange Identification (HDLC) Xerox Network Systems Cross Phase Modulation Zero Byte Time Slot Interchange Zero Code Suppression INDEX Symbols 360 Networks, global optical network, 181 A absorption, 75 acceptance angle, 65 accounting management, 132 acousto-optical switches, 130 address field, Data Link frames, 50 addresses, virtual circuit, 45 ADMs (add-drop multiplexers), 126 aerial cable installations, 117 Agilent Technologies inkjet optical switches, 159 Photonic Switching Platform, 128 AirFiber OptiMesh, 171 Alcatel, 159, 169 DWDM systems, 159 fiber cable, 121 Alidian Networks WavePack, 159 alternatives to SONET/SDH, 35 Amber Networks, 160 amplifiers, 58, 85 angle of incidence, 64 APDs (avalanche photodiodes), 93 APIs (application-programmer interfaces), 129 Appian Communications, 160 Application Layer, OSI model, 41 Application Services Layer, TCP/IP, 54 applications, network services hierarchy, 143 applications sets, optical networks, 14 APS (Automatic Protection Switching), 34 architectures, SONET/SDH, 34 ASCII (American Standards Code for Information Interchange), 38 ASPs (Application Service Providers), Astral Point Communications, 160 ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 51, 191 attenuation, 74 B backscattering, 84 bandwidth, 10 DS-0, 26 optical networks, DWDM, 59 SDH limitations, 29 optical carrier levels, 31 SONET limitations, 29 optical carrier levels, 31 benefits of network services hierarchy, 143 259 Copyright 2001 The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc Click Here for Terms of Use 260 Index BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 48 bit stuffing, 50 bitstream errors, 39 BLSRs (Bi-directional LineSwitched Rings), 13, 35, 57 Boston Optical Fiber, 170 bottlenecks, Bragg filters, 153 Brillouin Scattering, 84 Broadwing optical network, 181 C cable construction, 107–108 cable TV optical service providers, 177 Calient Networks, 160 call setup packets, 44 center operating wavelength of source signal, 78 Centerpoint Broadband Technologies, 161 central exchanges, 23 centralized routing protocols, 47 CEPT (European Council on Post and Telecommunications Administrations), 25 channels DWDM systems See lambda E-1/T-1, 25 channelized services, SONET/SDH, 31 character encoding, 38 chirp, 82 chromatic dispersion, 77 Ciena Corp, 161 Cisco Systems, 161 cladding, fiberoptics, 65 CLECs (Competitive Local Exchange Carriers), 18, 173 CMIP (Common Management Information Protocol), 135 company convergence, 185 component vendors, optical networks, 151–152 configuration management, 132 congestion, 39 congestion control, 43, 48–49 connection-oriented services, 44 connection-oriented switching, 45 connectionless services, 44–46 connectionless switching, 45 control field, Data Link frames, 50 convergence, 185–186 CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture), 136 core devices, Corning® fiber cable, 119–120, 170 Corvis Corp, 162 COs (Central Offices), 23 CPE (customer-provided equipment), 10 CRC (Cyclic redundancy Check), 25 CRC field, Data Link frames, 50 Crescent Networks, 162 circuit switched networks, 42 CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense, Multiple Access with Collision Detection), 51 customer access changes, 19 CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing), 21 D DACS (Digital Access and Cross-Connect), 127 data centers, 20 data communications protocols, 37 Index Data Link frames, fields, 49–50 Data Link Layer, OSI model, 49–51 data networks, bandwidth, 10 bottlenecks, CPE, 10 deepwater cable installations, 114 delay, 39 demultiplexers, 126 diffraction grating, ECTLs, 125 DiffServ, 195 Digital Wrappers, 196 discovery packets, 44 dispersion, 76 distance vector protocols, table swapping, 48 distributed routing protocols, 47 divergence, drawing fiber, 73 DS-0, 26 DSF (dispersion-shifted fiber), 80, 99 DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 13 ducted cable installations, 116 DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing), 2, 59, 80, 103, 123, 192–193 ADMs (add-drop multiplexers), 126 demultiplexers, 126 ECTLs (External Cavity Tunable Lasers), 124 filters, 126 multiplexers, 126 operations, 124 optical receivers, 126 dynamic routing protocols, 47 261 E E-1 carrier CRC, 25 ETSI multiframes, 25 framing and transmission standards, 25 EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code), 38 ECTLs (External Cavity Tunable Lasers), 124–125 EDFAs (erbium-doped fiber amplifiers), 88, 153, 192 edge devices, edge-emitting LEDs, 69 effective area, 81 egress multiplexers, DWDM systems, 124 EMLs (electro-absorptive lasers), 70 EMSs (element management systems), 133 erbium doping, 87 errors, bitstream, 39 Ethernet, 12 Ethernet-to-SONET/SDH conversion devices, 21 ETSI multiframes, E-1, 25 European Digital Hierarchy, 26 evolving network architectures, 19 extended superframes, T-1, 25 extreme Networks, 163 F Fabry-Perot lasers, 70 Faraday rotators, 153 Fast Ethernet, 12 fault management, 132 262 Index filters, DWDM, 126 financial management of networks, 132 Fitel Lucent Technologies fiber cable, 118 FLAG (Fiber Link Around the Globe), 111 flooding, link state protocols, 48 four-wave mixing, 80 Frame Relay, 51 frames, Data Link, 49–50 FRBS (Frame Relay Bearer Service), 185 freespace optics, 121 Fresnell Loss, 65 functions, network services hierarchy, 142 future developments of optical networks, 204 FWM (Frequency Wavelength Multiplexing), 82 TE AM FL Y features of network services hierarchy, 142 FEC (Forward Error Correction), 137 FECs (Forwarding Equivalence Classes), 190 festooning systems, 113 fiber linearities, 80 fiber manufacturers Alcatel, 169 Boston Optical Fiber, 170 Corning Optical Fiber, 170 Fibercore, 170 Lucent Technologies, 171 Fibercore Corp., 170 fiberoptics absorption, 75 cable construction, 107–108 dispersion, 76 drawing fiber, 73 effective area, 81 inner core, 65 installation, 112–113 IVD (inside vapor deposition), 70 last mile issues, 178–180 loose-tube cable, 107 manufacturers, 169 microbending, 107 multimode, 74, 94–95 outer cladding, 65 OVD (outside vapor deposition), 72 preforms, 72 scattering, 74 single-mode, 74, 97–98 tight-buffer cables, 109 types, 74 Fiberscope, 66 FIBERWORKS metropolitan optical network, 181 fields, Data Link frames, 49–50 G GDMO (Guidelines for the Development of Managed Objects), 135 Geyser Networks, 163 Gigabit Ethernet, 12 Global Crossing optical network, 181 Gooch and Housego PLC, acousto-optical switches, 130 graded-index fiberoptics, 95 groom and fill, 33 H HFC (Hybrid Fiber/Coax), 178 hierarchy of needs, optical networks, 141–149 Index history of optical transmission, 61–62 hop counts, 46 I IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol), 48 ILECs (Incumbent Local Exchange Carriers), optical service providers, 172 ingress multiplexers, DWDM systems, 124 inkjet optical switches, 159 inner core, fiberoptics, 65 input lasers, DWDM systems, 124 inside cable installations, 105 installing fiberoptics, 112–113 interior low-impact cable installations, 117 intermodulation, 83 Internet Protocol Layer, TCP/IP, 53 IP (Internet Protocol), 47, 187–192 IPv6, 189 ISO (International Organization for Standardization), OSI model, 40 IVD (inside vapor deposition), 70 IXCs (interexchange carriers), optical service providers, 175 K–L key product areas, optical networks, 152–153 lambda, DWDM systems, 124 laser diodes, 70 last mile issues, 178–180 Law of Primacy, 151 layers, OSI model, 40 263 LDs (laser diodes), 66 LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 66, 69 Level Communications global network, 181 Light Management Group optical switches, 130 light sources, 66–68 lightguides, 62 limitations of optical transmission, 90 link state protocols, flooding, 48 LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System), 12, 180 local service providers, 11 long-haul optical packet core, 15–16 loose-tube fiber cable, 107 loss, 74 LSPs (Label Switched Paths), 190 Lucent Technologies, 163, 171 fiber cable, 119 LambdaRouter, 128 WaveWrapper, 137 M managing networks, 131 manufacturers of cable Alcatel, 121 Corning®, 119–120 Fitel Lucent Technologies, 118 Lucent Technologies, 119 Marconi Corp., 165 material dispersion, 77 MAYAN Networks, 165 MEMS (Micro Electrical Mechanical System), 128 Metromedia global network, 182 metropolitan access service regions, 13 metropolitan backbone networks, 13 264 Index metropolitan enterprise service regions, 12 metropolitan multiservice access core, 17 metropolitan transport market, 199–202 MIBs (Management Information Bases), 134 microbending, 107 micromirrors, optical switches, 128 midspan meet, 33 MMDS (Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System), 13 MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching), 190 muldems, 27 multimode dispersion, 76 multimode fiberoptics, 74, 94–95 multiplexers, 126 multiplexing, DWDM, 123 circuit switched, 42 core devices, data, bandwidth, 10 bottlenecks, CPE, 10 divergence, edge devices, metropolitan backbone, 13 SANs, 14 store and forward, 42 telecom, 22–24 UPSRs (Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring), 13 NLSP (Netware Link Services Protocol), 48 Nortel Networks, 128, 165 North American Digital Hierarchy, 26 numerical aperture, 65 NZDSF (non-zero dispersionshifted fiber), 80, 83, 100 N NDSF (non-dispersion-shifted fiber), 98 Network Interface Layer, TCP/IP, 53 Network Layer, OSI model, 43 network management, 131–132 EMSs (Element Management Systems), 133 MIBs (Management Information Bases), 134 SLAs, 133 TMN, 135 vendor interoperability, 135 WaveWrapper, 137 network paradigm shifts, 183–184 network services hierarchy, 143–149 networks BLSRs (Bi-directional Line-Switched Ring), 13 O O-E-O process (optical-toelectrical-to-optical conversion) optical amplification, 86 SONET, 29 OC-1 (Optical Carrier Level One), 30 Ocular Networks, 166 ONN (Optical Network Navigator), 137 operators, 23 OPTera Connect PX Connection Manager, 128 optical amplification, 85 EDFAs, 88 erbium-doping, 87 O-E-O process, 86 Raman amplification, 89 regenerators, 86 semiconductor lasers, 89 Index optical cable assemblies, 104 aerial installs, 117 ducted installs, 116 inside installs, 105 interior low-impact installs, 117 outside installs, 106 plenum installs, 117 special purpose installs, 106 submarine installs, 106, 110–115 optical fiber See fiberoptics optical networks applications sets, 14 bandwidth, 59 BLSRs (Bi-directional Line-Switched Rings), 13, 57 component vendors, 151–152 convergence, 184–186 customer access, 19 DACS (Digital Access and Cross-Connect), 127 data centers, 20 DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing), edge-emitting LEDs, 69 EMLs (electro-absorptive lasers), 70 evolving network architexture, 19 Fabry-Perot lasers, 70 fiber manufacturers, 169–171 fiberoptics, 70 future developments, 204 hierarchy of needs, 141–149 important vendors, 154–155 key issues for vendors, 156 key product areas, 152–153 laser diodes, 70 LEDs, 69 light sources, 68 long-haul optical packet core, 15–16 metropolitan multiservice access core, 17 265 metropolitan services, 21 network paradigm shift, 183 regenerators, 59 regional metropolitan packet core, 16 routing, 55 SANs, 14, 20 semiconductor lasers, 69 service regions, 12 submarine long-haul, 14 switching, 127–128 system manufacturers, 157–168 terrestrial long-haul, 13 UPSRs (Unidirectional PathSwitched Ring), 13, 56–57 VCSELs (vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers), 70 video, 19 optical receivers, 90, 126 optical routing, 126–127, 130–131 optical service providers cable, 177 CLECs, 173 ILECs, 172 IXCs, 175 optical switches, 126–127, 130 inkjet, 159 LambdaRouter, 128 micromirrors, 128 optical transmission acceptance angle, 65 angle of incidence, 64 fiber nonlinearities, 80 fiberscope, 66 Fresnell Loss, 65 history, 61–62 light sources, 66 limitations and impairments, 90 numerical aperture, 65 refractive index, 63 signal loss, 67 Snell’s Law, 64 total internal reflection, 63–64 transmission windows, 79 266 Index OptXCon Networks, 166 OSI model (Open Systems Interconnection), 40 Application Layer, 41 Data Link Layer, 49–51 Network Layer, 43 Physical Layer, 52 Presentation Layer, 41 Session Layer, 41 Transport Layer, 42 OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 48 outer cladding, fiberoptics, 65 outside cable installations, 106 OVD (outside vapor deposition), 72 P packet discard, 49 packets delay, 49 discovery, 44 Parkinson’s Law, PBXs (Private Branch Exchanges), PDUs (Protocol Data Units), 42 performance management, 132 photodetectors PIN photodiodes, 92 reverse-bias, 91 photodiodes, 93 photonic cross-connect devices, 128 Photonic Switching Platform, 128 photophone, 61 photosensitive semiconductors, 91 Physical Layer, OSI model, 52 PIN photodiodes (positiveintrinsic-negative), 92 plenum cable installations, 117 PON (Passive Optical Networking), 153 power-related transmission problems, 81 preforms, 72 Presentation Layer, OSI model, 41 protocol assemblies, 194–195 protocols BGP, 48 CMIP, 135 data communications, 37 Diffserv, 195 distance vector, 48 IGRP, 48 IP, 47 link state, 48 NLSP, 48 OSPF, 48 RIP, 48 routing, 47 SNMP, 135 TCP, 47 UDP, 54 PSTNs (public switched telephone networks), 38 pump beams, Raman amplification, 89 pumping light, 62 Q QoS (Quality of Service), 184 Quantum Bridge Communications, 166 Qwest optical network, 182 optical service providers, 177 R Raman amplifiers, pump beams, 89, 153 Rayleigh Scattering, 74 receivers, DWDM systems, 124 Index reception of optical signals, 90 Redback Networks, 166 refractive index, 63 regenerators, 59, 86, 115 regional metropolitan packet core, 16 reverse-biased photodetectors, 91 ring networks BLSRs, 35, 57 UPSRs, 34, 56–57 RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 48 routing, 43, 55, 126–127, 130–131 routing protocols, 47 S SANs (Storage Area Networks), 14, 20 Say’s Law, 10 SBS (Stimulated Brillouin Scattering), 83 scattering, 74, 83–85 SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 2, 28 alternatives, 35 APS (Automatic Protection Switching), 33 architecture, 34 bandwidth optical carrier levels, 31 bandwidth limitations, 29 channelized services, 31 history of development, 28 transmission speeds, 31 TUs (tributary units), 32 unchannelized services, 31 virtual containers, 32 security management, 132 semiconductor lasers, 69, 89 semiconductors, photosensitive, 91 267 service management of networks, 132 service providers metropolitan services, 21 service regions, 11 service regions, 11–13 services connection-oriented, 44 connectionless, 44 convergence, 186 network services hierarchy, 143 Session Layer, OSI model, 41 signal loss, 67 signal reception, 90 single-mode fiberoptics, 74, 97–99 skin effect, 149 SLAs (Service Level Agreements), 132 Snell’s Law, 64 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol), 135 solutions, network services hierarchy, 143 SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 2, 28 ADMs (add-drop multiplexers), 29 alternatives, 35 APS (Automatic Protection Switching), 33 architecture, 34 bandwidth limitations, 29 optical carrier levels, 31 channelized services, 31 DWDM, 123 history of development, 28 O-E-O process, 29 OC-1 (Optical Carrier Level One), 30 transmission speeds, 30 unchannelized services, 31 virtual tributaries, 32 268 Index special purpose cable installations, 106 Sphera optical network, 182 SPM (self-phase modulation), 81 SRS (Stimulated Raman Scattering), 85 static routing protocols, 47 step-index fiberoptics, 95 store and forward networks, 42 submarine cable installations, 14, 106, 110–115 surface area opportunities, 149 switches, 23–24, 54 connection-oriented, 45 connectionless, 45 optical, 126–127 Sycamore Networks, 167 system manufacturers, optical networks Agilent Technologies, 159 Alcatel, 159 Alidian Networks, 159 Amber Networks, 160 Appian Communications, 160 Astral Point Communications, 160 Calient Networks, 160 Centerpoint Broadband Technologies, 161 Ciena Corp., 161 Cisco Systems, 161 Corvis Corp, 162 Crescent Networks, 162 Extreme Networks, 163 Geyser Networks, 163 key issues, 157 Lucent Technologies, 163 Marconi Corp, 165 MAYAN Networks, 165 Nortel Networks, 165 Ocular Networks, 166 OptXCon Networks, 166 Quantum Bridge Communications, 166 Redback Networks, 166 Sycamore Networks, 167 Trellis Photonics, 167 Ultra Fast Optical Systems, 168 Zaffire Inc, 168 T T carrier, 24–25 table swapping, 48 tag switching, 189 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 47 TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) Application Services Layer, 54 Internet Protocol Layer, 53 Network Interface Layer, 53 Transmission Control Layer, 54 TDM (Time Division Multiplexing), 16 technology convergence, 184 telecom networks, 3, 22 central exchanges, 23 core devices, COs (Central Offices), 23 divergence, edge devices, operators, 23 PBXs, switches, 23 T-carrier, 24 Terabeam wireless optical, 171 terabit routing, 130 terrestrial long-haul networks, 13 third-order distortion, 82 throttling, 49 tight-buffer fiber cables, 107–109 TMN (Telecommunications Management Network), 135 total internal reflection, 63-64 traditional telecom networks, 3, 22 central exchanges, 23 Index core devices, COs (Central Offices), 23 divergence, edge devices, operators, 23 PBXs, switches, 23 T-carrier, 24 Transmission Control Protocol Layer, TCP/IP, 54 transmission speeds SDH, 31 SONET, 30 transmission windows, 79 transponders, 154 transport fiber, DWDM systems, 124 Transport Layer, OSI model, 42 Trellis Photonics, 167 tunable lasers, 124, 152–153 TUs (tributary units), SDH, 32 U UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 54 Ultra Fast Optical Systems, 168 unchannelized services, SONET/SDH, 31 UPSRs (Unidirectional Path-Switched Rings), 13, 34, 56–57 269 V values, network services hierarchy, 143 VCSELs (vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers), 70 vendors fiberoptics, 118–121, 169 optical networks, 154–156 video, 19 virtual circuit addresses, 45 virtual circuit services, 45 virtual containers, SDH, 32 virtual tributaries, SONET, 32 W WANs (Wide Area Networks), core devices, waveguide dispersion, 78 WaveWrapper network management tool, 137 WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing), 123 X–Z XPM (cross-phase modulation), 82 Yipes optical network, 182 Zaffire Inc, 168 zero dispersion-shifted fiber, 99 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Steven Shepard is a professional writer and educator, specializing in international telecommunications He teaches technical courses in corporations throughout the world Formerly with Hill Associates, he is the author of Telecommunications Convergence, also from McGraw-Hill He is based in Williston, Vermont Copyright 2001 The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc Click Here for Terms of Use ... Origins and Fundamentals of Optical Networking, Market Players, and Solutions and Applications The Optical Networking Marketplace sets the stage for the introduction of optical networking and offers... Transmission 66 Fundamentals of Optical Networking 68 Optical Sources Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs) Laser Diodes 68 69 70 Optical Fiber Drawing the Fiber 70 73 Optical Fiber Scattering Absorption... fascinating history of optical signal sources, sinks, the optical fiber itself, and optical switching and routing Market Players examines the various segments of the optical networking marketplace