Chapter 6- A Tour of the Cell pps

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life • All organisms are made of cells • The cell is the simplest collection of matter that can live • Cell structure is correlated to cellular function • All cells are related by their descent(nguon goc,dong doi, the he) from earlier cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 6-1 Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry • Though usually too small to be seen by the unaided eye, cells can be complex Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Microscopy • Scientists use microscopes to visualize cells too small to see with the naked eye • In a light microscope (LM), visible light passes through a specimen and then through glass lenses(co thau kinh), which magnify(phong dai) the image Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • The quality of an image depends on – Magnification, the ratio of an object’s image size to its real size – Resolution, the measure of the clarity(trong sang,ro rang) of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points – Contrast, visible differences in parts of the sample Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 6-2 10 m 1 m 0.1 m 1 cm 1 mm 100 µm 10 µm 1 µm 100 nm 10 nm 1 nm 0.1 nm Atoms Small molecules Lipids Proteins Ribosomes Viruses Smallest bacteria Mitochondrion Nucleus Most bacteria Most plant and animal cells Frog egg Chicken egg Length of some nerve and muscle cells Human height Unaided eye Light microscope Electron microscope • LMs can magnify effectively to about 1,000 times the size of the actual specimen • Various techniques enhance(giam,ha xuong) contrast and enable cell components(thanh phan) to be stained or labeled • Most subcellular structures, including organelles(co quan) (membrane(mang)- enclosed compartments(ngăn)), are too small to be resolved by an LM Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig. 6-3 TECHNIQUE RESULTS (a) Brightfield (unstained specimen) (b) Brightfield (stained specimen) 50 µm (c) Phase-contrast (d) Differential-interference- contrast (Nomarski) (e) Fluorescence (f) Confocal 50 µm 50 µm Fig. 6-3ab (a) Brightfield (unstained(ko có vết nhơ) specimen) (b) Brightfield (stained specimen) TECHNIQUE RESULTS 50 µm [...]... Structure of the plasma membrane • The logistics(ve hau can) of carrying out cellular metabolism(su trao doi chat) sets limits on the size of cells • The surface area to volume ratio of a cell is critical • As the surface area increases by a factor of n2, the volume increases by a factor of n3 • Small cells have a greater surface area relative to volume Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as... prokaryotic(nhan so) or eukaryotic(nhan thuc) • Only organisms of the domains(pham vi,linh vuc) Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells • Protists(sinh vat don bao), fungi(nam), animals, and plants all consist of eukaryotic cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells • Basic features of all cells: – Plasma... eukaryotic cell has internal membranes that partition the cell into organelles • Plant and animal cells have most of the same organelles BioFlix: Tour Of An Animal Cell BioFlix: Tour Of A Plant Cell Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig 6-9 a ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM-luoi noi chat (ER) Rough ER Smooth ER Flagellum Nuclear envelope NUCLEUS Nucleolus Chromatin Centrosome... section of of cilium microscopy (TEM) 1 µm cilium Cell Fractionation(phan cat te bao) • Cell fractionation takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another • Ultracentrifuges(may sieu ly tam) fractionate cells into their component parts • Cell fractionation enables scientists to determine(xac dinh) the functions of organelles • Biochemistry(khoa hoa sinh) and cytology(te bao hoc)... te bao) Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig 6-6 Fimbriae Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasma membrane Bacterial chromosome (a) A typical rod-shaped bacterium Cell wall(vach Capsule(ba te bao) o,vo) Flagella(roi ) 0.5 µm (b) A thin section through the bacterium Bacillus coagulans (TEM) • Eukaryotic cells(te bao nhan thuc) are characterized by having – DNA in a nucleus... that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope(mang, bao) – Membrane-bound organelles – Cytoplasm(tebao chat) in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus • Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • The plasma membrane is a selective barrier(hang rao) that allows sufficient(đủ) passage(su... Chloroplast Plasma membrane Cell wall Wall of adjacent(gan, ke) cell Plasmodesmata CYTOSKELETON Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cell s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes • The nucleus contains most of the DNA in a eukaryotic cell • Ribosomes use the information from the DNA to make proteins Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin... Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig 6-8 Surface area increases while total volume remains constant 5 1 1 Total surface area [Sum of the surface areas (height × width) of all boxes sides × number of boxes] Total volume [height × width × length × number of boxes] Surface-to-volume (S-to-V) ratio [surface area ÷ volume] 6 150 750 1 125 125 6 1.2 6 A Panoramic(bao quát) View of the Eukaryotic Cell • A eukaryotic... Cummings The Nucleus: Information Central • The nucleus contains most of the cell s genes and is usually the most conspicuous(de thay dang chu y) organelle • The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm(te bao chat) • The nuclear membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a lipid bilayer Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin... sufficient(đủ) passage(su di qua,chuyen qua) of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell • The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer(mang kep) of phospholipids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fig 6-7 Outside of cell Inside of cell 0.1 µm (a) TEM of a plasma membrane Carbohydrate side chain Hydrophilic region Hydrophobic . section of cilium 1 µm 1 µm Cell Fractionation(phan cat te bao) • Cell fractionation takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another • Ultracentrifuges(may sieu ly tam) fractionate. Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell Overview: The Fundamental Units of Life • All organisms are made of cells • The cell is the simplest collection of matter. eukaryotic(nhan thuc) • Only organisms of the domains(pham vi,linh vuc) Bacteria and Archaea consist of prokaryotic cells • Protists(sinh vat don bao), fungi(nam), animals, and plants all